2021届高考英语二轮复习语法填空 阅读理解题源09：科技文-恒星是如何形成的？ WORD版含答案.docx

1、备考2021高考语法填空09How Stars Form in Nearby Galaxies恒星是如何在附近星系形成的导读：Stars are born in dense clouds of molecular hydrogen gas that permeates interstellar space of most galaxies. 恒星诞生于氢气分子稠密云中，而这些氢气分子弥漫在大多数星系星际空间中。第一部分 练习How stars form in galaxies 1、_ （remain） a major open question. Robert Feldmann sheds n

2、ew light 2、_ this topic with the help of a data-driven re-analysis of observational measurements. Stars are born in dense clouds of molecular hydrogen gas 3、_ permeates interstellar space of most galaxies. While the physics of star formation is complex, recent years 4、_ (see) substantial progress to

3、wards understanding how stars form in a galactic environment. What 5、_ (ultimate)determines the level of star formation in galaxies, however, remains an open question.In principle, two main factors influence the star formation activity: the amount of molecular gas that is present in galaxies 6、_ the

4、 timescale over 7、_ the gas reservoir is depleted by converting it into stars. While the gas mass of galaxies is regulated by 8、_ competition between gas inflows, outflows, and gas consumption, the physics of the gas-to-star conversion is currently not well understood. Given its potentially critical

5、 role, many efforts 9、_ (undertake) to determine the gas depletion timescale observationally. However, these efforts resulted in conflicting findings partly because of the challenge in measuring gas 10、_ (mass) reliably given current detection limits.参考答案：1、 remains2、 on 3、 that 4、 have seen5、 ultim

6、ately 6、 and 7、 which 8、 a 9、 have been undertaken10、 masses 备考2021高考科技类时政新闻阅读题源 09第二部分 双语阅读How stars form in galaxies remains a major open question.恒星如何在星系中形成仍然是一个主要的未决问题。Robert Feldmann sheds new light on this topic with the help of a data-driven re-analysis of observational measurements. 罗伯特费尔德曼在

7、数据驱动的观测测量再分析的帮助下，对这一主题提出了新的看法。Stars are born in dense clouds of molecular hydrogen gas that permeates interstellar space of most galaxies. 恒星诞生于氢气分子稠密云中，而这些氢气分子弥漫在大多数星系星际空间中。While the physics of star formation is complex, recent years have seen substantial progress towards understanding how stars fo

8、rm in a galactic environment. 虽然恒星形成的物理过程很复杂，但近年来在理解恒星如何在星系环境中形成方面已经取得了实质性进展。What ultimately determines the level of star formation in galaxies, however, remains an open question.然而，最终决定星系恒星形成水平的因素仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。In principle, two main factors influence the star formation activity: 原则上，影响恒星形成活动的两个主要因素是

9、：the amount of molecular gas that is present in galaxies and the timescale over which the gas reservoir is depleted by converting it into stars. 星系中存在的分子气体的数量，以及将气体储层转化为恒星而耗尽的时间尺度。While the gas mass of galaxies is regulated by a competition between gas inflows, outflows, and gas consumption, the phy

10、sics of the gas-to-star conversion is currently not well understood.虽然星系的气体质量是由气体流入、流出和气体消耗之间的竞争来调节的，但气体到恒星的转换的物理原理目前尚不清楚。 Given its potentially critical role, many efforts have been undertaken to determine the gas depletion timescale observationally. 鉴于其潜在的关键作用，已经作出了许多努力，以确定气体消耗的时间尺度的观测。 However, t

11、hese efforts resulted in conflicting findings partly because of the challenge in measuring gas masses reliably given current detection limits.然而，这些努力导致了相互矛盾的发现，部分原因是在目前的检测极限下，在可靠地测量气体质量方面存在挑战。Figure 1. Visualization of gas in and around a Milky-Way-like galaxy (center) in todays Universe as predicte

12、d by a cosmological simulation run by the author. 图1。 在今天的宇宙中，像银河系一样的星系（中心）和周围的气体的可视化，正如作者所做的宇宙模拟所预测的那样。Dense, atomic and molecular hydrogen typically forms an extended disk, here seen in bluish-purple at the center of the image. 密集、原子和分子氢通常形成一个扩展的圆盘，在图像的中心呈蓝紫色。Stars (white) form throughout the gas

13、disk. 恒星（白色）在整个气盘中形成。Additional star formation may take place in satellite galaxies, here seen at the top right and bottom left positions. 更多的恒星形成可能发生在卫星星系，在这里看到的右上角和左下角的位置。 Hot, low density gas (green and red hues) can be found at large distances, out to the edge of the dark matter halo surrounding

14、 the main galaxy (white circle).热的，低密度的气体（绿色和红色的色调)可以在很远的地方找到，延伸到主星系周围的暗物质晕的边缘(白色圆圈）。The image also shows a large number of dark matter substructures (purple) most of which are devoid of gas and stars. 图像还显示了大量的暗物质子结构（紫色），其中大部分没有气体和恒星。 学分：苏黎世大学Typical star formation is linked to the overall gas rese

15、rvoir典型的恒星形成与整个气藏相连The present study uses a new statistical method based on Bayesian modeling to properly account for galaxies with undetected amounts of molecular or atomic hydrogen to minimize observational bias.本研究使用了一种基于贝叶斯建模的新的统计方法来正确地解释含有未检测到的分子或原子氢的星系，以尽量减少观测偏差。 This new analysis reveals that

16、, in typical, star forming galaxies, molecular and atomic hydrogen are converted into stars over approximately constant timescales of 1 and 10 billion years, respectively. 这一新的分析表明，在典型的恒星形成星系中，分子和原子氢分别在大约10亿年和100亿年的恒定时间尺度上转化为恒星。 However, extremely active galaxies (starbursts) are found to have much

17、shorter gas depletion timescales.然而，极端活跃的星系（星暴）被发现有更短的气体耗尽时间尺度。These findings suggest that star formation in typical galaxies is indeed directly linked to the overall gas reservoir and thus set by the rate at which gas enters or leaves a galaxy. 这些发现表明，典型星系中的恒星形成确实与整个气藏直接相关，因此取决于气体进入或离开星系的速率。 In con

18、trast, the dramatically higher star formation activity of starbursts has likely a different physical origin, such as galaxy interactions or instabilities in galactic disks.相反，恒星形成活动明显较高，可能有不同的物理起源，如星系相互作用或星系盘的不稳定性。This analysis is based on observational data of nearby galaxies.这一分析是基于附近星系的观测数据。 Obse

19、rvations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, the Square Kilometer Array, and other observatories promise to probe the gas content of large numbers of galaxies across cosmic history.用阿塔卡马大毫米/次毫米阵列、方千米阵列和其他观测站进行的观测有望探测宇宙历史上大量星系的气体含量。 It will be paramount to continue the development

20、of statistical and data science methods to accurately extract the physical content from these new observations and to fully uncover the mysteries of star formation in galaxies.继续发展统计和数据科学方法，以准确地从这些新观测中提取物理内容，并充分揭示星系中恒星形成的奥秘，将是至关重要的。are born in 诞生于；出生于dense adj. 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的molecular adj. 分子的；由分子组成的pe

21、rmeates vt. 渗透，透过；弥漫vi. 弥漫；透入；散布interstellar adj. 航天 星际的substantialadj.大量的；实质的；内容充实的n.本质；重要材料timescale时间量程；时间尺度depletevt.耗尽，用尽；使衰竭，使空虚convertvt.使转变；转换；使改变信仰vi.转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰n.皈依者；改变宗教信仰者TOPICS:Astronomy Astrophysics Stars University Of Zurich主题：苏黎世大学天文天体物理学之星ByUNIVERSITY OF ZURICHJANUARY 3, 2021由苏黎世大学2021年1月3日