Unit 2 GrammarA.docx

1、9AU2GrammarA&B+9AU3Grammar A（宾语从句）宾语从句英语中按句子的结构可分三种：简单句 (simple sentence)；并列句 (compound sentence)和复合句 (complex sentence)。简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.并列句：由并

2、列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。复合句：主句+从句（含有一个或一个以上从句）。主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。中学生英文写作中经常使用的从句有：宾语从句, 状

3、语从句和定语从句。今天，我们就来学习宾语从句。我们看下面的句子：We all love Zhangjing. 这个句子中，We是主语，love是谓语，Zhangjing作动词love的宾语。单个的词或短语是动词或介词的承受者，表动作、行为的对象，称作宾语。再如：We all know Zhangjingis a good translator. Zhangjingis a good translator.是一个完整的句子。一个完整的句子作动词或介词的宾语，这个句子称作宾语从句，前面的主谓称为主句。所以，宾语从句是在复合句中充当宾语的句子。如：The old lady likes saying

4、that she has a good son.I want to know if she still lives here.This depends on whether he is interested in English.I hope that everything is all right.Do you know how many colours there are in a rainbow?9AU2Grammar A-that引导的宾语从句。 一、 连接词that引导的宾语从句。1、何时使用that引导的宾语从句：that引导的宾语从句，表示陈述一件事，即由陈述句转化而来。e.g.

5、 He says (that) he is listening to the weather report他说他正在听天气预报。1.）主句的谓语动词是 think, hear, hope, wish, remember, forget, know, say, guess等时，常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g. I hope (that) he will be fine soon我希望他很快好起来。2.）主句由“连系动词形容词”构成的“系表”结构，常接that引导的宾语从句。这类形容词多表示感情，如 happy, glad, pleased, sad, sure, afraid 等等。e.g.

6、 Im afraid (that) he cant come恐怕他不能来了。 I really feel that he needs more practice.2、that引导的宾语从句相关的内容。1.）语序：不论什么情况下，宾语从句都要用陈述语序，即“主语谓语其它”。e.g. Do you think (that) the radio is too noisy? 你认为收音机太吵吗？2.）时态：that引导的宾语从句，主句用一般现在时，从句可以用符合句意要求的任一时态。 （需要性原则）e.g. He says (that) they have returned already. 他说他们已

7、经回来了。如果主句用一般过去时，从句要用过去时态的某种形式（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时等等）。 （呼应性原则）e.g. He said (that) he bought a new dictionary. 他说他买了本新词典。3.）人称变化：I knows a lot about colours. David believes.（合成一句）David believes that he knows a lot about colours.二、特例：如果从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、格言、谚语等等，尽管主句用一般过去时，从句也要用一般现在时。（特殊性原则）e

8、.g. Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.我们老师告诉我们，光比声音传播得快。引导词本身的省略与不省略。1.）可以省略：连词that引导宾语从句，只起连接主、从句的作用，它本身无意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。e.g. He says (that) he is a Young Pioneer. 他说他是个少先队员。2.）不可以省略：从句的主语是that时，that不省略。e.g. We know that that is an interesting story我们知道那是一个有趣的故事。9AU2Grammar

9、B-if/whether引导的宾语从句。一、if或whether引导的宾语从句。whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用。其语序必须是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分”。if或whether是一般疑问句的连接词。e.g. Ask him whether / if he can come. 问下他是否能来。 Im not sure if blue looks good on you.但在有些情况下，whether和if的用法有一定区别。1. whether引导的从句常可以与连词or或or not直接连用，而if一般不能。如： 正：Let

10、me know whether you can come or not. 误：Let me know if you can come or not. 正：We didnt know whether or not she has come.误：We didnt know if or not she has come.2. 当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether引导，而不能用if。如：正：Whether it is true or not, I am not sure.误：If it is true or not, I am not sure. 3. whether可以引导带to的不定式，if

11、则不能。如：正：I dont know whether to accept or refuse. 误：I dont know if to accept or refuse. 4. whether及其引导的成分可放于介词之后，作介词的宾语，但if不能。如：正：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 误：I worry about if I hurt her feelings. 正：Amy is interested in whether hell go to have a picnic.误：Amy is interested in if hell g

12、o to have a picnic.5. whether可以引导从句，作主语、表语或同位语，而if不能。如：正：It was uncertain whether he would come. 误：It was uncertain if he would come.6.用if引起歧义时，只用whether.如：Please let me know _ you like it.(if/whether)Please let me know _if_ you like it.(if/whether)如果你喜欢它，请告诉我。Please let me know _whether_ you like i

13、t.(if/whether)请告诉我你是否喜欢它。随堂练习：用if, whether填空。1.)They havent decided _we should choose Simon as the monitor or not.2.)We are still not sure _ to go fishing.3.)Nobody knows if they _ (arrive ) there on time tomorrow. 4.)If our English teacher _ (not arrive) here on time tomorrow, well have a math less

14、on first.二、if或whether引导的宾语从句相关内容。1.）语序：不论什么情况下，宾语从句都要用陈述语序，即“主语谓语其它”。e.g. Daniel often wonders if/whether he should stay at home instead of going shopping with his classmates.2.）时态：if或whether引导的宾语从句，主句用一般现在时，从句可以用符合句意要求的任一时态。 （需要性原则）e.g. Amy is asking if/whether the sports bag is made of cotton.如果主句

15、用一般过去时，从句要用过去时态的某种形式（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时等等）。 （呼应性原则）e.g. She wanted to know if/whether her mother liked the present.3.）人称变化：Should I choose the red dress? Kitty cannot decide.（合成一句）Kitty cannot decide if/whether she should choose the red dress.三、特例：如果从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、格言、谚语等等，尽管主句用一般过去时，从

16、句也要用一般现在时。（特殊性原则）e.g. Our teacher asked me if/whether there are seven colours in a rainbow?if引导宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别。if引导宾语从句时，时态由主句的谓语动词决定，根据需要可用任何时态。if引导条件状语从句时，通常用一般现在时代指将来。如：Do you know if _ back next week? If he _ back, please let me know. C A. he comes, will come B. will he come, comes C. he will com

17、e, comes D. will he come, will come9AU3Grammar A-特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。特殊疑问词构成的特殊疑问句作宾语时，特殊疑问词直接用作连接词，只需把原来的疑问句序改为陈述句序。时态由主句的谓语动词决定，根据需要可用任何时态。如：Do you know how many colours there are in the rainbow?I do not know how I should deal with it.Sometimes we forget when we should stop.I do not understand why they a

18、re so strict with me.I wonder how I can achieve a balance between my homework and my hobbies.We werent sure how many dictionaries you had.Did you tell me what time you would arrive ? 宾语从句小结：一、结构：从句本身为陈述句，引导词为that，that无实际意义，可省略。结构:主句+that + 主语 +谓语部分。从句本身为一般疑问句，引导词为whether或if。当从句中出现or或or not；to do不定式之

19、前；介词之后；从句位于句首时；引导主语、表语或同位语从句；用if引起歧义时；只能用whether。结构:主句+ if(whether) +主语 +谓语部分。当特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,结构:主句+特殊疑问词+主语 +谓语部分。二、语序：宾语从句必须遵循陈述句语序：即主语在前，谓语在后。三、时态：1.)若主句为一般现在时，从句根据句意选用正确时态，不受主句时态的约束。 2.)若主句为一般过去时，从句也必须是过去的某一时态，具体根据句意决定；若从句表达客观事实或真理、自然现象、公式定理、名言警句，则用一般现在时，不受主句约束。He says 1) He will go to Hong Kong .2

20、) He is sick.3) He is reading a book . 4) He has finished his work.He said 1) He_would_ to Hong Kong .2) He_was_ sick.3) He _was reading_ a book . 4) He_had finished_his work.四、人称变化：宾语从句需要根据主语改换适当的人称。五、注意标点符号：一般疑问句改为宾语从句时要将问号改为句号。巩固练习：一、句型转换1These flowers are from Guangdong. He said.He said _ these

21、flowers _ from Guangdong.2. Light travels faster than sound. My teacher told me.My teacher told me _ light _ faster than sound.3There will be a meeting in five days. Jack didnt know.Jack didnt know _ there _ _ a meeting in five days.4Can they speak French? I wanted to know.I want to know _ _ _ _ Fre

22、nch.5Are the children playing games? Tell me.Tell me _ the children _ _ games.6Have you finished your homework yet? Mr. Zhao asked Ma Gang.Mr. Zhao asked Ma Gang _ _ _ _ _ homework yet.7How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows?Who knows _ _ _ _ _ _ in the picture?8Where did she park her

23、 car? Do you know?Do you know _ _ _ her car?9What does he often talk about? The girl wondered.The girl wondered _ _ often _ about.10Who knocked at the door so loudly? I dont know.I don t know _ _ at the door so loudly. 11. Does he still live in that street? I dont know.I dont know _ he still _ in th

24、at street. 12. Whats his name? I asked him.I asked him what _ _ _.13. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.Please tell me _ _ _ _.14. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. He asked the boys _ they _ fried chicken.15. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I dont know. I dont know _ the watch

25、 _ made in Shanghai.二、选择填空。( ) 1. What did Mike say? He said _. A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. the weather is fine D. summer comes after spring( ) 2. Tom asked my friend _. A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon C. when did he come back D. not to be

26、 so angry( ) 3. Let me tell you _. A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car( ) 4. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they

27、 will leave for Paris( ) 5. Could you tell me _? A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in( ) 6. I cant understand _the boy alone. A. why she left B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left( ) 7. She told me the sun _ in the ea

28、st. A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen( ) 8.I dont know _ up so early last Sunday. A. why did he get B.why he gets C.why does he get D. why he got( ) 9. The manager came up to see _. A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. what the matter is D. whats the matter( ) 10. He asked his father

29、 _. A. where it happens B. where did it happen C. how it happened D. how did it happen( ) 11. No one tells us_, so we need your help. A. how we should do B. what should we do C. how to do it D. what to do it( ) 12. Could you please teach me _ the computer. A. how check B. to check C. how to check D.

30、 to how checking( ) 13.They dont know _their parents are. A. that B. what C. why D. which( ) 14. Where do you think _ he _ the TV set? Sorry, Ive no idea. A./, bought B. has, bought C. did, buy D. did bought( ) 15. Our homework has changed a lot.Who can tell _ it would be like in _ five years. A. ho

31、w, another B. what, more C. how ,other D. what, another( ) 16. Could you tell me _? Yes. He _ to the USA. A. where is he/ has been B. where he is/ has gone C. where was he/ has been D. where he was/ has gone( ) 17. Mike wants to know if _ a picnic tomorrow. Yes. But if it _, well visit the museum in

32、stead. A. you have/ will rain B. you will have/ will rain C. you will have/ rains D. will you have/ rains( ) 18. I really dont know if she _ it when she _. A. finds/ arrives B. finds/ will arrive C. will find/ will arrive D. will find/ arrives( ) 19.Miss Lu said _ she would leave the message on the

33、headmasters desk. A. that B. where C. which D. what( ) 20. He asked me _. A. who will kick the first goal in the World Cup B. when was the APEC meeting held C. when China became a member of the WTO D. where the 2008 Olympics will be held( ) 21. In the bookshop , a reader asked the shopkeeper _ Who M

34、oved My Cheese was an interesting book. A. that B. how C. what D. if( ) 22. You must remember _. A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say C. your teacher said what D. what has your teacher said( ) 23. I dont know _ . A. which room I can live B. which room can I live C. which room I can

35、 live in D. which room can I live in ( ) 24.Do you know when he _ back ? Sorry , I dont . When he _back , Ill tell you . A. comes ; comes B. comes ; will come C. will come ; comes D. will come ; will come( ) 25. The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. wil

36、l take ( ) 26. Mary said that she _ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been( ) 27. The students want to know whether they_ a PE class today. A. had B. has C. will have D. are ( ) 28. Can you tell me_ you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that(

37、) 29.I dont know _ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. when D. where( ) 30. I dont feel very well. Mum asked me _ this morning. （重庆市） A. what the matter is B. what is wrong C. what was the matter D. what wrong was三、用合适的连接词填空。1. Jim told me _ he didnt go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why）

38、2. Do you know _ else is going to be on duty today？（who, whom）3. She said _ it wouldnt matter much.（that, if）4. He always thinks _ he can do better.（how, who）5. I really dont know _ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）6. They dont know _ to go or wait. (if, whether)7. We are talking abou

39、t _ well go back tomorrow. (whether, if) 8. I was really surprised at _ I saw. (where, what)9. I dont know _ so many people are looking at him. (how, why)10. Do you know _ you are studying for? (why, what)四、用所给动词的正确形式填空。1. We are sure that he _ (go) to school tomorrow.2. Could you tell me where the

40、post office _ (is)?3. Our father said that he _ (buy) a new computer soon.4. I hear that he _ (swim) in the sea yesterday.5. The little boy tells us where his father _ (work).6. He said that he _ (finish) his work already.7. They thought they could _ (hike) to the top of the mountain.8. She doesnt know whether _ (go) or wait.选择题答案：1-5 DDDBB 6-10 ACDAC 11-15 CCBAD 16-20 BCDAC 21-25 DACCA 26-30 DCCBC