【春季课外拓展】03：强调句 阅读理解之判断推理题-2022年高二春季课外拓展精品讲义15讲（上海）.docx

1、 第三讲 强调句+阅读理解判断推理题 词汇打卡考纲词汇默写031. 生物学 n. biology2. 饼干 n. biscuit3. 毯子，覆盖物 n. blanket4. 女衬衫，短上衣 n. blouse5. 炸弹 n. bomb6. 小册子 n. booklet7. 边，边界 n. border8. 植物学 n. botany9. 弹起；跳，跃 vi. bounce10. 保龄球运动 n. bowling11. 刹车 n.&v. brake12. 商标；烙印 n. brand13. 胸部，乳房 n. breast14. 新郎 n. bridegroom15. 额头，眉毛 n. brow1

2、6. 生；产生 give birth to17. 把归咎于某人 blame sb for sth/blame sth on sb18. 因应受责备 be to blame for19. 布告栏 notice board20. 吹嘘 boast of/about21. 售票处 booking office22. 对感到厌倦 be bored with23. 向某人借某物 borrow sth from sb24. 爆发 break out25. （机械等）出故障 break down26. 生来具有 be born with27. 屏住呼吸 hold ones breath28. 简言之 in

3、brief29. 抚养长大 bring up30. 理学士（全称） bachelor of Science1. 预算 n. budget2. 灯泡；球茎 n. bulb3. 枪弹，子弹 n. bullet4. 负荷，重负 n. burden5. 屠夫，肉食品店 n. butcher6. 纽扣；按钮 n. button7. 小木屋；机舱 n. cabin8. 自主餐馆 n. cafeteria9. 计算器 n. calculator10. 日历；日程表 n. calendar11. 平静；镇静的 n.&adj. calm12. 战役，运动 n. campaign13. 候选人，求职者 n. ca

4、ndidate14. 货物 n. cargo15. 出纳员 n. cashier16. 树立信心 build up ones confidence17. 一座新建的图书馆 a newly-built library18. 撞上，碰见 bump into19. 突然大哭 burst into tears/burst out crying20. 负担起的重任bear/carry/shoulder the burden of 21. 埋头于专心于be buried in/bury oneself in22. 忙于 be busy with/be busy doing23. 除了什么也不做can do

5、 nothing but do/do nothing but do/cant but do/have nothing to do but do/be powerless to do anything but do/there is nothing to do but do24. 给某人买某物buy sth for sb/buy sb sth25. 拜访某人call on sb/call at sbs place26. 有能力做某事 be capable of doing sth27. 实施（计划等） carry out28. 万一有火情in case of fire/in case there

6、 is a fire29. 遇上交通堵塞be caught in a traffic jam30. 引致某人做某事 cause sb to do sth语法微练 强调句型一、强调1、定义所谓强调，就是指要突出句子中的某一部分，使其显得更加重要。2、强调谓语动词强调谓语动词只能对肯定句的一般现在时和一般过去时进行强调。一般在谓语动词前面加助动词do, does或did，表示“的确，确实”。He did write to you last week.I do hope you a merry Christmas.3、强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分 强调人 强调物 It

7、 is /was +强调部分+that/who +其他成分 强调主语、宾语、状语只能是单数 1) 强调成分 强调主语或主语从句It was Mary who/that met her old classmate in the park yesterday.It is what we do and how we do it that decide if we can succeed. 强调宾语或宾语从句It was her old classmate who/that Mary met in the park yesterday.It was when he would go abroad th

8、at he asked Tom. 强调时间状语或时间状语从句It was yesterday that Mary met her old classmate in the park.It was when he got back that he knew what had happened. 强调地点状语或地点状语从句It was in the park that Mary met her old classmate yesterday.It was where he went yesterday that he lost his bag. 强调原因状语或原因状语从句It was becaus

9、e of the bad weather that he postponed his trip. It is because he had worked hard on his lesson that he passed the final exam.注意：该句型可强调because引导的原因状语从句，但通常不能强调由 since, as引导的原因状语从句，另外也不强调由although引导的让步状语从句。2) 疑问形式Jim told us the news. (非强调句)It was Jim that told us the news. (强调句型的陈述句形式)Was it Jim tha

10、t told us the news? (强调句型的一般疑问句形式)Who was it that told us the news? (强调句型的特殊疑问句形式)总结：一般疑问句的强调句型：Is/Was it +被强调部分+that+其他?特殊疑问句的强调句型：特殊疑问词+ is/was+it +that+其他?反意疑问句的强调句型：It was at ten last night that I knew the news, wasnt it?对特殊疑问句的强调置于从句中时：I dont know what it is that makes you sad.3) 时态强调句中的时态只用两种，

11、一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是过去的相应时态用It was.，是现在和将来的相应时态用It is.It was two years ago that I began to learn drawing.Its Mary who/thathas donesuch terrible things.Its Mary who/thatwill goto see the doctor tomorrow.4) notuntil的强调形式强调含有not until的句子在强调not until句型时，not 位于until从句前，主句谓语动词作相应变化，即it is(was)+not until从句+

12、that +其它。普通句：Hedidntgo to beduntil/ tillhis wife came back.强调句：It was not untilhis wife came backthathe went to bed.5) 强调句与主语从句的区别主语从句译成中文时不可加上“正是”、“就是”之类字眼，若删去“It is / was.that.”，则原句不成立。而强调句型若删去“It is / was.that / who.”，原句结构与语意均完整，译成中文时，常可加上“正是”、“就是”之类字眼。It is true that he once went to America.It w

13、as at 8 oclock that he came back. 6) 强调句与状语从句的区别It was at 7:00 that I arrived.正是在7:00时，我到了。(强调句型，强调时间状语at 7:00)It was 7:00 when I arrived.当我到达时，时间是7:00。(时间状语从句，在7:00前无介词at)7) 含有定语从句的强调句型在被强调的名词后再设计一个以该名词为先行词的定语从句，这时不要把定语从句当作强调句。It was this school where (in which) he once studied that gave him a chan

14、ce of teaching.4、双重否定表强调Taking part-time jobs is never without drawbacks.There is no rule that has no exception.5、What引导的主语从句表强调What he did was help the police catch the thief.What really matters is cooperation.6、倒装表强调Little do people take into account the seriousness of this problem.7、比较状语表强调Nothin

15、g is more important than to learn from the past. 例1. 1. When was it _ he found _ he thought was the correct way to solve the problem?【2020交大附中期中】A. that; whatB. that; thatC. when; whatD. when; that2. _ it be in the restaurant _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you lost your handbag?【2020交大附中期中】A.

16、Could; which; whenB. Must; where; thatC. Could; where; thatD. Must; which; when3. I cant remember _ made the teacher give Mary the permission to leave the class earlier.【2019华师大一附中期末】A. that it was what B. what it was that C. what was it that D. that was is what 4. It was _ back home after the exper

17、iment. 【2020复旦附中期中】A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didnt go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didnt go5. It was during the war _ he was in Argentina _ he met Betty. 【2018复旦附中期中】A. when where B. that where C. whenthat D. thatthat 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B

18、 4. C 5. C 例2. 强调句1. It was not until midnight _ they reached the camp site.2. It was after he got what he had desired _ he realized it was not so important.3. The police were seeking more information to find out _ it was that killed the rich merchant.4. Wasnt it until five oclock _ the fire broke o

19、ut?5. It is the ability to do the job _ matters, not where you come from or what you are.6. It was in the classroom _ was built by the local government _ they finished their homework.7. Was it _ he lacked money that he gave up his dream to study abroad?8. It was those farmers _ saved him when he acc

20、identally fell into the river.9. It was with the greatest difficulty _ the boy gathered the strength to rise.10. Their flight had been delayed for several hours, so it was almost midnight _ they got there.【答案】1. that 2. that 3. who/that 4. that 5. that 6. that/which, that 7. because 8. who/that 9. t

21、hat 10. when强调句翻译1. 是我的志愿者经历让我被这所大学录取了。(It)2. 正是因为汤姆忽视了心脏病发作的早期信号，结果才付出了生命。(ignore)3. 正是他良好的英语听说能力使他在这次英语演讲比赛中脱颖而出。(it)【2017奉贤二模】4. 到底是什么促使你放弃了这么稳定的工作，来到这个偏远地区保护野生动物？(it)【2018崇明二模】【答案】1. It was my volunteer experience that helped me to be admitted to the university.2. It was because Tom ignored the

22、early signals of a heart attack that he lost his life.3. It was his English listening and speaking ability that enabled him to stand out in the English speech contest.4. What was it that made you give up such a stable job and come to the remote area to protect wild animals? 专题精选1细节推断题片段节选Our own exp

23、erience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.What can be inferred from

24、the last paragraph?AThe author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.BMuch more progress will be made in the near future.CThe work on health is the most valuable experience.DPeoples efforts have been materially rewarded.答案A解析推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“It has changed who we are and continues to fuel

25、 our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.”知穷人的生活将会变更好。2文章来源或读者对象类推断题片段节选.Because most of the trails through rural Ohio are dominated by seemingly endless fields, trail users are exposed to the sun for long periods of time. Fortunately, the path occ

26、asionally winds through a more wooded corridor near local waterways, such as Paint Creek and the Scioto River.The Paint Creek Recreation Trail also passes through the downtown areas of the three towns along the way, offering many opportunities for rest and energy. Just before Chillicothe, trail user

27、s will want to stop at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. The Hopewell Mound Group, a part of the park visible from the trail along Sulphur Lick Road, features earthworks and tombs built by the local people nearly 2,000 years ago.62. Where might this article come from?A. An American website

28、on travel.B. An English scientific magazine.C. A lecture by a professor of geography.D. A travelers notebook.【答案】A解析【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要说明美国漆溪休闲小径是俄亥俄州费耶特县、罗斯县和高地县规划小径网络中的旗舰小径，沿途为人们提供了许多休闲的机会，它将在休闲和交通中发挥重要作用。【详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Because most of the trails through rural Ohio are dominated by seemingly e

29、ndless fields (由于俄亥俄州农村的大部分小径都被似乎无边无际的田地占据)和第四段“the Paint Creek Recreation Trail also passes through the downtown areas of the three towns along the way, offering many opportunities for rest and energy(漆溪游憩小径也穿过沿途三个城镇的市区，提供了许多休闲和能源的机会)”可知，本文主要介绍了美国漆溪休闲小径沿途风景优美，为人们提供了许多休闲的机会，可推知，此文很有可能来自一个旅游网站。因此，这篇文

30、章来自A项“ An American website on travel(美国的一个旅游网站)”符合题意。故选A项。3写作意图类推断题片段节选WE COMBAT ANIMAL DISEASES TOGETHER!We want to prevent serious animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and African swine fever from spreading to Finland. These and other animal diseases can be transmi

31、tted from one country to another by animals or by meat and dairy products even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.Dont bring meat, meat products, milk and dairy products from non-EU c

32、ountries to Finland!A ban on personal imports applies to meat and dairy products brought into Finland by travelers or ordered and sent through the post. The ban applies to food stuffs intended for personal consumption or as gifts and to pet food. If you have food products of animal origin with you,

33、throw them in a waste container in the point of entry or contact Customs!Whom is this notice intended for?A. Food importers in Finland. B. Travelers to Finland.C. Citizens in EU countries. D. Medical staff from non-EU countries.答案B解析 写作意图类推断题。该应用文是芬兰食品管理局发出的一封共同抵御动物疾病，特别是非洲猪瘟的通知，并对人们进行了建议和指引。本题要求判断文

34、章所面向的读者群体，这是一篇由政府官方管理机构发出的通知，综合全文，特别是第一段末尾部分“even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.”提到，即使你是私人肉制品消费或是把相关动物产品买来当礼物，也有传播动物疾病的风险，像你这样的（普通）旅行者在防控动物疾病传播中扮演了十分重要的角色，所以这篇文章是写给来芬兰旅游的人（travel

35、ers）看的，故选B。4态度倾向类推断题片段节选Scientist cant foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits are amazing, but un

36、til we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.Whats the authors attitude towards genetic engineering?A.welcoming B.disapproving C.unconcerned D.optimistic答案 B解析态度推理判断题。文章最后一段结尾表明作者态度，即在没有充分了解GE食品对我们影响之前，作者觉得没必要冒险。课堂演练：Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) m

37、inds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics

38、（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere, we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one t

39、hat we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send

40、out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super

41、intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them

42、to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI

43、seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet t

44、hat is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherf

45、ord stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.13. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence

46、may .A. run out of human controlB. satisfy humans real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician14. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to_.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB achieve their ori

47、ginal goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches15. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to _.A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avo

48、id robotsaffecting the world16. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.【答案】A A D C【解析】：本文主要介绍了人工智

49、能，它会给我们的生活带来什么样的影响。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a

50、 specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知

51、可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。【16题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。点评: 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从

52、而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。能力提升练一、强调句翻译1. 正是因为这家公司注重产品的质量和创新，该公司在过去的十年中发展成为电子行业的巨头。(It)【2018交大附中期末】2. 正是他对科学研究的奉献精神和对祖国的忠诚使他成为了一名杰出的科学家。(It)【2018大境中学期末】3. 直到经历了多次失败，他才意识到这就是学习外语的最佳途径。(It, approach)【2019育才期末】4. 正是这个鼓舞人心的演讲才使人们意识到他们应该把更多的重点放在艺术教育上。(It)【2019北

53、虹高级期末】【答案】1. It was because the company put emphasis on the quality and creativity of the product that it has become the giant of the electronic industry during the past ten years.2. It was his devotion to the scientific research and loyalty to the homeland that made him an excellent scientist.3. It

54、 was not until he had experienced many failures that he began to realize (that) this was the best approach to learning foreign languages.4. It is the inspiring speeches that makes people realize/ aware that they should put more emphasis on art education. 二、词汇填空Directions: Fill in each blank with a p

55、roper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.【2018建平期末】A. access B. availability C. combined D. contribute E. improved F. insecurity G. investment H. extreme I. lack J. purchase K. uniqueOn May 28th every year, we observe World Hunge

56、r Day. It is an effort to focus attention on the fact that despite a sufficient _31_ of food nearly everywhere, globally, some 21,000 people die every day from hunger or malnutrition. Although this is significantly fewer people than the numbers we saw a decade ago, hunger still kills more people tha

57、n AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria _32_.People do not go hungry because the world does not produce enough food for everyone. According to the world Hunger Education Service, over the past three decades, significant growth in food production, along with _33_ access to food, helped reduce the percentage

58、 of chronically undernourished (长期营养不良的) people in developing countries from 34 percent to 15 percent. The principal problem is that many people in the world still do not have resources to _34_ or grow enough food.Indeed, hunger is a consequence of poverty, and also one of its causes. Hunger exists

59、because many countries _35_ social safety nets; because in many countries women, although they do most of the farming, do not have as much _36_ as men to training, credit or land.Conflict, governance systems that do not encourage _37_ in agriculture, poor management of land and natural resources, la

60、ck of educational opportunity, and financial and economic crises that eliminate jobs at the lowest levels, all _38_ toward creating conditions that push the poorest into hunger.Over the past decade, a global push to reduce hunger and _39_ poverty has marked some significant successes, thanks in part

61、 to the efforts of numerous international and transnational institutions, foundations, NGOs and governments.But on world Hunger Day, let us not forget that with over 815,000 people still living in daily food _40_, we still have a long way to go before we can safely say that no child goes to bed hung

62、ry most nights, that no parent skips their own dinner so the children can eat.【答案】BCEJI AGDHF三、阅读【2020行知中学期末】The research carried out by the University of Bari in Italy could help clarify hospitals who are charged with wasting money on art and decoration as it suggests a pleasant environment helps p

63、atients overcome discomfort and pain.A team headed by Professor Marina de Tommaso at the Neurophysiopathology Pain Unit asked a group of men and women to pick the 20 paintings they considered most ugly and most beautiful from a selection of 300 works by artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro B

64、otticelli. They were then asked to watch either the beautiful paintings, or the ugly paintings, or a blank panel while the team struck a short laser pulse at their hand, creating a sensation as if they had been hurt by a pin. The subjects rated the pain as being a third less intense while they were

65、viewing the beautiful paintings, compared with when considering the ugly paintings or the blank panel.Electrodes (电极) measuring the brains electrical activity also confirmed a reduced response to the pain when the subject looked at beautiful paintings. While distractions (娱乐), such as music, are kno

66、wn to reduce pain in hospital patients, Prof de Tommaso says this is the first result to show that beauty plays a part. The findings, reported in New Scientist, also go a long way to show that beautiful surroundings could aid the healing process.“Hospitals have been designed to be functional, but we

67、 think that their aesthetic (审美能力) aspects should be taken into account too,” said the neurologist. “Beauty obviously offers a distraction that ugly paintings do not. But at least there is no suggestion that ugly surroundings make the pain worse. I think these results show that more research is need

68、ed into the how a beautiful environment can reduce suffering.”Pictures they liked included Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh and Botticellis Birth of Venus. Pictures they found ugly included works by Pablo Picasso, the Italian 20th century artist Anonio Bueno and Columbian Fernando Botero. “These peo

69、ple were not art experts so some of the pictures they found ugly would be considered masterpieces by the art world,” said Prof de Tommaso.63. According to the first paragraph, people didnt approve _.A. hospitals spend money on medical equipmentB. hospitals decorate their rooms with works of artC. ho

70、spitals make their environment pleasant to patientsD. hospitals treat their patients with works of art64. How did the researchers make the research?A. By asking the subjects to listen to music.B. By requiring the subjects to draw paintings.C. By ordering the subjects to choose which picture is beaut

71、iful and ugly.D. By aching the subjects hands while they are watching paintings.65. According to the research, when designing a hospital, we should consider its _.A. convenient facilitiesB. functional operating roomC. pleasing environment D. bright waiting room66. The best title for the passage may be _.A. Patients Dont Like Ugly PicturesB. Arts Can Be Used As a MedicineC. Ugly Patients Feel Less PainD. Beautiful Art Can Ease Pain【答案】BDCD