专题03 Unit5-Unit6—八年级英语第一学期期末考试重难点梳理（江苏专用）.docx

1、Unit5-Unit6八年级英语第一学期期末考试重难点梳理（江苏专用）8AU5重难点梳理之单词、短语和句型1Would you like to live in the wild，Eddie?你想住在野外吗，埃迪？(P56)wild在此用作名词，意思是“野生”。in the wild意为“在自然环境下；在野外”【拓展】wild还可用作形容词，意为“野生的”，一般作定语修饰名词；也可跟在连系动词后面作表语。例题：Do you know that (野生的）animals are our friends? 答案：wild2. Why not? Wild animals are free and ha

2、ppy. 为什么不呢？野生动物是自由和开心的。(1) Why not?表示赞同别人的建议，相当于Good idea! I think so等。(2) free意为“免费的；自由的”。作“自由的”讲时，其反义词是busy;作“免费的”讲时，常用短语为for free（免费地）。be free to do sth.意为“自由地做某事”。如：You are free to go or stay.要走要留悉听尊便。(3) Wild n. 自然环境，野生状态 adj. 野生的 in the wild3Could you please not eat them? 请你不要吃它们好吗？(P56)“Could

3、 you please (not) do sth.?”的意思是“请你（不）做某事好吗？”例题：Could you please the window？ Its cold today. (not open)答案：not open4Please have pity on them，Eddie. 埃迪，请同情同情它们吧。have/take pity on sb.意为“同情某人”。此处pity是不可数名词，意为“同情”。pity作“遗憾，可惜”讲时，是可数名词。如：I have pity on you but I cant help you this time. 我同情你，但是这次是帮不了你了。Wha

4、t a pity! 这真是遗憾呀!5I may die without them没有它们我也许会死的。(P56)1.【拓展】 die dead dying death 2. 【辨析】 die of与die from的区别：die of指死于疾病、衰老等自身的原因；die from指死于地震、交通事故、雷击等外部原因3. without是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语，意为“没有”。例题：My dream hometown is an amazing place any pollution.A. with B. without C. out D.in【答案】B用die, dead, dyin

5、g或death填空The man_ in the accident. His sudden_ made his family very sad.Two women were in the room when the fire happened. One was_ and the other was_ and the doctor was trying to save her.他没有告诉他母亲就离开了家。 He left home_【答案】1. died; death dead; dying 2. without telling his mother6. We called her Xi Wan

6、g. 我们称呼她为希望。call作动词时，意为“称呼；打电话；叫”，后可接宾语和宾语补足语；作名词时，意为“打电话，通话；呼声，叫声”。常用短语：1) call+宾语+名词 2) Call sb on the phone3) Call on sb 4) Call at sp 5) Give sb a call如：His friends call him Bob. 他的朋友他都叫他鲍勃。I called him this morning. =I gave him a call this morning. 今天早上我给他打了个电话。7.This means“hope”。它的意思是“希望”。(P58

7、)1. mean可以用作及物动词，意为“意思是；指的是；意味着”。2. 【拓展】 meaning是名词，意思是“意思；含义”。the meaning of意思是“的意思；的含义”。例题：It means “hope”. （同义句转化你） _答案：Its meaning is “hope”.3. 【拓展】 mean to do sth 打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事8. When Xi Wang was born, she weighed just 100 grams.当希望出生时，仅仅重100克。be born意为“出生，出世”，when Xi Wang was bor

8、n是一个时间状语从句，相当于at birth。9.At four months old, she weighed about eight kilograms and started to go outside for the first time.在4个月大时，她大约8公斤重，并开始首次外出。(P58)1. at four months old的意思是“在4个月大时”，在本句中作时间状语。“at年龄”的意思是“在多大时”，相当于“at the age of年龄”和“when sb.be年龄”。其中介词at表示的是时间点，意思是指到四个月这个时间前后；而in four months则表示“在四个

9、月内；在四个月之后”，指的是整个时间段。2. for the first time 第一次，在句中作started to go outside的时间状语。例题：Lily moved to Shanghai when she was 15 years old. （同义句转化） _ _答案： Lily moved to Shanghai at the age of 15. Lily moved to Shanghai at 15 years old.10. Eight months later, she was not a small baby any more. 八个月后，她不再是一个婴儿了。1

10、）not.any moreno more 意为“不再”。表示再也不重复过去反复发生的动作，常用于过去时或将来时句子中；notany longerno longer也意为“不再”，着重表示时间上不再延续，意为“如今不再”。如：Now she wasnt afraid any more. 现在她再也不害怕了。He was no longer a thief他不再是小偷了。2）八个月后 eight months later 八个月前 before eight months11. When she was 20 months old, she learnt to look after herself.

11、当她20个月大时，她学会了照料自己。(1) learn to do sth意为“学会做某事”。learn后常接动词不定式作宾语。如：I learned to swim when l was five years old. 我五岁时就学习游泳了。(2) look after oneself= take care of oneself意为“照料自己”。如：The boys are too young to look after themselves. 那些男孩子年龄太小了而不能照料自己。12. Sadly, giant pandas face serious problems in the wil

12、d不幸的是，大熊猫在野外面临严重的问题。sadly是sad的副词，在句中单独使用时，相当于to ones sadness，起加强语气的作用；也可用来修饰行为动词，表示方式。如：The boy looked at his mother sadly. 那小男孩伤心地看着他的母亲。Sadly, there are not many giant pandas left in the world. 不幸的是，世界上剩下的大熊猫不多了。13. For example, it is very difficult for pandas to have babies. 例如，大熊猫生孩子是非常困难的。for e

13、xample= such as=like，它们都可以用于举例说明。(1) Its+形容词+for/of sb. to do sth. 这是个固定句型，意为“对某人来说，做某事是的”。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。如：Its impossible for the boy to do such hard work. 对于这个男孩来说，做这么难的工作是不可能的。Its clever of that boy to solve the problem.(2) have babies 意为“生孩子”。14. Also, giant pandas live mainly on a spec

14、ial kind of bamboo.而且，大熊猫主要靠一种特殊的竹子为生。live on意为“以食为生”，还可意为“继续活着”，相当于survive。如：Sheep live on grass. 绵羊以食草为生。15. However, the bamboo forests are becoming smaller and smaller. 然而，竹林变得越来越小了。(1) however与but的区别：however与but两者都作“但是，然而”讲。从语义上看，but所表示的是非常明显的对比，转折的意味较however要强。从语序上看，but总是位于所引出的分句之首，而however却可位

15、于甸首、句中和句末，同时从标点符号上看，but之后一般不得使用逗号，而however则必须用逗号与句子其它部分分开。如：She felt ill. She went to work, however, and tried to concentrate. 她病了。然而她照旧去上班，并且尽力集中精神工作。I invited her to my party, but she didnt accept my invitation. 我邀请她去我的聚会，但是她拒绝了我的邀请。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”意为“越来越”。如：Our country is becoming more and more b

16、eautiful. 我们的国家正变得越来越美丽。16. As a result, pandas may not have a place to live or food to eat. 因此，大熊猫可能无处生存，无以为食。(1) as a result是一个习惯短语，意为“因此，结果”。as a result of + 名词或者代词.如：As a result of his hard work, he passed the exam.He didnt practice, and as a result, he lost. 他没有练习，结果，他输了。(2) not have a place to

17、 live(in) =have no place to live( in)。to live在句中作后置定语，修饰名词place。food to eat意为“可吃的食物”，to live和to eat都是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的名词。如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，一定不能把搭配的介词遗漏，当所修饰的词是place，time，way时，习惯上要省略介词。如： I have lots of homework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔来写字。He has three children to take car

18、e of. 他有三个孩子要照料。17We should take action right away.我们应该立即采取措施。（P58)take action to do sth.的意思是“采取措施做某事”，其中的action是不可数名词；当action指具体的措施时，用作可数名词。例题：1. Its time_ action(take)2.I will take actions _ (help) others.答案： to take ; to help18If we do nothing, soon there may be none left! 如果我们什么也不做，也许很快一只（大熊猫）都不

19、剩！（P58)1. none:可与of连用；谓语动词用单数、复数皆可；具体指没有人或物；一般用来回答how manyn例：1. None of us have/has seen him.我们中没有人见过他。2. - Is there any water in the bottle? 瓶子里有水吗？ -None.没有。3. -How much money do you have on you? 你身上有多少钱？ -None.一分也没有。2. nothing:指物；谓语用单数；一般用来回答含anything的一般疑问句及what引导的特殊疑问句。例：1. - What is in the box?

20、 盒子里有什么？ -Nothing.什么也没有。2. - Can you see anything without glasses? 不戴眼镜你能看见什么吗？ -Nothing.什么也看不见。3. no onenobody，只指人，意为“没有人”，不能指物，语气比none强，后面不能接of构成的短语。no one作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。例：No one/Nobody likes a person with bad manners.没有人喜欢不讲礼貌的人。1. 用于简略回答时，none用来回答How many或How much问句以及含“any(one) of名词”构成的一般疑问句；no

21、onenobody用来回答Who问句及含anyone/anybody构成的一般疑问句。例题：1. -How many students are there in the room? -_.A. Nothing B. nobody C. none D. no2. - Is there anything in the sky? - _.A. Nothing B. nobody C. none D. no答案：CA19I am sorry to hear that听说这件事我感到很难过遗憾。(P64)此句中的that不可改为it，因为该句为习惯用语，不可随意改换。例：Li Ming is in ho

22、spital. I am sorry to hear that.20Otherwise, there may be no bears left in the world.否则，世界上可能就没有熊了。(P67)(1) otherwise adv. 要不然，否则。例：Get up early. Otherwise, you will be late. (2) there beleft “有剩下”例：There is nothing left in the bag.(3) no可作形容词，直接放在名词之前。但若名词前已有the，a(n)，any，much，enough等词，则用副词not。例：I h

23、ave no money. I dont have any money.21. However, we do believe that where there is Xi Wang，there is hope.然而，我们坚信哪里有希望（熊猫）在，哪里就有希望。在肯定句中出现助动词do，does或did，则表示加强语气的作用，有really之意，它们后面接动词原形。如：He does enjoy himself every day. 他真的每天都很快乐。She did feed the pet dog just now. 她刚才的确喂过宠物狗了。8AU5重难点梳理之语法1may的用法表推测，意为

24、“可能，也许”，用于肯定句中。表请求、许可，意为“可以”。注意：may表请求，用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时，其否定回答用mustnt或cant, 不用may not, 意为“不可以，不允许，禁止”。can 和may均可用来表示征求意见或允许，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用。may 的基本用法就是表示请求时的“可以”和猜测时的“可能”，但要再次强调may 表示猜测时是可以用在肯定句、否定句中的。另外，may引起的一般疑问句，其回答需要注意：肯定回答可以使用may或者can都可以，但否定回答则不能用may not, 只能用cant 或者mustnt.例：1. He may come tomorr

25、ow. 他明天可能会来。 2. May I borrow your book? 我可以借用你的书吗？3. -May I go now? 我现在可以走了么？-No, you mustnt. 不，不可以。例题：1.There is a big cake here._share it.A.May be we can B.We may be C.Maybe we canD.Maybe can we2. - _I keep the book for a week? - Sorry, Im afraid you _.A. Need; couldnt B. Need; cant C. May; couldn

26、tD. May; cant3. He like coffee. I see him drink a cup at times. A. must B. may C. cant D. mustnt4.- Excuse me, is this the way to No.10 Middle School?- Oh, sorry. Im not sure. But it _be. A. must B. should C. need D. may【答案】CDBD【例题精讲】1. The man in the office _ be Mr. Black, because he went home just

27、 now.A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. neednt2. John_ come to see us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. may B. can C. has to D. must3 May I take this book out? No, you_. A. cant B. may not C. neednt D. arent4. He_ be in the classroom, I think. No, he _ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minu

28、te ago.A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; cant D. may; mustnt5. _ I take this one? A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do6. Have you heard that some bad things would happen in 2050?Dont worry! The news _ be true.A. mustnt B. may not C. neednt D .may7. The bamboo forests are becoming _.A. small and small

29、B. little and little C. smaller and smaller D. less and less8. Our government should make laws_ pandas. A. protect B. to protect. C. easily hunt D. to easily kill9. We should build more_ to protect wild animals. A. houses Bzoo Ccages Dreserves10. -How many pandas are there in that zoo?- _.ANothing B

30、No one CNo DNone【答案】CAACA BCBDD 2动词不定式的用法1) 动词不定式作宾语一些动词，如want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare,等，常接动词不定式作宾语。当动词不定式作宾语时，如果后接宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。应注意有些动词后面可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但所表达的意义不同。常见的有：（1）stop to do sth.停止正在做的事，去做另一件事；stop doing sth. .停止正在做的事（2）go o

31、n to do sth. 做完一件事后，继续做另一件事；go on doing sth.继续做同一件事（3）remember/forget to do sth.记住忘记去做某事；remember/forget doing sth. 记得忘记做过某事有一些动词后面后面是省略to的情况，如see, watch, look at, hear, make, let, help等。常考词组：expect to do 期望做。 refuse to do 拒绝做。 plan to do计划做。 decide to do 决定做。agree to do 同意做。 learn to do 学会做。 hope t

32、o do 希望做。 prepare to do 准备做。 want to do 想做。 choose to do 选择做。 wait to do 等待做。wish to do 希望做。2) 动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order或so as。常用结构有too + adj./adv. + to dosth.等。【例题精讲】用适当形式填空1. It took half an hour _(get) to the World Park from Kittys school.2. It was

33、interesting _(see) so many places of interest from all over the world.3. They want _(save) time by using shorter words and phrases. 4. Kittys classmate Daniel taught himself how _(make) a home page.5. He put his photos on it for everyone _(look) at.6. Help him _(put) the photos in the correct order.

34、7. He made the girl _(cry) yesterday.8. Its time for class. Please stop _(talk).9. Id like _(go) to the Temple of Heaven.【答案】1. to get2. to see 3. to save 4. to make 5. to look 6. (to)put 7. cry 8. talking9. to go单项选择1. What bad weather it was! We decided_.A. to go out B. not to go out C .to not go

35、out D. not going out2. He has some trouble in learning English. I dont know _ him. A .how to help B. what to help C. how help tot D. to how help3. My brother Tom failed_ the exam.A. pass B. passed C. to pass D. passing4. Peter_ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure.A. must B. may C .can D .wil

36、l5. _ the 1990s, Deng Lijun was the most famous singer. A. Across B. Cross C. Through D. Passing6. I cant follow you. Could you speak a little _? A. slow B. more slowly C. slowlier D. most slowly 7. -Im hungry. Is there any bread in the fridge? - _, but we have some cakes. Would you like to have one

37、? A. Some B. Much C. None D. Nothing 8. This pair of shoes is too dirty. _, please! A. Take them away B. Take it away C. Bring away it D. Bring it away9. There are _ sea horses in the world. We must do something to help them. A. larger and larger B. smaller and smallerD. less and less D. fewer and f

38、ewer10. The snow was really heavy. _, she was two hours later for work. A. Instead B. At the end C. However D. As a result【答案】1-5 BACBC 5-10 BCADD8AU6重难点梳理之单词、短语和句型1. The science teacher encourages the Class 1, Grade 8 students to join the Birdwatching Society.1）encourage sb. to do 鼓励某人做某事2）join vt&

39、vi.参加；连接，结合 【拓展】join hands携手，联手；齐心协力；join in加人；参加；join the army 参军；join the club加入俱乐部；join the Party 入党【辨析】join; join in；take part injoin指加人某党派、某组织或某社会团体，以及参军等，还可表示参与某种活动。join in通常指参加某种活动，尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动.表达“与某人一起做某事”则用join sb. in sth. /doing sth. take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等，往往指参加者持有积极的态度, 起一定作用,有

40、时与join in可互换。 例题：我们应该积极参加学校的活动。We should_school activities.答案：take an active part in 2. broad wingsbroad adj. 宽的,宽大的；清楚的，明显的 【辨析】broad和wide用于具体意义表示“宽”时，两者没有区别，可相互代替， 但broad侧重于面积的广阔，尤指面积大；wide强调从一边到另 一边的距离远。与数词连用表示“宽”时，只可用wide,不能用broad。表示人的肩、背、胸时，只能用broad,不可用wide;但表示 眼大、嘴大时，用wide。例题：Our classroom is

41、7 meters_.A. widely B. wideC. broad D. broaden答案：B3.What do cranes look like?问长相 What do/does .look like?How do/does.look?What be. like?例题：Yao Ming is tall. (对划线部分提问) Yao Ming ?答案：What does look like？4.It is one of the worlds most important wetlands.one of +限定词+形容词最高级+复数例题：他是中国最有名的作家之一。 （翻译句子）答案：He

42、is one of the most well-known writers in China.5.The area provides food and cover for a lot of wildlife.1）provide (give something to someone or something else)为某人提供某物provide sth. for sb. = provide sb. with sth. offer sth to sb. = offer sb. sth.例题：The rich man _much food_the poor families during the

43、hard time.A.provides,to B.provides,with C.provided,with D.provided,for答案：D2) covercover作为名词，意思为“封面，盖子，覆盖物，栖息地”cover作动词： 表示“覆盖，遮蔽”，常与介词with连用， be covered by 被覆盖；be covered with被覆盖;充满着 表示“支付（费用）”例题：那个封面人物是你吗？ Is that you on the ? 答案：cover6.Many birds live in Zhalong all year round, while some go there

44、 only for a short stay.1) all year round 意思为“一年到头，一整年” 注：all year round 相当于 the whole year，all the year 其类似短语:all day long 全天，整天；all night long 整夜；all winter long整个冬天 2)while意思为“然而”，引导并列句，while前后句子结构相同，句意相反或者相对。【拓展】while作为连词还有“虽然；当时候”的意思。同时它还可以做名词用，意思是“一会儿;一段时间”。3) stay的用法归纳如下：stay作名词，意为“停留”stay作动词，

45、意为“停留，逗留，呆，继续”例题：我很忙。没有时间停留。 答案：Im in a hurry. I have no time to stay. 7.Most birds are active in the daytime, so you can easily watch them there.1)be active 活跃的拓展：active活跃的(adj.) inactive不活跃的(adj.) act v. 动作，行动 actor男演员(n.) actress女演员(n.) action行动(n.) activity活动(n.)；2)in the daytime 在白天； 在夜晚 at nig

46、ht3)easily watch them 很容易见到他们例题：We can _（容易地）finish it tonight. 答案：easily8.Some people want to make the wetlands smaller in order to have more space for farms and buildings.1）make sb./ sth. +adj. 使某人/某事怎么样拓展：make sb./sth.+n使某人/某事成为什么; make sb. do sth.让某人做某事2)have more space for 为.有更多的空间 拓展：space作名词，

47、意为“空间，太空，空白，间隔”space表示“空间”时，一般不用冠词，其同义词为room, 但room还可作“房间”讲，为可数名词。 space还可译为“太空”，常见单词有spaceship宇宙飞船，spaceman宇航员。 3)in order to 以便. 表示目的 否定 in order not to例题：Swans often fly together lost.A. in order dont get B. in order not to get C. not in order to get D. in order dont to答案：B9.This will lead to les

48、s and less space for wildlife.1) make space/room for为腾出空间2) lead to doing sth 导致做某事（leadled） lead to = result in = cause = bring about 导致3）less and less + 不可数名词； fewer and fewer+ 可数名词； more and more + 可数、不可数名词例题:越来越多的人喜欢上网聊天。 people like chatting on the Internet.答案： More and more10.Moreover, fisherm

49、en keep fishing there.moreover conj. 此外例题：Bicycling is a good exercise. it is easy to learn.A. However B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. While答案：C11.Now the Chinese government has made laws to prevent all these things in Zhalong.prevent 作动词，意思为“阻止”常见词组为prevent from doing sth.解析：prevent.from, keep.from 与st

50、op. fromprevent.from 和stop. from用在主动语态中时from可以省略Keep.from在表示此意时，from不可以省略，否则keep.doing是“使处于状态中”的意思。例题：我们阻止他来这里。 答案：We stopped him from coming here. 12.We record their types and changes in their numbers.1) record的用法归纳：record作动词记录录音，录影record作名词：记录个人行为的记录，履历常指运动记录，最好的成绩2) change的用法归纳：（1） change作动词：chan

51、ge.for.意为“用换”change.into.意为“把变成（换成）”（2） change作名词：表示“变化；改变”，多用于可数名词，有时也可用作不可数名词，表示在某一方面的变化或改变，通常用介词in，表示“零钱，找头”，是不可数名词.用于for a change, 意为“为了变化”。例题：我们应该把过去的事件记录下来。We should the events of the past.答案：record13.We hope this will help people understand the importance of the wetlands. 我们希望这将帮助人们明白湿地的重要性。i

52、mportance为名词，意为 “重要性”；important 为形容词，意为 “重要的”。be of importance =be important【拓展】importance是不可数名词，常用be of importance,意思相当于“be important”，在importance之前还可以用great, some,any,much,little等词修饰。如:of great importance极为主要，of little/no importance“无关紧要”。例题：这个班会很重要。The class meeting is_importance. =The class meet

53、ing is_.答案：of； important14.The reserve covers an area of over 45,300 square kilometres. 1）cover an area of.的意思是“占面积”，相当于have an area of，在句中作谓语。with an area of也可表示“占面积”，是介词短语，可以作后置定语或表语。例题：根据汉语提示完成句子这个足球场占地七千多平方米。This football field_ over 7,000 square metres.答案： has/covers an area of2）over在本句中的意思是_，同

54、义短语是 。批注：over在本句中的意思是“多于；超过”，同义短语是more than。例题：根据汉语提示完成句子那条河有1 000多公里长。That river is_.答案: over/more than 1,000 kilometres long15.Some writers like to include birds in their poems too.include vt.意为“包括”；including是介词，后接名词或代词。例题：用include或including填空His novel_ you and me.I have many friends,_ Li Hai and

55、Tang Ming.答案: includes including 16. You can call me on 0105558 6390 or e-mail me at amy sunshinetown. com. cn.本句中的“call sb. on/at+电话号码”意为“拨号码给某人打电话”。其中介词on和at都可用。【拓展】如果号码作宾语就不用介词on或at，直接用call + 号码。例题：如果发生火灾，请立刻拨119。 答案：If fire breaks out.，please call 119 at once. 8AU6重难点梳理之语法动词不定式1.作状语 a.目的状语: 放在go

56、, come, use, live, in order等词后面.如： I come to see you b. 原因状语: 放在sorry, glad, surprised, disappointed， excited等形容词后面。如： I am glad to see you here c. 作结果状语。如: Some of the apples are hard to reach 2.作宾语补足语1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带to： tell, ask, want, order, teach, invite, warn, wish, help, get, wish, allow,enco

57、urage,advise等词后面常接不定式作宾补。例: I asked a friend to read it to me2) 在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词(see, watch, hear, feel, make, let, have, observe, notice, help等)后不带to 的不定式作宾补。如： The boss makes them work 16 hours a day 3.“疑问词不定式”用法 不定式前可带what，who，which，where, when, how, whose, 等疑问词, 这种不定式短语在句中作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。例: He didnt

58、 tell me where to go. (直宾) I dont know what to say now.(宾语) I dont know what to do next. (宾语） He taught us how to use the computer(宾语补足语) Its still a question how to get there(主语) 例题：1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. A. help him B. to help him with C.

59、to help with D. helps him with 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked 3. She went _ her teacher. A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing 4. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well. A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns 5. Im sorry _ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear 答案：1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D