[32084021]【寒假特训】03 稳固构建概要写作之说明文-2022年高二英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、03 稳固构建概要写作之说明文【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 概要写作之说明文（一）概要写作的步骤 1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题2. Analyze the texts structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words.

2、 (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，去枝节4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mist

3、akes.复读核对，检查错误（二）说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon(主题)，which(补充解释)利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side, but it may also

4、研究显示类：The study reveals that; The purpose of the report is to show that （三）说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 课堂典例Directions: Read the following pass

5、age. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees?Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and o

6、nions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive

7、. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were many theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not

8、from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up t

9、o 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.The exact reason for the disappearance of bees i

10、s not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters

11、 almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect._【答案】Bees not only provide us with honey, but also help pollinate crops. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknown reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. Some people think it i

12、s the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.【解析】【分析】本文属于环保文章，介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失，这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以及环境有关，但是没人知道确切原因。要求考生阅读完总结论点，不能超过60个词。【详解】第一步，归纳各个段落的段落大意，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响。第二步，可以择出重要的信息，蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，可能造成此现象的原因，以及影响。第三步，得出答案

13、，注意过渡与衔接，字数控制在60字以内。【点睛】概要写作做题技巧。概要写作不是对段落大意的简单堆积，需要学生读懂文章的大概意思和文章结构，还需要一定写作替换技巧，且注意语言的简洁性。第一步，确定文章的话题和各段的段落大意，比如本文话题为蜜蜂的消失，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响；第二步，分析各个段落的逻辑关系，确定主观点和次要观点；第三步，注意一定的写作技巧，比如同义词、近义词的替换，句型和结构的转换；第四步，检查单词拼写，语法规则，字数问题等。SummaryDirect

14、ions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Its a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, a

15、s they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless(鲁莽的)behavior often causes serious problems. In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, the

16、re is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Se

17、curity.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported Peoples Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to a large demand

18、 for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI.

19、 Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission(佣金)they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while theyre riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether t

20、hese requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on t

21、raffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.【写作指导】1. 首先分析文章可以分为几个主要部分，分割完之后对每个部分主要内容进行总结概括即可。这篇文章大致可分为三个部分，第一部分paragraph 1-3，第二部分paragraph 4-6，最后一部分par

22、agraph 7。2. 第一部分是主要引入话题，很多城市的外卖送餐员为了尽快送快递，会闯红灯等，导致交通事故。总结出Food delivery workers have a higher risk of getting involved in traffic accidents.3. 第二部分包含三段内容，主要分析外卖送餐员莽撞行为的原因，一方面是送外卖业务需求量大;其次是他们面临罚款和投诉压力;且为了更高的收入，他们多接单。所以总结为：The large demand for their service, the high pressure from employers and their

23、strong desire to earn more commission lead to their reckless behavior.4.最后一部分阐述一些城市解决该现象的一些方案。比如对外卖送餐员进行交通安全的培训，或者对破坏法规两次以上的进行更严格的惩罚。可以总结为：In some cities, measures like stricter road safety education and more severe punishment have been taken to solve this problem.【参考范文】Food delivery workers have a

24、higher risk of getting involved in traffic accidents. The large demand for their service, the high pressure from employers and their strong desire to earn more commission lead to their reckless behavior. In some cities, measures like stricter road safety education and more severe punishment have bee

25、n taken to solve this problem. (58 words)SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 per

26、cent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a c

27、ardboard container.Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink（发出恶臭）, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air

28、 and water pollution.People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rub

29、bish into three categoriesmetal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to a recycling company for processing.The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is th

30、at many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain alert and do their part.【写作指导】根据文本内容，这是一篇讲包装材料所带来的问题的说明文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。第一段开头第一句话“A large source of rubbish is packa

31、ging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total.”是段落的中心句，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面就在以牙膏为例进行举例说明。第二段主要讲的是包装材料所带来的问题，主要包括两方面，一是垃圾进入填埋场后所造成的污染；二是这些包装材料在生产过程中会产生对空气和水的污染。第三段主要在讲人们正在采取措施解决包装材料所带来的问题，其中第一句“People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials.”是段落的中心句，后面就在用德国的事

32、情举例说明，政府、制造商和个人采取的措施试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。第四段开头的however至关重要，说明德国的方法尽管起到了一定的作用，但包装材料的污染仍然是一个大问题，我们绝不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可：【参考范文】The article points out the problem of packaging. About one third of rubbish results from the packaging materials, which cause damage to t

33、he environment during their production and after ending in landfills. Though the programs carried out to combat the problem are temporarily successful, the problem remains a great concern. 实战演练AAre you working with your computer routinely either as a office employee or a game lover? Are your eyes dr

34、y, watery, blurry, seeing double or sensitive to light? If your answer is a “yes”, you are likely one of many people today who suffer from digital eyestrain, also called computer-vision syndrome. What on earth is this syndrome coming from? What can we do to deal with this problem?Eyestrain is often

35、related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously. However, studies have also shown that the blue light produced by digital devices today reaches further into the eyes than other kinds of light. This light actually assists

36、attention during the day but can result in interrupted sleep patterns at night.Years of scientific researches indicate that eyestrain isnt necessarily an unavoidable problem for those who deal with computer work in the daily base. There are ways you can adopt which can overcome the problem considera

37、bly. To begin with, your computer screen should be high-resolution (高分辨率), at least 50 centimeters wide diagonally and may require a screen filter to decrease reflections. Also, be aware that “computer glasses”, which cut down glare and blue light，are available.Besides, to reduce your risk for compu

38、ter-vision syndrome, take frequent breaks during your computer workday. Many workers take only two 15-minute breaks from their computer throughout their day. According to a recent study, eyestrain are significantly reduced when computer workers take four additional five-minute “mini-breaks” througho

39、ut their workday. Finally, many of us fall into bad habits while using digital screens, which only worsen the effects of eyestrain. While viewing digital screens, many people blink (眨眼) one third less often than they usually do. Place a reminder on your computer to “blink” so that your eyes dont dry

40、 out._【答案】Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, rem

41、ind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out.【解析】本文为说明文。文章对 “数码眼疲劳”也被称为“电脑视觉综合症”的症状、原因及如何避免进行了介绍。眼睛疲劳通常与接触屏幕的次数、眼睛与屏幕的距离以及同时使用多个屏幕有关。因为数字设备产生的蓝光导致眼睛干涩、模糊的、对光敏感等。研究发现眼疲劳是可避免的，首先要减少屏幕的反射，此外要经常休息或增加间隔休息时间，最后要提醒自己尽量多眨眼睛，以防眼睛干涩。【详解】本文首先要概括出四段的大意。第一段介绍了什么是“Digital eyestra

42、in”，也叫做“computer-vision syndrome”及其症状。第二段叙述眼睛疲劳的原因，即眼睛疲劳有关的内容，即与“Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously”这是确切的定义，可照搬。第三段和第四段主要叙述了如何避免眼疲劳，即尽量避免反射（try to decrease reflection.），多休息（longer breaks）以及

43、提醒自己多眨眼（remind to blink），以防眼睛干涩(此句要用动词不定式来表示目的)。最后按照大意，用恰当的句式表达出来即可。在用英语句式表达时，要尽可能用自己的话，让句子灵活多变些。但句式一定要符合英语语言的要求，避免运用汉语式的英语。答案如下：Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and

44、 try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, remind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out. BImagine living on the edge of a vast desert, which is moving quietly closer to your village every da

45、y and covering your fields. The desert is on the move. This is called desertification.Desertification occurs in regions close to an already existing desert. It generally arises from two related causes. The first is over-use of water in the area. There is not enough water in any case, and if it is no

46、t carefully used, disaster can follow. As time goes on, water shortages make farming more and more difficult. In some places, locals can remember local lakes and marshes which were once the homes for all kinds of fish and birds. They have been completely buried by the sand now. Farmers leave the lan

47、d, and fields are replaced by deserts.The second cause is misuse or over-use of the land. This means that the wrong crops are planted and need more water than is available. Ploughing large fields and removing bushes and trees means that the wind will blow away the soil. Once the soil is lost, it is

48、hard to replace, and if there is rain, it has nowhere to go, and brings no benefit.It is not only the farmers and villagers who suffer. Every spring, the skies over some of eastern cities, thousands of kilometers away from the deserts, can be darkened by sandstorms. Dust from deserts can have a grea

49、t effect on weather systems. While desertification is perhaps being partly caused by global warming, these sandstorms can make global warming worse by adding to what is known as the greenhouse effect.What can be done to slow down or stop the process of desertification? A great deal of work is alread

50、y under way. Obviously first steps are to find new water sources. Tree planting can help, by providing barriers between desert and rich field. Some types of grass also hold the soil together, and stop the wind taking it. Without these efforts, it will be harder and harder to stop the worlds deserts

51、in their tracks, and more and more farmers will give up and head for cities. The lesson to be learnt lies beneath the sand._【答案】Desertification, the tendency of desert moving and covering nearby fields, is mainly caused by overusing water and misusing the land. It not only does harm to the residents

52、 but also has negative effects on weather systems. To deal with it, new water sources should be discovered, and trees and grasses can be planted to set barriers and solidify the soil.写作步骤（1）.浏览课文，找出主题：沙漠化是沙漠向周边地区移动和覆盖的趋势，主要是水资源过度利用和土地利用不当造成的。 它不仅对居民造成危害，而且对天气系统也有负面影响。 为了解决这个问题，需要发现新的水源，种植树木和草，筑起屏障，固

53、化土壤。（2）. 确定时态为：一般现在时。（3）. 确定人称为：第三人称。（4）. 分析文章的结构，把它分成几个部分，找出每个部分的主要思想，用你自己的文字简短地写出来。本文主要分为三部分。第一部分：Desertification, the tendency of desert moving and covering nearby fields, is mainly caused by overusing water and misusing the land.（荒漠化是指沙漠向近郊迁移和覆盖的趋势，其主要原因是水资源的过度利用和土地的滥用。）第二部分：It not only does har

54、m to the residents but also has negative effects on weather systems.( 它不仅对居民有害，也对天气系统有负面影响)第三部分：To deal with it, new water sources should be discovered, and trees and grasses can be planted to set barriers and solidify the soil.( 为 为了解决这个问题，需要发现新的水源，种植树木和草，筑起屏障，固化土壤)（1）.按照逻辑顺序组织将主要和相关的支持点用最短的连接词进行连接

55、。如：before，after，besides.第3步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。 CAre your children getting on your last nerve? Did a coworkers comment rub you the wrong way? Theres no need to plug the steam coming out of your ears. In

56、 fact, science now gives you full permission to release those emotions; you might actually be happier for it. If that seems counterintuitive(违反直觉的), hear us out. A new study suggests that people tend to be happier if they can feel and express emotions as they want. That goes for unpleasant emotions

57、like anger and hatred, too.An international team of researchers recruited 2,300 university students from the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, Israel, Poland, and Singapore. They then asked the participants to tell them which emotions they desired and which ones they actually felt, and t

58、hen compared those responses to how the participants rated their overall happiness or life satisfaction.The results showed an interesting trend. While participants wanted to experience more pleasant emotions, they reported higher life satisfaction if the emotions they experienced matched those they

59、desired. More surprising still, 11 percent of people wanted to feel less of positive emotions, such as love and empathy, and 10 percent of people wanted to feel more negative emotions, such as hatred and anger.At first glance, these result might seem confusing. But theres a simple explanation, accor

60、ding to the studys authors. Happiness is more than simply feeling pleasure and avoiding pain, they write. It is also learning to release negative emotions when you feel them, instead of ignoring them or bottling them up.If you feel emotions you want to feel, even if theyre unpleasant, then youre bet

61、ter off, lead researcher Dr Maya Tamir from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem told the BBC News website. _【答案】According to a new study, people will be happier if they express their emotions directly. A team of researchers invited students from different countries to prove it. If students experience

62、, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emotions.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，如果人们能直接表达自己的情绪，他们会更快乐，幸福不仅仅是感到快乐，而且还学会释放消极情绪。【详解】1 要点摘录 In fact, science now gives you full

63、 permission to release those emotions; you might actually be happier for it.An international team of researchers recruited 2,300 university students from the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, Israel, Poland, and Singapore. The results showed an interesting trend. While participants wante

64、d to experience more pleasant emotions, they reported higher life satisfaction if the emotions they experienced matched those they desired. 2.缜密构思 将要点、进行整合；将要点进行缩写。3.遣词造句 According to a new study, people will be happier if they express their emotions directly.A team of researchers invited students f

65、rom different countries to prove it. If students experience, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emotions.【点睛】高分句型1 A team of researchers invited students from d

66、ifferent countries to prove it.（不定式作目的状语）高分句型2 If students experience, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emotions.（if引导条件状语从句；whatever引导让步状语从句；since引导原因状语从句。）

67、DThe Zeigarnik EffectHave you ever found yourself thinking about a partially finished project for school or work when you were trying to focus on other things? Or perhaps you wondered what would happen next in your favorite TV show or film series. If you have, youve experienced the Zeigarnik effect.

68、 You tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks. Knowledge of the Zeigarnik effect can be put into use in everyday life.The effect is especially well suited for helping overcome procrastination or delaying an action to a later time. We often put off big tasks that seem overwhelming

69、. However, the Zeigarnik effect suggests that the key to overcoming procrastination is to just get started. The first step could be something small and seemingly insignificant. In fact, its probably best if its something fairly easy.The Zeigarnik effect can be useful for students who are studying fo

70、r an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study periods can actually improve recall. So instead of cramming for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will cause intrusive（侵入的）thoughts, enabling students to rehearse and conso

71、lidate the information that must be remembered, leading to better recall when they take the exam.The Zeigarnik effect also points to reasons why people may experience mental health problems. If an individual leaves important tasks incomplete, the intrusive thoughts that result can lead to stress, an

72、xiety, difficulty sleeping, and emotional distress. Conversely, completing a task can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and lead to a feeling of closure that can improve psychological well - being.The Zeigarnik effect can actually be used to positively impact your work productivity._【答案】T

73、he Zeigarnik effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones, is useful in daily life. Firstly, it can keep people from putting off things when they start with a small step. Besides, it encourages breaks in students study, thus improving recall in exams. Thirdly, it promo

74、tes mental health by providing the motivation needed to finish tasks.【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括蔡加尼克效应在日常生活中很有用。首先，它可以让人们在开始做一件小事的时候不拖延；此外，它还鼓励学生在学习时休息，从而提高考试时的记忆力；最后，它能够通过提供完成任务所需的动机来促进心理健康，注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的

75、主题句。4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。 EYouth in the 21st CenturyIt seems that everyone is talking negatively about the Youth of today, Every TV programme the subject shows threatening young people . It is hard to find anything that shows young people in a positive light .In this country we

76、think the elderly suffer the greatest discrimination, but read any of the reports written on youth discrimination and anyone can see that young people are probably the largest group in society to be discriminated against. A recent survey undertaken by the Childrens Rights Alliance for England (CRAE)

77、 shows that 49% of the 7 to 17-year-olds surveyed have experienced unfair treatment because of their age. Around a quarter of them say they are treated unfairly during everyday activities. Shopkeepers routinely follow them around the shop or exclude them, bus drivers wont stop for them and when they

78、 are in groups, the police order them to move on.All of the young people I know are aware that modern society treats them unfairly . Ive got two sons, aged 14 and 16, and both of them have been stopped from entering shops with their friends because there is a policy of only allowing two youths in th

79、e shop at one time. Neither of them have a record of unruly behaviour and they hate the implication that all young people are potential thieves . I dont think either of my boys deserve such treatment - and from what they say none of their friends do either.There are more than 11 million under-18-yea

80、r-olds in England and evidence shows that the vast majority positively participate within their communities, contributing to the arts, sports and achieving well at school. However, no TV programmes report that! Barbara Heam, Deputy Chief Executive of the National Childrens Bureau, rightly says, Equa

81、lity is for everyone, including for our youngest citizens._【答案】No TV programme talks negatively about the youth. We always think the elderly suffer the discrimination most, but in fact, young people are possibly the largest group discriminated in society. As the recent survey shows, 49% of the 7 to

82、17 years old children are treated unfairly due to their age. However, most of them perform actively within their communities.【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章用数据对比和事实说明，当代青少年是最受社会歧视的群体，没有电视节目从正面报道他们。但是事实上，大部分的青少年没有过劣迹，并且在社区生活中表现得非常积极。【详解】1.要点摘录It seems that everyone is talking negatively about the Youth of today, Eve

83、ry TV programme the subject shows threatening young people .In this country we think the elderly suffer the greatest discrimination, but read any of the reports written on youth discrimination and anyone can see that young people are probably the largest group in society to be discriminated against.

84、 A recent survey undertaken by the Childrens Rights Alliance for England (CRAE) shows that 49% of the 7 to 17-year-olds surveyed have experienced unfair treatment because of their age.There are more than 11 million under-18-year-olds in England and evidence shows that the vast majority positively pa

85、rticipate within their communities, contributing to the arts, sports and achieving well at school. 2.缜密构思将第1、2、3、4个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句We always think the elderly suffer the discrimination most, but in fact, young people are possibly the largest group discriminated in society. As the recent survey shows, 4

86、9% of the 7 to 17 years old children are treated unfairly due to their age. However, most of them perform actively within their communities.【点睛】高分句型1We always think the elderly suffer the discrimination most, but in fact, young people are possibly the largest group discriminated in society.（过去分词作后置定

87、语）高分句型2As the recent survey shows, 49% of the 7 to 17 years old children are treated unfairly due to their age. （as引导的定语从句） FCould goats become our new best friends?In a new paper in the journal Biology Letters, researchers from QMULs School of Biological and Chemical Sciences found that goats respo

88、nd to people by gazing at them when facing a problem they cannot solve alone, and their responses change depending on the persons behaviour.To investigate, the team trained goats to remove a lid from a box to receive a reward. They made the reward inaccessible and recorded their reaction. In the tes

89、t, the goats redirected their gaze frequently between the inaccessible reward and human experimenters. They also gazed towards a forward facing person earlier, more often and for longer compared to when the person was facing away.The results provide strong evidence for complex communication between

90、humans and goats, which were domesticated primarily for agricultural production, and show similarities with animals bred to become pets or working animals, such as dogs and horses.The research indicates that the domestication of animals has a much broader impact on our knowledge about human-animal r

91、elationship than previously believed. For example, its thought that the capacity of dogs to be aware of information from humans is the result of changes to the brain from becoming a companion animal through domestication.“Goats were the first livestock species to be domesticated, about 10,000 years

92、ago,” said lead author Dr Alan McElligott from the Schools Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology.From our research, we know that many domesticated animals for agricultural production are smarter than their reputation suggests, and these results show how they can communicate and intera

93、ct with their human handlers just as pets or working animals.The researchers hope the study will lead to a better understanding of how skilled livestock are in their ability to solve problems and interact with humans. They also wish that an improvement in animal welfare would be reached ultimately.【

94、答案】Scientists find that goats, first domesticated for agricultural production, have the capacity to communicate with people like other pets or working animals. The study helps better know about human-animal relationships. And the researchers hope for a better understanding of livestock species talen

95、t in settling problems and in the interaction with humans. They also wish for a final improvement in animal welfare.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，科学家发现，山羊最初是为了农业生产而被驯养的，它有像其他宠物或工作动物一样与人交流的能力。这项研究有助于更好地了解人类与动物的关系。研究人员希望更好地了解牲畜物种在解决问题和与人类互动方面的才能。他们还希望动物福利最终得到改善。【详解】要点摘录 The results provide strong evidence fo

96、r complex communication between humans and goats, which were domesticated primarily for agricultural production, and show similarities with animals bred to become pets or working animals, such as dogs and horses.The research indicates that the domestication of animals has a much broader impact on ou

97、r knowledge about human-animal relationship than previously believed.The researchers hope the study will lead to a better understanding of how skilled livestock are in their ability to solve problems and interact with humans.They also wish that an improvement in animal welfare would be reached ultim

98、ately.2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句Scientists find that goats, first domesticated for agricultural production, have the capacity to communicate with people like other pets or working animals.The study helps better know about human-animal relationships.And the researchers hope for a bette

99、r understanding of livestock species talent in settling problems and in the interaction with humans.They also wish for a final improvement in animal welfare.【点睛】高分句型1 Scientists find that goats, first domesticated for agricultural production, have the capacity to communicate with people like other pets or working animals.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第四段进行了概括。高分句型2 And the researchers hope for a better understanding of livestock species talent in settling problems and in the interaction with humans.运用了动名词作宾语对最后一段进行了概括。