专题04 高考完形填空全新解读之二-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考完形填空解题策略（二） 知识导图要点精析一文章及选项特点：文章选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readibility)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。选项以实词为主，虚词为辅，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优选择。二、解题原则：1.语义优先于语法原则文章的开头部分尤其是第一句话不设空格，它起到的作用是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示，并且不同于全国卷和其他各种考试类型(如考研等)中的完形填空，单纯的语法题已从该题型中彻底消失。如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就必定陷入

2、了答题误区，无任何选项得以被排除。每一题脱离语境上下文后四个选项都必定符合语法规则。所以理解文章的主旨大意，快速识别语篇类型(是议论文还是说明文，并进一步识别是其中具体某一类)，进而预判篇章结构以及作者的行文步骤和风格，心中有了大致的蓝图之后，即可结合以下各种解题技巧和对文章意思的理解对每个空格作出正确的判断。2.词内选项句内找原则从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数，要么都是近义动词的同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。

3、三解题技巧：1.复现原则（即：相同信息的重复，可以是原词，也可以是同近义表达）在完形填空中,某一词语通常重复出现,使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,从而构成一个完整的意义整体。例：To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration and the ability to func

4、tion as a member of a _. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reaso

5、ns for a society to have preschools.A. society B. family C. group D. class2. 同现原则（即：相关联信息在文章中的呼应）同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时或连续出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。(1) 名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如： schoolprimary schoolmiddle schoolcollegeuniversity studentspupilsgraduatespostgraduates (2) 动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一

6、个动词。如：schoolteachlearnattendfounddrop outgraduatebe dismissed (3) 形容词同现; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如： 在学校这个语境中：(key) school(optional) course(compulsory) course (4) 结构同现: 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如：some, others; on one hand, on the other hand; former, latter; sothat; not onlybut also; hardly/scarcelywhen; no

7、 soonerthan; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way when; 例：I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasnt empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made

8、bed sat Amy, my new _, dressed neatly. A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion The _ Knows. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand3. 词汇提示（四个选项不能是同近义词的辨析）正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。例：Another important error is mixed-

9、ability teaching, or teaching in ability group so _ that the most able pupils are (held back) and are bored while the least able are lost and (equally) bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams.A. wideB. similarC. separateD. unique例：Many pe

10、ople think that listening is a passive business. It is just the _ one. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work.A. positiveB. oppositeC. sameD. wrong例：The continuous presentation of frightening stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily fright

11、ened. Even worse, it _ our kids.A. exhausts B. depresses C. terrifies D. exploits4.背景知识（生活常识、语言、文化、历史知识积累等）例：The first is the removal from the curriculum of the thorough teaching of English _. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference bet

12、ween the past, present, or future.A. vocabulary B. culture C. grammar D. literature例：EFL teachers often complain that students, despite years of studying English, simply will not speak it. Theyre too afraid of making mistakes of the grammar or mispronouncing words in a way that would _ them. A. amus

13、eB. informC. remindD. embarrass5. 词组、短语等固定搭配（必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等依据）固定搭配，常用词组短语。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据逻辑衔接、上下文内容等选择正确的短语。一般是整体考察该搭配，而不单独考察介词或短语中的某个部分例：But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually _51_? Radin says it does. “The future of our civiliza

14、tion depends on (decision) that are being made now, whether its about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products”A. serve any purposeB. take any advantage C. make any progress D. win any support非逻辑类上下文语境提示（context）(1)提示在前例：Abou

15、t ten years ago,a young and very successful manager named Josh was traveling down a Chicago neighborhood street. He was going a bit fast in his _ car.A. old B. expensive C. second-hand D. slow(2) 提示在后例：Many old people dont have good _ .They cant watch TV, but they can listen to the music.A. hearing

16、B. health C. eyesight D. time6.逻辑关系上下文语境提示（文章的衔接与连贯）1).并列关系and; also; as well as; both and; eitheror; neithernor; not only but also; in the same way; too, and, and also, or, neithernor, eitheror, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas 例：improve employees he

17、alth and productivity, reduce legal liability, and _ property values and rental returns. A. involve B. enhance C. share D. show解析：句意是“绿色环保建筑能够改善员工的健康及生产力，并且增加建筑的价值及租金回报”，根据and可看出此空是与前面的improve构成并列。四个选项中 ，只有B表示“增强或提高”，所以答案为B。2).转折关系yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; althou

18、gh this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless ofbut, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of 例：The following numbers would be _ for most of

19、us to remember. 1492178919931848. But look at them in “ chunks”, and it becomes much easier. 1492 1789 1993 1848.A. convenientB. impossibleC. meaningfulD. technical解析：两句之间的But表明是转折关系，下文出现了“it becomes much easier”，所以此空要填的词与easier形成对比，即选B，impossible。3).因果关系because, since, as, forthus, hence, therefore

20、, so, for the same reason; for this reason; in consequence, as a consequenceobviously; evidently, consequently, accordinglywith, due to, lead to, thanks to, as a result of, because of, in response to, in view of; owing tobeing that; for the reason that; in that, so that, so (such)that, on account of

21、 and so; another important factor/reason ; the reason seems obvious; there are about; as a result; tooto. 例：_ its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a conventional office building.A. In place of B. Thanks to C. In spite of D. In addition to解

22、析：句意是“由于艺术性的设计及奇特的技术，环保建筑大楼比传统的办公大楼少消耗50%的能源”，所以此空可得出答案为B。4).递进关系in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, whats more, whats worse, to make matters worse, to make things worse, worse still, accordingly; as a popular saying goes; as far as is concerned; at the same time; even; further

23、; in order to; in other words; in the first place, in the second place; in this way; meanwhile; not only, but also; not but; lastly; for one thing, for anotherthen, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed 例：We have nothing against diversity; indeed, we w

24、ant more of it.我们并不反对多样化；其实，我们希望有更多的多样化。50.比较关系(when) compared with, in comparison with, in the same way, just as, as with, like, equally, likewise, similarly, rather than, apart from, *by the same token(同样), *in the same vein(同样)6）.对比关系in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless,

25、 unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, while, after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; *vis a vis; conversely; on the one hand on the other hand; contrary to; *conversely unlike; different from this; nevertheless; whereas7）.举例解说关系（如破折号、定从、冒号等提示）for example; for instance; in this case;

26、 in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take as an example; you may say, such as, of/among these/those/them, more specifically speaking

27、, namely（i.e.=that is） 例：There is nothing 61 about these methods they were around even in ancient times.61. A. effectiveB. awfulC. valuableD. new解析：句意是“这些方法没有什么新颖之处-他们在古代就已经有了。”句中破折号表解释说明，所以选D。8）.强调关系definitely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially

28、; eternally; *emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; indeed; moreover; not to mention; what is more important; notably;

29、 that is; especially, of course, surely注：有些具有弱转或者反差的意味。如：actually ad.表示想法与事实不一致因而惊奇居然，竟然e.g.It was actually quite fun after all. 这居然还很有趣。indeed ad. 实际上，其实；甚至用来补充内容，以强调或支持刚说过的话e.g.I dont mind at all. Indeed, I would be delighted to help. 我根本不介意。其实，我倒很乐意帮上一把。9）.让步关系but, still, (and) yet, howeverwhethe

30、ror (not), regardless of, despite/in spite of (the fact that), with all, *after all,while, although, though/as（倒装）, even though / even if, nevertheless, *nonetheless, *notwithstanding (that)whatever,whoever,whichever, however,whenever,wherever（以及相应的no matter ）*whereas, *for all (that), *for all ones

31、 (explanation), *with all ones (faults, learning)*but even now/so/then, *not but that/what（相当于though）*granting/granted (that), *assuming (that), *supposing (that), *admitting (that), *动词（如be/come）+what/where/how/which/when+will/may, *be/let+主语+（ever）so+形容词,10）.时间和空间关系afterward(s), first, later, then

32、, soon, finally, at last, as soon as; before, after, eventually, first of all, first and foremost, for a start, meanwhile, in the meantime, while, now; next, not until, till, later, formerly, previously, prior to, since then, since, subsequently, to begin with, to start with, whenoutside, near, beyo

33、nd, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11）.列举关系firstsecondlast of all, firstthen, to begin withto continue/next, on one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing, oneanother, someothersstill others12）.总结或重复关系（结构性线索）to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion,

34、 the conclusion can be safely drawn that, in a word, in other words, in short, in summary, in brief, in sum, to sum up; to summarize, all in all, in a nutshell, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, as is mentioned above, as I have shown; to generalize, in general, accordingly; altoget

35、her; as a result; consequently; hence; on the whole; overall; therefore; hence13）.条件关系as long as; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once(一旦); provided that; unless例：Life would be so much easier if we could remember things _.A. effortlesslyB. purposefullyC. exactlyD. careless

36、ly解析：句意是“生活将变的更容易，如果记忆不费力气。”所以选A。综上：完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。注意事项：良好的完形填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底，有人说，“得阅读者得天下”。完形填空也不例外。多做多练多总结。扫清词汇障碍后还应培养自己良好的阅读习惯。1、要以意群，语义为单位读，不要逐词逐句地认；2、要借助视觉扫读，不要手指唇动或无声心读；3、要从头至尾，一气呵成，不要频繁回读；4、要直接理解原文，不要逐词逐句地心译；5、要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词，推测出句意，不要频繁查阅词典；6、逐步扩大视距，要

37、纵式快速阅读，不要横式赏析细读。课堂典例高考精练一2019上海春考Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the work or phrase that best fits the context.More people are travelling than ever before, and lower harriers to entry and falling costs

38、 means they are doing so for _21_ periods.The rise of “city breaks” -48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their _22_ spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice fo

39、r decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,” says Font. “For _23_, the city no longer belongs to them.”This starts with marketing, says Font, who notes that Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek

40、_24_ outside of the city centre on its official website. “That takes some balls, really to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents theyre doing all they can to ease congestion.”But it also _25_ a better way, it is called “detourism”: su

41、stainable travel tips an _26_ itineraries for exploring an authentic Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.A greater variety of _27_ for prospective visitors - ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city center - can have

42、the effect of diverting them from already saturated landmarks, or _28_ short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays _29_ the pressure, says Font. If you go to Paris for two days, youre going to go to the Eiffel Tower. “If you go for two weeks, youre not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times

43、.”Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the _30_, “We should be asking how we get tourists to _31_, not how to get them to come for the first time. If theyre coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behavior with ours.”Local governments can foster this sustainable

44、activity by giving preference to responsible operator and even high-paying consumers. Font says cities could stand to be more selective about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far theyve come. “Youre thinking, yeah but at wh

45、at cost.”He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourists for spending an average of 40 more per day than French tourist as a(n) _32_ that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. _33_ tourists are also more likely to be repeat visito

46、rs that come at off-peak times, buy local produce, and _34_ to less crowded parts of the city - all productive steps towards more _35_ tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.21. A. longerB. shorterC. widerD. clearer22. A. environmentalB. nationalC. economicD. geographic23. A. localsB. t

47、ouristsC. visitorsD. cleaners24. A. transportsB. accommodationC. restaurantsD. service25. A. addressesB. pavesC. proposesD. receives26. A. separateB. individualC. alternativeD. objective27. A. reformB. guidanceC. invitationD. support28. A. convincingB. discouragingC. preventingD. resisting29. A. pac

48、eB. escapeC. withstandD. ease30. A. cultureB. knowledgeC. entertainmentD. ability31. A. take overB. bring upC. come backD. lay off32. A. distinctionB. harmonyC. associationD. comparison33. A. FrenchB. ItalianC. SpanishD. German34. A. carry outB. give intoC. spread outD. impact on35. A. slightB. comp

49、lexC. temporaryD. sustainable2019上海春考本文属于议论文，旅游的发展，虽然促进了当地的经济发展，但从另外一个方面影响到了当地居民的生活以及各种基础设施，如何保证旅游业的长久发展是摆在人们面前的一大问题。21.【答案】B考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更多的人旅游的更频繁，因为去一个国家的障碍更少，费用更低，这就意味着游客在一个地方旅游的时间越来越短。A. longer 更长的；B. shorter 更短的；C. wider更宽的；D. clearer更干净的。根据本句人们旅游更频繁，呆的时间越来越短，故选B。22.【答案】D考查形容词词义辨析。句意：城市假期的兴起，4

50、8小时快速了解外国文化的兴起，金钱和年假更匹配，这些都导致游客人数上涨，但是游客目的地地理范围没有相应的扩展。A. environmental环境的；B. national国家的；C. economic经济的； D. geographic地理的。根据文章可知，本文讲述旅游兴起带来的问题，故选D。23.【答案】A考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于当地人来说，城市已经不属于他们了。A. locals当地人；B. tourists游客；C. visitors参观者；D. cleaners清洁工。根据文章可知，本文讲述旅游对当地的冲击，故选A。24.【答案】B考查名词词义辨析。句意：Font说到，这需要从市

51、场广告做起，阿姆斯特丹就在其旅游官网上建议游客到郊区寻找食宿地方。A. transports交通；B. accommodation食宿；C. restaurants餐厅；D. service服务。根据文章可知，本文提供了一些解决办法，故选B。25.【答案】C考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是也建议了一种更好的方式，叫错峰旅游，一种可持续的旅游方式，即避开游客大量集中的旅游景点，去探索真正的威尼斯。A. addresses做演讲，处理；B. paves铺路；C. proposes建议；D. receives收到。根据本句可知，还有另外一种方式来解决这个问题，故选C。26.【答案】C考查形容词词义辨析。

52、句意：但是也建议了一种更好的方式，叫错峰旅游，一种可持续的旅游方式，即避开游客大量集中的旅游景点，去探索真正的威尼斯。A. separate分开的；B. individual个人的；C. alternative可替代性的；D. objective客观的。根据本句off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year可知，为游客提供一些人少的路线，故选C。27.【答案】B考查名词词义辨析。句意：对游客进行广泛指导也可以引导他们不去人满为患的景点，打消他们短期旅行的想法。A. reform改革；B. gui

53、dance指导；C. invitation邀请；D. support支持。根据文章可知，本段讲述对游客进行指导，实现游客分流，故选B。28.【答案】B考查动词词义辨析。句意：对游客进行广泛指导也可以引导他们不去人满为患的景点，打消他们短期旅行的想法。A. convincing说服；B. discouraging打消积极性；C. preventing阻止；D. resisting抵抗。根据文章可知，本段讲述对游客进行指导，实现游客分流，合理规划自己的旅行计划，故选B29.【答案】D考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一个地方逗留时间更长能够缓解一定压力。A. pace踱步走；B. escape逃跑；C.

54、withstand抵抗；D. ease缓解。根据后文If you go to Paris for two days, youre going to go to the Eiffel Tower. “If you go for two weeks, youre not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times.”可知，在一个地方逗留时间更长能够缓解当地的压力，故选D。30.【答案】A考查名词词义辨析。句意：再次去的游客有更好的文化意识，我应该考虑怎样让游客再来这个地方旅游，而不是来第一次就不来了。A. culture 文化；B. knowledge知识；C

55、. entertainment娱乐；D. ability能力。根据后文If theyre coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behavior with ours.可知，多次去同一个地方旅游的游客能够更好地融入当地的文化，故选A。31.【答案】C考查动词词义辨析。句意：再次去的游客有更好的文化意识，我应该考虑怎样让游客再来这个地方旅游，而不是来第一次就不来了。A. take over接管；B. bring up抚养；C. come back回来；D. lay off解雇。根据文章可知，应该考虑怎样让游客

56、来了还想来，故选C。32.【答案】D考查名词词义辨析。句意：他引用了巴塞罗那旅游局未公布的数据，由于比法国游客平均每天多花40欧元，把日本游客放在更优先的地方，但是没有考虑日本游客更大的碳足迹。A. distinction区分；B. harmony和谐；C. association联系；D. comparison对比。根据本句可知，把日本游客与法国游客进行对比，故选D。33.【答案】A考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是法国游客更可能再次去巴塞罗那旅游，错开高峰期，购买当地产品，去那些人更少的景点。A. French 法国人；B. Italian意大利人；C. Spanish西班牙人；D. Germa

57、n德国人。根据文章可知，尽管日本游客花钱更多，但是法国游客更有可能再次去，故选A。34.【答案】C考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是法国游客更可能再次去巴塞罗那旅游，错开高峰期，购买当地产品，去那些人更少的景点。A. carry out实施；B. give into让步； C. spread out扩散；D. impact on影响。根据文章可知，法国人更有可能去人少的地方，故选C。35.【答案】D考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所有的这些措施都是可持续的措施，更少的影响当地的居民。A. slight轻微的；B. complex复杂的；C. temporary临时的；D. sustainable可持续的。

58、根据文章可知，本文主要探讨旅游业减少对当地居民的影响，故选D。二2019上海高考Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context . Were told that writing is dying. Typing on keyboards and screens_41_ written commu

59、nication today. Learning cursive, joined-up handwriting was once_42_ in schools. But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools_43_ typing courses. And in the US, the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013. A

60、 few US states still place value on formative cursive education, such as Arizona, but they re not the_44_. Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect_45_. Anne Trubek, author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting, argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called

61、automaticity. Thats when youve perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking, _46_ you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while youre doing the task. In this sense, Trubek likens handwriting to_47_. “Once you have driven for a while, you dont_48_ think Step on gas now

62、 or Turn the steering wheel a bit,” she explains. “You just do it. Thats what we want children to_49_ when learning to write. You and I dont think now make a loop going up for the 1- or now look for the letter r on the keyboard. Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting, and she doesnt

63、 believe it will die out for a very 1ong time, “if ever”. But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting: students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at_50_ ages , and to type faster than they could write, granting them extra time to

64、 think about word choice or sentence structure. In a piece penned (if youll pardon the expression) for the New York Times last year, Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards, todays children may well become better communicators in text as_51_ takes up less of their education.

65、 This is a(n) _52_ that has attracted both criticism and support. She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not_53_ it will result in a “loss of history” and a “loss of personal touch”. On the former she_54_ that 95% of

66、handwritten manuscripts cant be read by the average person anyway “thats why we have paleographers,” she explains, paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing while the latter refers to the warm_55_ we give to handwritten personal notes, such as thank-you cards. Some educators seem to a

67、gree, at least to an extent, (466 words)（ ）41. A. abandons B. dominates C. enters D. absorbs（ ）42. A. compulsory B. opposite C. crucial D. relevant（ ）43. A. in want of B. in case of C. in favour of D. in addition to（ ）44. A. quantity B. minimum C. quality D. majority （ ）45. A. responsibility B. bene

68、fits C. resources D. structure（ ）46. A. granting B. getting C. bringing D. coming （ ）47. A. sleeping B. driving C. reviewing D. operating（ ）48. A. eventually B. constantly C. equivalently D. consciously（ ）49. A. adopt B. reach C. acquire D. activate（ ）50. A. slower B. later C. faster D. earlier（ ）51

69、. A. handwriting B. adding C. forming D. understanding（ ）52. A. trust B. look C. view D. smile（ ）53. A. containing B. spreading C. choosing D. protecting （ ）54. A. commits B. counters C. completes D. composes （ ）55. A. associations B. resources C. procedures D. ntraton【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了传统的书写正在消亡

70、,取而代之的是在键盘和屏幕上打字。41.【答案】B根据空前的“Were told that writing is dying.”可知,人们认为手写字正在消亡。结合常识可知,在现代社会,在键盘和屏幕上打字是人们的主要书写方式也就是说,在键盘和屏幕上打字“主导着”当今的书写方式。 dominate“在中占主导地位”,故选B。42.【答案】A根据本空后的“But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools.”可知,芬兰等国家的一些打字课程的学校已经放

71、弃了学习连笔字的课程。But表转折,说明前后文的内容相反。故此处应是指学习草书、连笔字曾经是学校的“必修”课。 compulsory“必修的”,故选A。43.【答案】C根据上文内容可知,手写字正在消亡,而在键盘和屏幕上打字则是主要书写方式。结合空前的“Finland have dropped joined-up- handwriting lessons in schools可知,芬兰等国家的一些打字课程的学校已经放弃了学习连笔字的课程,由此可知,这是“支持”打字课程的学校。 in favour of“支持,赞成”,故选C。44.【答案】D本句中的“ few U.s. states still

72、place value on formative cursive education”指出美国仍有少数几个州重视形成性草书教育。再结合空前的“but”可知,此处是进行了转折,表明but连接的两个分句意思相反。由此可知,此处应是指但它们并不是“大多数”。 majority“大多数”,故选D45.【答案】B根据下的“ such lessons can reinforce skill called automaticity. Thats when youve perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking.”可知,书写课程可以强化一种叫

73、做“自动性”的技能,即:你几乎不需要思考就能完成一项任务。由此可知,此处应是指书写课程有间接的“好处”。 benefit“好处”,故选B。46.【答案】A根据空前的“Thats. when youve perfected task and can do it almost without thinking可知,拥有了“自动性”技能以后,你几乎不需要思考就能完成一项任务。正因为不用思考所以才有了额外的思维空间来思考或做其他事情。故此处应是指“允许”你有额外的思维空间来思考或做其他事情。 grant许可,允许”,故选A。第三段中的“granting them extra time to think

74、 about word choice or sentence structure”对此处也有暗示。47.【答案】B根据下文中“Once you have driven for while,you dont 48 think Step on gas nowTurn the steering wheel bit.”所举的开车这个例子可知,此处是将手写比作开车。故选B。48.【答案】D根据上文内容可知, Trubek将手写比作开车。手写可以强化一种叫做“自动性”的技能:几乎不用思考就能完成一项任务。由此可推断出,此处应是指在开车的时候,你不会有意识地去想“现在踩油门”或“稍微转动一下方向盘”。con

75、sciously“有意识地”,故选D49.【答案】C根据空前的“You just do it.”以及空后的“You and I dont think now make a loop going up for the T or nowlook for the letter r on the keyboard.”可知,此处应是指这就是我们想让孩子们在学习书写时“学到”的东西:一气呵成,不用多想。 acquire“学到,获得”,故选C。50.【答案】D根据本句开头的“she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboar

76、ds than with handwriting”可知,与手写相比,学生通过键盘(打字)学习“自动性”技能要快得多。由此可知,学生会在“更早的”年龄就开始学习如何在不看键盘的情况下打字。故选D。51.【答案】A根据前文中的“the improved automaticity of key- boards”可知,此处是说,由于键盘的“自动性”的技能提高了,如今的孩子很可能会成为更好的文字交流者,因为“手写”占据了学生更少的学习时间。故选A52.【答案】C根据前句中的“Trubek argued that”可知,“This”指的是 Trubek的“观点”,这个观点既受到批评,也得到支持。故选C。5

77、3.【答案】D根据空前后的“the decline of handwriting”及“result in loss of history and loss of personal touch”可知,手写衰落了,如果不它,它将导致“历史的丢失”和“个人风格的丧失”。由此可推断出,此处应是指如果不“保护”它的话。故选D54.【答案】B第三段最后一句“ This is52 that has attracted both criticism and support.”提到她的观点既有人批评,也有人支持。第四段中的“she hears from detractors regarding the decl

78、ine of handwriting is that not 53 it will result in a loss of history and loss of personal touch”提到反对者认为不保护手写会导致“历史的丢失”和“个人风格丧失”。本空前的“Onthe former指的是上文提到的“loss of history”这个观点。故此处应是 Trubek对“历史的丢失”的观点的反驳。commit“承诺”; counter“反驳”; complete完成”; compose“组成”,故选B55.【答案】A“ the latter”与上文中的“On the former”相对应

79、,指的是第四段最后一句中的“loss of personal touch”,即:个人风格的丧失,结合空后的“we give to handwritten personal notes such as thank-you- cards”并结合常识可知,和用键盘敲击的文字相比,手写的卡片等物品会给人以温暖的感觉。所以,此处是说,后者(个人风格的丧失)指的是我们对个人笔记,如感谢卡所予以的温暖联想。 association联想”。故选A三2017上海春考Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words o

80、r phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Ever been just about to call someone when the phone rings and the person in question is on the other end? Or have you experienced a sudden feeling of unease or danger even though youre in a(n) 41 si

81、tuation? If you dont believe in it, youll put it down to 42 and on overactive imagination. But some people believe it is 43 that there is a sixth sense beyond smell, taste, touch, hearing and sight. Now, scientists are carrying out experiments not only to prove that it exists, but also to find out h

82、ow you can 44 it to your advantage.Dean Radin, a researcher in California, has set up the Boundary Institute in Los Altos and is currently using its website to recruit（招募）4,000 people in 57 countries to find out if there are any 45 instances of sixth sense or, as he calls it, “precognition”the abili

83、ty to predict outcomes. The results so far are 46 . In a card test, where you have to 47 which of the five cards on a computer screen will be turned over to reveal a picture, the top scorers hit the right card 48% of the timethe 48 of this happening are 2,669 to 1. 49 , Radins most famous study invo

84、lves participants looking at a variety of images that are designed to stimulate a specific responses. In the experiment, participants sit alone in a room in front of a computer, with devices attached to their bodies to measure changes in skin resistance and blood flow, which are measures of emotiona

85、l arousal. Radin has found that one in six people has a rise in arouse before they see the road accident-type pictures, while remaining 50 before the tree-type pictures.But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually 51 ? Radin says it does. “the future of our

86、civilisation depends on 52 that are being made now, whether its about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products. We dont have answers to these important questions, yet what we decide on will 53 our lives for decades or longer.

87、 Anything we can do to improve our ability to predict future events is well worth the 54 ,” he says. “If it turns out that some people can genuinely forecast the future some of the time, as I believe the data shows, then 55 this ability is as important as cutting-edge science.41. A. unfamiliarB. tou

88、ghC. harmlessD. ridiculous42. A. coincidenceB. resistanceC. innovationD. distraction43. A. mysteryB. evidenceC. falsehoodD. innocence44. A. alterB. defineC. findD. use45. A. historicalB. strangeC. mistakenD. true46. A. extraordinaryB. inevitableC. alarmingD. disappointing47. A. askB. guessC. recallD

89、. learn48. A. figuresB. methodsC. scoresD. chance49. A. HoweverB. OtherwiseC. MeanwhileD. Consequently50. A. activeB. calmC. silentD. alert51. A. serve any purpose B. take any advantageC. make any progress D. win any support52. A. inquiriesB. decisionsC. donationsD. comparisons53. A. ruinB. improveC

90、. affectD. wait54. A. expenseB. riskC. effortD. wait55. A. provingB. challengingC. limitingD. understanding41.【答案】C。【解析】harmless 无害的根据文中Or have you experienced a sudden feeling of unease or danger even though youre in a(n) harmless situation?或者你是否经历过有一种突然的即使你处在一个无害的环境中也会有不安或者危险的感觉。可知选C。42.【答案】A。 【解析

91、】coincidence 巧合根据 If you dont believe in it, youll put it down to coincidence and on overactive imagination.如果你不相信，你就会把它归为一个巧合和过度的想象。可知 选A。43.【答案】B。【解析】evidence 证据 But some people believe it is evidence that there is a sixth sense beyond smell, taste, touch, hearing and sight.但有些人认为有证据表明在嗅觉、味觉、触觉、 听

92、觉和视觉之外还有第六感。44.【答案】D。【解析】use 利用根据文中 Now, scientists are carrying out experiments not only to prove that it exists, but also to find out how you can use it to your advantage.句意：现在，科学家们正在进行实验，不仅是为了证明它的存在，更是是为了找出你如何利用它。故选D.45.【答案】D 【解析】true 真的 Dean Radin, a researcher in California, has set up the Boun

93、dary Institute in Los Altos and is currently using its website to recruit (招募）4,000 people in 57 countries to find out if there are any ture instances of sixth sense or, as he calls it, “precognition”the ability to predict outcomes.加州研究员迪恩雷丁在洛斯阿尔托斯设立了边界研究所，目前正在利用其网站在57个国家招募4, 000人，以确定是否存在第六感或他所称的“预先

94、认知”的实例-预 测结果的能力。46.【答案】A。【解析】extraordinary 不寻常的 The results so far are extraordinary.到目前为止的结果是不寻常的。47.【答案】B。【解析】guess 猜测 In a card test, where you have to guess which of the five cards on a computer screen will be turned over to reveal a picture, the top scorers hit the right card 48% of the timethe

95、 scores of this happening are 2,669 to 1.在一张卡片测试中，你要猜电脑屏幕上五张卡片中的哪一个将被翻转以显示一张图片，排名前列的排是48%的时间，这种分数发生的比例是2669比1。48.【答案】C。【解析】scores分数49.【答案】C。【解析】meanwhile 同时由文中 Meanwhile, Radins most famous study involves participants looking at a variety of images that are designed to stimulate a specific responses

96、.句意：与此同时，Radin最著名的研究包括了参与者观察各种为了刺激特定反应的图像，可知选C50.【答案】B。【解析】calm 冷静根据文中 Radin has found that one in six people has a rise in arouse before they see the road accident-type pictures, while remaining calm before the tree-type pictures. 根据Radin发现，六分之一的人在看到道路交通事故类型的照片之前就有了上升，而在树型照片之前保持平静。51.【答案】A。【解析】serv

97、e any purpose服务于任何目的根据文中But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually serve any purpose?即使你接受了第六感存在， 但问题是，它实际上是否服务于某种目的？故选A。52.【答案】B。【解析】decisions 取决于 Radin says it does. “the future of our civilization depends on decisions that are being made now, whether it

98、s about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products拉丁说：“我文明的未来取决于现在正在作出的决定，不管是关于我们如何种植我们的食物，我们如何处理我们的废物，还是我们是否允许化学物质包括在日常用品中。53.【答案】C。【解析】affect 影响根据文中 We dont have answers to these important questions, yet what we decide on wil

99、l affect our lives for decades or longer.句意：我们没有这些重要问题的答案，但我们的决定将影响我们的生活几十年或更长时间。54.【答案】C。【解析】effort 努力 Anything we can do to improve our ability to predict future events is well worth the effort,” he says.他说：“我们为提高预测未来事件的能力所能做的任何事情都是值得的。”55.【答案】D。【解析】understanding 理解根据文中“If it turns out that some p

100、eople can genuinely forecast the future some of the time, as I believe the data shows, then understanding this ability is as important as cutting-edge science.句意：“如果像我相信的数据所显示的那样，有些人有时真的可以预测未来，那么理解这种能力就像尖端科学一样重要。”实战演练模拟精练 一2021高考模拟For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phras

101、es marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. A college degree is, in most cases, the key to more money and a more comfortable standard of living. But that pathway to higher earnings is more 1 to some than others: A lot of leading colleges do not enr

102、oll a lot of low-income students, and as a result, theyre not 2 very many students from low-income households into the middle and upper classes. 3 , though strategies for enrolling and preserving low-income students are usually mentioned, they can be tough to 4 at scale. Dozens of top colleges and u

103、niversities have more students from the top 1 percent of the income scale than the 5 60 percent. And thats a problem if colleges hope to escape the common 6 that they are little more than a finishing school for the elite (精英). But there are institutions a lot of them that have strong track records o

104、f 7 the socioeconomic fortunes of students. If higher education is supposed to be the great equalizer (平衡器), these institutions from community colleges to public regional four-year colleges are the ones that are doing the most work. Colleges should be 8 recruiting and enrolling low-income students a

105、nd that means more than targeting ads to 9 students on social media. It means a commitment to going where they are areas that a lot of schools do not typically recruit and publicize the process of going to college. Then they should be supporting students with 10 when the students get to campus wheth

106、er its writing centers, generous financial aid packages, or simply sympathetic academic advisors who perhaps came from low-income backgrounds themselves. And it is also preparing students for jobs after college and building relationships with businesses that 11 the process of finding post-graduation

107、 employment for students, especially for those whose parents dont have their own professional 12 . Pace ranks first among private colleges in motivating its students from the lowest levels of the income scale and into the middle and upper class. There are a lot of ways in which people of privilege (

108、特权) 13 their college years or having unpaid internships (实习) or having the social capital to get certain jobs. But colleges can fill those 14 , particularly for low-income students, helping students get jobs, or sustaining them with programs that help them land paid internships with top companies. W

109、e can provide strong networks through faculty and staff as well to help a new generation, a new, socioeconomically 15 generation, achieve the American dream.1. A. significantB. necessaryC. availableD. realistic2. A. evaluatingB. urgingC. refusingD. promoting3. A. HoweverB. Whats moreC. By contrastD.

110、 On the whole4. A. implementB. replaceC. overcomeD. track5. A. minimumB. bottomC. mediumD. optimum6. A. criticismB. commentC. practiceD. suspicion7. A. worseningB. claimingC. improvingD. denying8. A. directlyB. strictlyC. activelyD. cautiously9. A. urbanB. nativeC. suburbanD. prospective10. A. resou

111、rcesB. coachesC. skillsD. funds11. A. pushB. easeC. slowD. affect12. A. trainingsB. careersC. standardsD. networks13. A. benefit fromB. invest inC. fit intoD. advance through14. A. vacanciesB. gapsC. bottomsD. blanks15. A. competitiveB. responsibleC. diverseD. dynamic本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大学学位是获得更多金钱和更舒适生活水平的

112、关键，但也并不绝对，当然提升教育是重要的。1.【答案】C考查形容词。A significant “重要的”；B necessary“必要的”；C available “可用的”；D realistic “现实的”。但这条通往更高收入的途径对一些人来说更为有效，故选C。2.【答案】D考查动词。A evaluating“评估”；B urging “催促”；C refusing “拒绝”；D promoting “促进”。很多名牌大学招收的低收入学生并不多，因此，他们并没有把很多低收入家庭的学生提升到中上阶层。故选D。3.【答案】B考查副词（短语）。A However“然而”；B Whats mor

113、e“更重要的是”；C By contrast “相比之下”；D On the whole“总的来说”。更重要的是，尽管人们经常提到招收和保护低收入学生的策略，但这些策略很难大规模实施。故选B。4.【答案】A考查动词。Aimplement“实施，执行，使生效”；B replace“替换”；C overcome “克服”；D track “跟踪，监测”。更重要的是，尽管人们经常提到招收和保护低收入学生的策略，但这些策略很难大规模实施，故选A。5.【答案】B考查名词。A minimum“最小值”；B bottom“底部”；C medium “中等”；D optimum “最佳”。几十所顶尖高校中，收

114、入排名前1%的学生多于收入排名后60%的学生故选B。6.【答案】A考查名词。A criticism“批评”；B comment “评论”；C practice “练习”；D suspicion “怀疑”。如果大学希望摆脱人们的普遍批评，即他们只不过是精英的补习学校，那就是一个问题。故选A。7.【答案】C考查动词。A worsening“恶化”；B claiming“索赔”；C improving“改善”；D denying “否认”。但也有一些机构-其中很多机构-在改善学生社会经济财富方面有着良好的记录故选C。8.【答案】C考查副词。A directly“直接地”；B strictly“严格地

115、”；C actively“ 积极地”；D cautiously“谨慎地”。高校应积极招收低收入学生，故选C9.【答案】D考查形容词。A urban“城市的”；B native “本地的”；C suburban “郊区的”；D prospective “预期的”。这意味着不仅仅是在社交媒体上针对未来学生的广告，故选D。10.【答案】A考查名词。A resources“资源”；B coaches“教练”；C skills“技能”；D funds“基金”。然后，他们应该在学生进入校园时为他们提供资源支持-无论是写作中心、慷慨的经济援助，还是仅仅是同情那些可能来自低收入家庭的学术顾问。故选A。11.【

116、答案】B考查动词。A push“推”；B ease “使放松”；C slow “减慢”；D affect“ 影响”。此外，它还帮助学生为大学毕业后的工作做好准备，并与企业建立关系，以简化求职过程。 故选B。12.【答案】D考查名词。A trainings培训；B careers 职业；C standards 标准；D networks网络；学生毕业就业，尤其是那些父母没有自己的专业网络的学生。故选D。13.【答案】A考查动词短语。A benefit from“受益于”；B invest in“在.投资”；C fit into “融入”；D advance through “前进通过”。享有特权

117、的人有很多方式可以从他们的大学生活中受益，或者有无薪实习，或者有社会资本来获得某些工作。故选A。14.【答案】B考查名词。A vacancies“空缺”；B gaps “差距”；C bottoms“底部”；D blanks “空白”。但大学可以填补这些空白，特别是对低收入学生来说，帮助学生找到工作，或者通过帮助他们获得顶级公司的带薪实习机会的项目来维持他们的就业。故选B。15.【答案】C考查形容词。A competitive“竞争性”；B responsible“负责的”；C diverse “多样性”；D dynamic“动态的”。我们可以通过教职工提供强大的网络，帮助新一代、新一代、社会经

118、济多元化的一代实现美国梦故选C。 二2020上师大附中Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Microsoft Corp founder Bill Gates caught peoples eye in a recent interview, when he suggested th

119、at robots should be taxed in, order to help humans keep their jobs. Gates is only one of many people in the tech world who have worried about automation and its _21_ to workers.Its easy to see why the tech world is _22_. The rise of machine learning has increased the fear that _23_ humans could simp

120、ly become out of date-_24_, 3.5 million American truck drivers might soon find their jobs threatened by driverless trucks. Though in the past, technology usually complemented workers _25_ replacing them, theres no law of nature saying the technology of the future will work the same. A few economists

121、 even claim that cheap automation has already _26_ income from workers to company owners.Another _27_ is that even if the mass of humanity ultimately does find new ways to add value by complementing new technologyto“race with the machines,”as economist Erik Brynjofsson puts itthis transition could t

122、ake a long time and hurt a lot of people. As Bloomberg Views Tyler Cowen has noted, wages in Britain fell for four decades at the start of the Industrial Revolution. More _28_, weve seen very slow and painful adjustment to the impact of globalization. If the machine learning revolution hurts workers

123、 for 40 years before ultimately helping them, it might be worth it to _29_ that revolution and give them time to adjust.The main argument against taxing the robots is that it might hold back _30_. Growth in rich countries has slowed markedly in the past decade, suggesting that its getting harder and

124、 harder to find new ways of doing things. Stagnating productivity, combined with falling business investment, suggests that _31_ of new technology is currently too slow rather than too fastthe biggest problem right now isnt too many robots, its too few. Taxing new technology, however its done, could

125、 make that slowdown worse.The problem with Gates basic proposal is that its very hard to tell the difference between new technology that _32_ humans and new technology that replaces them. This is especially true over the long term. Power looms（织布机）replaced human weavers back in the Industrial Revolu

126、tion. _33_, people eventually became more productive, by learning to operate those looms. If taxes had slowed the development of power looms, the eventual improvements would have come later.This is a powerful argument _34_ the taxation of automation. Gates is right to say that we should start thinki

127、ng ahead of time about how to use policy to mitigate（缓和）the unintended consequences of automation. But given the importance of sustaining innovation, we should look at _35_ policies.21. A. resistanceB. threatC. admissionD. dedication22. A. frightenedB. worriedC. intolerantD. offensive23. A. fewB. se

128、veralC. manyD. any24. A. in other wordsB. for exampleC. of courseD. by contrast25. A. in case ofB. because ofC. in face ofD. instead of26. A. distractedB. digestedC. directedD. disclosed27. A. fearB. proposalC. adjustmentD. complement28. A. possiblyB. recentlyC. primarilyD. technically29. A. slowdow

129、nB. makeupC. getoverD. giveup30. A. modernismB. availabilityC. popularityD. innovation31. A. persuasionB. adoptionC. interruptionD. elimination32. A. complementsB. engagesC. invadesD. matures33. A. HoweverB. ThereforeC. ConsequentlyD. Furthermore34. A. fromB. againstC. byD. besides35. A. uppermostB.

130、 stimulatingC. persistentD. alternative本文是一篇说明文，文章讲述了根据比尔盖茨的说法，如果机器人代替了人的工作，也应该对应于同等水平下的人力劳动缴税。盖茨只是科技界众多担心自动化的人中的一员。人们对此观点不一。21.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. resistance 反抗；B. threat威胁；C. admission 批准；D. dedication致力。担心自动化会威胁员工。故选B。22.【答案】B考查形容词辨析。A. frightened 害怕的； B. worried 担心的； C. intolerant 难以忍受的； D. offensive

131、 冒犯的。根据The rise of machine learning has increased the fear that得知很容易看到为什么科技世界担忧。故选B。23.【答案】C考查代词辨析。A. few 很少；B. several 好几个；C. many 许多；D. any 任何。机器学习的兴起增加很多人感到会落伍的恐惧。故选C。24.【答案】B考查介词短语辨析。A. in other words 换句话说； B. for example 例如；C. of course当然；D. by contrast 对比。例如，3500万美国卡车司机很快就会发现自己的工作会被无人驾驶卡车所取代。故

132、选B。25.【答案】D考查介词短语辨析。A. in case of以防；B. because of因为i；C. in face of面对； D. instead of 代替。尽管以前，科技只是在辅助工人们而不是替代他们。 一些经济学家称便宜的自动化已经从工人那里平分了收入。故选D。26.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. distracted 转移，分心；B. digested 消化；C. directed 指导； D. disclosed揭露。尽管以前，科技只是在辅助工人们而不是替代他们。 一些经济学家称便宜的自动化已经从工人那里平分了收入。故选A。27.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. fear 恐

133、惧，担忧； B. proposal 提议； C. adjustment 调整； D. complement 补充。上一段讲到一种担忧，这里是另一个担忧：即使人类最终找到了新的方法来增加价值，也会需要很长时间。故选A。28.【答案】B考查副词辨析。A. possibly 可能； B. recently 最近； C. primarily 首要；D. technically 技术。最近，我们目睹了对全球化影响的缓慢痛苦的调整。故选B。29.【答案】A考查动词短语辨析。A. slowdown 放慢；B. makeup 组成；C. getover 克服； D. giveup 放弃。根据and give

134、them time to adjust.得知减缓变革是值得的。故选A。30.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. modernism 现代主义；B. availability 可利用； C. popularity 受欢迎； D. innovation 革新。Growth in rich countries has slowed markedly in the past decad对机器人征税有争议主要是这样会阻碍现代化发展。故选A。31.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. persuasion 说服； B. adoption 采纳；C. interruption 打扰；D. elimination除去。目前

135、对新技术的采用太慢。故选B。32.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. complements 补充；B. engages 参与；C. invades 侵入；D. matures 成熟。tell the difference between 得知区分新技术对人类是辅助作用还是替代作用。故选A。33.【答案】A考查副词辨析。A. However 然而； B. Therefore 因此；C. Consequently 结果； D. Furthermore 而且。工业时期织布机替代人类，然而人们最后对布匹更多产。故选A。34.【答案】B考查介词辨析。A. from 来自；B. against 反对； C.

136、by 通过； D. besides 另外。对于对机器收税有强烈的争议。故选B。35.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. uppermost 最重要的；B. stimulating 刺激；C. persistent 坚持；D. alternative 可选择的。考虑到保持创新性的重要性，我们应该看其他可选择的政策。故选D。三2019松江区Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the

137、 word or phrase that best fits the context.Whether its from an awful breakup or a painful life event, some memories can return repeatedly to our mind for the entire lives. But, what if science can _41_ your bad memories so that you can start all over again? As is known to all, memory is an incredibl

138、y complex _42_. While scientists used to believe it was like a filing cabinet and particular memories were stored in different sections of the brain, we now know this is _43_.In fact, each memory is a brain wide process. If you end up remembering something, its because the cells in your brain are be

139、ing fired, _44_ new connections and links and literally rebuild the circuitry of your mind. And this change is partially _45_ by proteins in the brain. So what if the proteins arent available?Simply put, memories cant be made. Seriously, scientists have tested this by giving animals drugs that preve

140、nt these proteins from forming. _46_, the animals have no recollection of the things that took place shortly after the drug was taken. From this research, scientists actually found a way to target long-term memories for _47_. You see, every single time you remember a memory, your brain is once again

141、 firing and rewiring.In fact, each time you reflect on a memory, you are physically changing that memory in your mind. And each time the memory is changed a little, it reflects your _48_ thoughts. Remembering, to a great extent, is an act of _49_ and imagination, which means that the more you reflec

142、t on old memories, the less accurate they will become. And scientists have actually quantified this change.来源%:中*教网After 9/11, hundreds of people were asked about their memories of the dreadful day. A year later, 37% of the details had changed. By 2004, nearly 50% of the details had changed or gone

143、_50_. And because memories are formed and rebuilt every time, if you administer (服药) the protein-preventing drug while recalling a memory, the memory can be _51_ removed.To test this, scientists took lab rats and played sound for them, shortly followed by an electric shock. _52_ doing this for many

144、times, the rats quickly learned that if they heard the sound, a shock was soon to follow. Therefore, they would stress up and freeze every time they heard it. Months later, these rats would still _53_ the noise. However, if they administered the drug first, the rats would lose the memory of the soun

145、d, and simply continue on. They had lost their memory of that specific noise.来源:*zzstep.co%mTo be sure that the drug wasnt just causing large-scale brain damage, scientists repeated these experiments with various tones this time. Both sounds would warn for a shock and _54_ the rats would fear both.

146、But if they administered the drug and played only one of the sounds, the mice would only forget that one tone, while still remaining _55_ of the other. Over time scientists have discovered specific drugs to target particular proteins across different parts of the brain.41. A. refresh B. forget C. co

147、ntrol D. erase42. A. range B. process C. idea D. structure中%国教*&育出版网43. A. incorrect B. evident C. partial D. complex44. A. eliminating B. decreasing C. bringing D. building45. A. inspired B. stopped C. identified D. perfected46. A. By contrast B. On the contraryC. As a result D. For example47. A. e

148、valuation B. estimation C. deletion D. production48. A. terrified B. critical C. current D. former49. A. repetition B. creation C. function D. reproduction中国教育出版&网*%50. A. uncontrolled B. complicated C. valuable D. missing51. A. repeatedly B. effectively C. hardly D. consistently52. A. Before B. Unt

149、il C. After D. While53. A. turn to B. respond to C. adapt to D. return to54. A. surprisingly B. especially C. eventually D. similarly55. A. suspicious B. careful C. painful D. fearful本文为议论文。每个人都会有伤心的往事，某些记忆总是忘不掉的。不过如果有可能让你彻底忘记这一切的方法呢？“记忆橡皮擦”能否成真？通过实验发现，人的记忆可通过药物被抹去。41.【答案】D考查动词辨析。refresh使恢复；forget忘记

150、；control控制；erase抹去，清除。根据下一句“you can start all over again”可知要从头开始，就要“抹去（erase）以前的不好的记忆”，故选D项。42.【答案】B考查名词辨析。range范围；process过程，工序，做事方法；idea观点，点子；structure结构。根据第二段的第一句“In fact, each memory is a brain wide process.”此处是指“众所周知，记忆是一个极其复杂的过程（process）”，可知选B项。43.【答案】A考查形容词辨析。incorrect 不正确的；evident明显的；partial部

151、分的；complex综合的，复杂的。根据本句中的“while”意为“然而”，表示前后意思相反的，可知，“虽然科学家过去认为它就像一个文件柜，特定的记忆储存在大脑的不同区域，但我们现在知道这是不正确的（incorrect）”。故选A。44.【答案】D考查动词辨析。eliminating排除，消除；decreasing下降；bringing 带来；building建立。分析语境可知，此处是指“这是因为你大脑中的细胞正在被激发，建立（build）新的连接和联系。”，故选D。45.【答案】A考查动词辨析。inspired激励，激活；stopped停止； identified认出，辨别出；perfect

152、ed使熟练。根据语境可知，此处是指“这种变化部分是由大脑中的蛋白质激活（inspired）的”，故选A。46.【答案】C考查短语辨析。 By contrast相比之下； On the contrary与此相反；As a result因此；For example例如。此处是指“严格地说，科学家们通过给动物注射药物抑制这类蛋白质的合成来测试这一点。结果，动物们对服药后不久发生的事情没有记忆”。根据语境可知前后是因果关系，故选C项。47.【答案】C考查名词辨析。 evaluation估价；estimation 估计，评价；deletion删除；production，生产，产品。根据上述的描述可知。这

153、个实验是消除记忆的实验，因此此处是指“从这项研究中，科学家们发现了一种删除（deletion）长期记忆的方式。”故选C。48.【答案】C考查形容词辨析。terrified极度惊慌的；critical批评的；current现在的，流行的； former以前的，前任的。根据上一句“In fact, each time you reflect on a memory, you are physically changing that memory in your mind.”可知，“你每次回忆起某件事时，都在改变着大脑内的记忆。这段记忆每次也会因你当前想法而产生细微变化法”，可知选C。49.【答案】

154、B考查名词辨析的。repetition 重复；creation 创造；function 功能；reproduction系列，再生产。根据上文说“回忆一次，记忆就会改变一点，形成当前的观点”，可知“这是一种创造（creation）”。故选B。50.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。uncontrolled不受控制的；complicated复杂的； valuable有价值的； missing失去的，下落不明的。根据上下文“一年后，37%的细节发生了变化。“由于记忆每次都会被重塑，如果你在回忆时吃下抵制蛋白质的药物，这段记忆就能被消除”，可知，到2004年，近50%的细节已经改变或丢失（missing），故

155、选D项。51.【答案】B考查副词辨析的。repeatedly 重复地；effectively有效地； hardly几乎不；consistently一惯地。根据语境可知，如果你在回忆时吃下抵制蛋白质的药物，记忆就可以被有效地（effectively）去除。故选B。52.【答案】C考查连词辨析。 Before在以前； Until一直到；After在之后；While当时候，然而。根据语境可知，此处是指“做了很多次之后（After），老鼠很快就知道，听到声音，很快就会受到电击”。由此可知C项符合题意，故选C。53.【答案】B考查动词短语辨析。turn to 转向，求助；respond to对作出反应；

156、adapt to适应； return to返回到。根据语境可知，此处是指“老鼠每次听到这声音都会紧张麻木，几个月后，这些老鼠仍然对噪音有反应（respond to）”。故选B。54.【答案】C考查副词辨析的。surprisingly 惊人地，出人意外地；especially尤其；eventually 最终；similarly相似地。根据语境可知，此处是指“最终(eventually)老鼠会同时害怕这两种声音”。故选C。55.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。suspicious可疑的，多疑的；careful仔细的，小心的；painful痛苦的；fearful害怕的，担心的。根据实验的过程和语境可知，“

157、如果在给老鼠药后播放一种声音，老鼠就会忘记这种声音 但仍然会害怕（fearful）另一种”，故选D。四Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Michael Wang was a senior at James Logan High School, US, back in 2012. A

158、ccording to The New Yorker, he was confident that he could get into an Ivy League university, such as Harvard or Yale. He had a high GPA, _41_ at debating and co-founded a math club. He was also a talented pianist. _42_, his dream universities turned him down. His less talented classmates, who were

159、Hispanic or African-American, were admitted into these schools. It made him wonder if he was _43_ because he was Asian.On Oct 15, a lawsuit against Harvard brought on behalf of Asian-American students like Wang Began. students for Fair Admissions(SFFA),a US non-profit organization. _44_ Harvard for

160、using racial balancing in their admissions process. Harvard has denied the _45_considers many factors when _46_ whether a student should be admitted, including academic performance and extracurricular activities . Harvard added that the number of Asian-Americans admitted to the school had greatly in

161、creased since 2010.”Race alone is never the reason a students _47_ admission, ”William Lee, a lawyer for Harvard, told the guardian. ”And race is never the reason a student is denied.”Harvard is not the only university to have been accused of _48_against Asian-Americans. In September, the US Justice

162、 Department begin to_49_whether Yale University discriminates against Asian-Americans, The case has _50_ a longstanding debate over affirmative action policies(平均法案政策) that allow universities to use race as a factor when considering applications. The policies_51_ benefit African-American and latino

163、students in an effort to make up for centuries of racial discrimination, according to THE NEW YORK Times, the SFFA wants the use of race in the admissions process to be ended, _52_ that it causes inequality.”People should be judged on character and _53_,”However, a student, Havard said that _54_ the

164、 race criterion would “reduce students opportunities to live and learn in a diverse campus environment”.Although the case has just begun, the_55_judgement” could influence admissions to US universities for years to come,” according to AI Jaxeera, a Qatar based TV station41. A. crazy B. amazed C. gif

165、ted D. slow42. A. Besides B. Fortunately C. Undoubtedly D. However43. A. rejected B. dismissed C. enclosed D. stopped44. A. trapped B. oppressed C. sued D. blamed45. A. charge B. mistake C. claim D. compaint46. A. conforming B. determining C. acknowledging D. surveying47. A. robbed B. granted C. ent

166、itled D. convinced48. A. preference B. favor C. opposition D. discrimination49. A. investigate B. research C. wonder D. inquire50. A. preferred B. infected C. fueled D. brought51. A. necessarily B. equally C. traditionally D. unintentionally52. A. considering B. debating C. annoying D. arguing53. A.

167、 academics B. strength C. benefit D. moralities54. A. dropping B. setting C. implementing D. imposing55. A. official B. existent C. gradual D. eventual本文是一篇记叙文。讲述2012年，当时的迈克尔王是美国詹姆斯洛根高中的一名高三学生。据纽约客杂志报道，他有信心足以能进入哈佛、耶鲁等常春藤联盟名校就读。然而，他梦想中的名校将他拒之门外。迈克尔王起诉哈佛大学录取制度中存在歧视。这一诉讼案重新开启了全美对平权法案的辩论。41.【答案】C考查形容词。A

168、. crazy 疯狂的； B. amazed 吃惊的； C. gifted 有天赋的； D. slow 慢的。句意：他的学分绩点很高，有辩论天赋，和他人共同创立了一个数学俱乐部。表示迈克尔王辩论方面很有天赋，故选C。42.【答案】D考查副词。A. Besides 另外； B. Fortunately 幸运； C. Undoubtedly 无疑； D. However 然而。句意：然而，他梦想中的名校将他拒之门外，故选D。43.【答案】A考查动词。A. rejected 拒绝； B. dismissed 解散； C. enclosed 围着； D. stopped 停止。句意：而不如他优秀的西班

169、牙裔和非裔同学却被这些学校录取。这令他怀疑自己被拒绝的原因是否因为身为亚裔。故选A。44.【答案】C考查动词。A. trapped 困住； B. oppressed 压迫； C. sued 控告； D. blamed责备。句意：美国非营利组织“学生公平录取”状告哈佛在录取过程中，使用了种族平衡的手段。故选C。45.【答案】A考查名词。A. charge 收费，控诉； B. mistake 错误； C. claim 声称； D. complaint 抱怨。句意：哈佛大学否认了这项控诉，称在录取学生时会考虑许多因素，如学术表现、课外活动等等。故选A。46.【答案】B考查动词。A. conformi

170、ng 符合； B. determining 决定； C. acknowledging 承认； D. surveying 调查。句意：哈佛大学称在录取学生时会考虑许多因素，如学术表现、课外活动等等。故选B。47.【答案】B考查动词。A. robbed 抢劫； B. granted 授予； C. entitled 有权利； D. convinced 确认。句意：“仅种族一项绝非是学生被录取的原因，”哈佛大学代表律师威廉李在接受卫报采访时表示。“而种族也从来不是拒绝录取某个学生的原因。” 故选B。48.【答案】D考查名词。A. preference 喜好； B. favor 好感； C. oppos

171、ition 反对； D. discrimination 歧视。句意：哈佛并非是被控歧视亚裔的唯一一所高校。今年9月，美国司法部开始调查耶鲁大学是否存在歧视亚裔的现象。故选D。49.【答案】A考查动词。A. investigate 调查； B. research 调查； C. wonder 想知道； D. inquire 询问。句意：今年9月，美国司法部开始调查耶鲁大学是否存在歧视亚裔的现象。故选A。50.【答案】C考查动词。A. preferred 更喜欢； B. infected 感染； C. fueled 激起； D. brought 带来。句意：这次的案件激起了对于平均法案政策长久以来的

172、讨论，该政策允许高校在评估申请者时，将种族作为考虑因素。故选C。51.【答案】C考查副词。A. necessarily 必需地； B. equally 同等地； C. traditionally 传统地； D. unintentionally非故意地；句意：据时代周刊报道，平权法案试图弥补数百年来的种族歧视，传统上有利于非裔与拉丁裔学生。故选C。52.【答案】D考查动词。A. considering 考虑； B. debating 辩论； C. annoying 使烦恼； D. arguing 争论，声称。句意：据纽约时报报道，“学生公平录取”组织希望高校录取过程中不再考虑种族因素，称这种做法

173、并不公平。故选D。53.【答案】B考查名词。A. academics 学术； B. strength 力气,优点； C. benefit 好处； D. moralities 道德。句意：评判他人应当基于他们的性格和优点，故选B。54.【答案】A考查动词。A. dropping 掉下，取消； B. setting C. implementing 实施； D. imposing 强加。句意：然而，哈佛表示，取消种族标准将会“减少学生在多元化的校园环境中生活学习的机会”。故选A。55.【答案】D考查形容词。A. official 官方的； B. existent 存在的； C. gradual 逐渐

174、的； D. eventual最终的。句意：尽管此案刚刚开庭审理，但最终判决会影响美国高校未来多年的录取情况，表示最终的，故选D。五Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Words to Turn a Conversation AroundIts not what you say, bu

175、t its how you say it isnt it? According to a language expert, we may have this wrong. “We are pushed and pulled around by language far more than we _21_,” says Elizabeth Stoke, professor of social interaction at Loughborough University. Stoke and her colleagues have _22_ thousands of hours of record

176、ed conversations, from customer services to mediation(调解) hotlines and police crisis _23_. They discovered that certain words or phrases have the power to change the course of a conversation.Some of these words are surprising, and _24_ what weve been taught to believe. For example, in a study of con

177、versations between doctors and patients, evidence showed that doctors who _25_ options rather than recommended best solutions, got a better response, despite the suggestion from hospital guidelines to talk about the best interests of the patient. But, from conversation experts such as Stoke to FBI n

178、egotiators and communication coaches, were learning which words are likely to _26_ or persuade us.Stoke found that people who had already responded _27_ when asked if they would like to attend mediation seemed to change their minds when the mediator used the phrase. “Would you be willing to come for

179、 a meeting?” “As soon as the word willing was used, people would say: Oh, yes, definitelythey would actually _28_ the sentence to agree.” Stoke found it had the same effect in different settings: with business-to-business cold callers; with doctors trying to _29_ people to go to a weight-loss class.

180、 She also looked at phrases such as “Would you like to” and “Would you be interested in”. “Sometimes they _30_, but willing was the one that got people to agree more rapidly and with more enthusiasm.”“Hello is a really important word that can change the _31_ of a conversation,” Stoke says. “Its abou

181、t how you respond to people who are what we call first movers people who say something really _32_,” “It might be the work colleagues who are extremely angry to your desk with a complaint or the neighbor who _33_ rude words about parking as youre putting out the bins.” “What do you do with that pers

182、on? Rather than respond in the same manner, saying something nice, such as a very bright Hello!, socializes that other person a little bit.” Use it when you want to resist getting into a _34_. “You have to be careful not to sound too passive-aggressive,” Stoke says, “but just one friendly word in a

183、bright tone can delete the _35_ of the conversation.”21. A. suggest B. realize C. imply D. emphasize22. A. analyzed B. addressed C. simplified D. discovered23. A. instructions B. revolutions C. associations D. negotiations24. A. get into B. turn away C. go against D. insist on25. A. pointed B. inspi

184、red C. motivated D. listed26. A. comfort B. defend C. support D. protect27. A. actively B. positively C. negatively D. passively28. A. finish B. reject C. refuse D. interrupt29. A. persuade B. stimulate C. force D. tempt30. A. interacted B. worked C. responded D. initiated31. A. approach B. course C

185、. evolution D. pattern32. A. impractical B. unimaginative C. critical D. illogical33. A. keeps back B. answers for C. agrees on D. launches into34. A. conflict B. disaster C. strike D. damage35. A. challenge B. debate C. worry D. silence本文是一篇说明文。在交谈过程中，仔细选择你所说的话，能够让交谈发生转机。21.【答案】B考查动词词义辨析。A. suggest

186、建议；B. realize意识到；C. imply暗示；D. emphasize强调。我们被语言推动和牵制远远超过我们所意识到的。故选B。22.【答案】A考查动词词义辨析。A. analyzed分析；B. addressed称呼；C. simplified简化；D. discovered发现。斯托克和她的同事们分析了数千小时的录音对话。故选A。23.【答案】D考查名词词义辨析。A. instructions说明；B. revolutions变革；C. associations协会；D. negotiations协商；谈判。此处指上文提的conversation“交谈；会话”，与customer

187、 services和mediation(调解) hotlines并列，故选“negotiation（协商；谈判）”一词，指从客户服务到调解热线和警务危机谈判。故选D。24.【答案】C考查动词短语词义辨析。A. get into对发生兴趣；B. turn away把 打发走C. go against违反；D. insist on坚持。根据后句中医生与病人之间的对话的举例，可知，这些话有些令人吃惊，违背了教给我们所相信的东西。故选C。25.【答案】D考查动词词义辨析。A. pointed指出；B. inspired鼓舞；C. motivated激发；D. listed列出。有证据表明，医生列出的可

188、供选择的方案并非最好的方案，但却得到了更好的回应。故选D。26.【答案】A考查动词词义辨析。A. comfort安慰；B. defend防御；C. support支持；D. protect保护。根据后面的persuade提示可知，这里指我们正在弄清楚哪些词可能安慰或说服我们。故选A。27.【答案】C考查副词词义辨析。A. actively积极地；B. positively绝对地；C. negatively消极地；D. passively被动地。斯托克发现，当被问及是否愿意参加调解时，当调解人使用这个短语时，那些已经做出消极反应的人似乎改变了主意。故选C。28.【答案】D考查动词词义辨析。A.

189、finish完成；B. reject排斥；C. refuse拒绝；D. interrupt打断。根据前句“As soon as the word willing was used, people would say: Oh, yes, definitely可知，只要用了愿意这个词，人们就会（打断）说:哦，是的，当然愿意他们实际上会打断句子以表示同意。故选D。29.【答案】A考查动词词义辨析。A. persuade劝服；B. stimulate刺激；C. force强迫；D. tempt诱惑。医生试图说服人们去上减肥课。故选A。30.【答案】B考查动词词义辨析。A. interacted相互作用

190、；B. worked起作用；C. responded答复；D. initiated开始。根据后句转折but willing was the one that got people to agree more rapidly and with more enthusiasm.可知，有时候，它们起作用。故选B。31.【答案】B考查名词词义辨析。A. approach方法；B. course课程；C. evolution进化；D. pattern模式。Hello是一个非常重要的词，可以改变会话的过程。故选B。32.【答案】C考查形容词词义辨析。A. impractical不切实际的；B. unima

191、ginative缺乏想象力的；C. critical批评的；关键性的；D. illogical不合逻辑的。它是关于你如何回应那些我们称之为“先行者”的人那些说一些非常关键的话的人。故选C。33.【答案】D考查动词短语词义辨析。A. keeps back 阻止；B. answers for对负责；C. agrees on对意见一致；D. launches into投入。也许是对停车说些粗话的邻居。故选D。34.【答案】A考查名词词义辨析。A. conflict冲突；B. disaster灾难；C. strike打击；D. damage 损害。根据前句Rather than respond in

192、the same manner, saying something nice, such as a very bright Hello!, socializes that other person a little bit.” 可知，说一些好听的话，当你不想陷入冲突的时候就用它。故选A。35.【答案】A考查名词词义辨析。A. challenge挑战；B. debate辩论；C. worry担心；D. silence沉默。但是，用欢快语气说一句友好的话可以消除谈话中的质疑。故选A。六Vast parts of Earth should be left wildTo avoid mass exti

193、nctions of plants and animals，governments should protect a third of the oceans and land by 2030 and half by 2050，with a focus on areas of high biodiversitySo say leading biologists in an editorial in the journal ScienceThis isnt just about saving biodiverse areas，says Jonathan Baillie of the Nationa

194、l Geographic Society，one of the authors It is also about saving ourselves by protecting_21_ natural systems，or ecosystems，and their benefits to us，known as ecosystem servicesWe are learning that the large areas that remain are important for providing services for all lifeThe forests，for example，are_

195、22_ for absorbing and storing carbon， says BaillieAt present，just 3.6 per cent of the planets oceans and 14.7 per cent of land is protected by law At the 2010 Nagoya Conference of the Convention on Biological Diversity， governments agreed to protect 10 per cent of the oceans and 17 per cent of land

196、by 2020But this isnt nearly enough，says Baillie In the editorial， he and his coauthor， YaPing Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，want governments to set much bigger_23_ at the next major conference on biodiversity in 2020We have to enormously_24_ our ambition if we want to avoid an extinction

197、crisis and if we want to maintain the ecosystem services that we_25_ benefit from， says BaillieThe trends are in a_26_direction， its just we have to move much fasterIt is hard to work out how much space is needed to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem_27_， the pair say， because there is so much we d

198、ont know about life on Earth like how many species there are_28_, most estimates suggest that between 25 and 75 percent of high biodiversity regions or major ecosystems should be protectedTherefore，we， including governments，should be_29_ when setting goals and strategiesThere is no doubt that we nee

199、d far more land and sea_30_ for conserving and retaining nature，says James Watson at the University of Queensland in Australia Targets like 50 per cent are in the right ball park when it comes to the minimal_31_ of area needed to conserve biodiversityBut Watson and others stress that which areas get

200、 protected is even more important than the overall percentage The key thing is to protect the right areas， says Jose Montoya of the Station for Theoretical and Experimental Ecology in Moulis, France. If we_32_ protect a proportion of the territory，governments will likely protect whats easy, and that

201、s usually areas of_33_ biodiversity and ecosystem service provisionIn fact, a third of the 3.6 percent of land that is already meant to be protected is actually being_34_, Watsons team reported last monthSo only_35_ areas to be protected isnt enough21. A. stricterB. widerC. saferD. simpler22. A. uni

202、queB. sufficientC. criticalD. fit23. A. examplesB. valuesC. awardsD. objectives24. A. increaseB. achieveC. lackD. frustrate25. A. barelyB. currentlyC. roughlyD. thoroughly26. A. oppositeB. fixedC. complexD. positive27. A. approachesB. managementC. benefitsD. degradation28. A. ThereforeB. Furthermore

203、C. HoweverD. Otherwise29. A. concernedB. changeableC. firmD. cautious30. A. desertedB. securedC. measuredD. distributed31. A. damageB. costC. amountD. standard32. A. completelyB. merelyC. virtuallyD. desperately33. A. massB. tropicalC. marineD. low34. A. exploitedB. expandedC. restoredD. discovered3

204、5. A. developingB. coveringC. declaringD. utilizing本文主要讲述为了避免动植物大规模灭绝，政府应该保护三分之一的海洋和海洋，到2030年为止，到2050年为一半，重点是生物多样性高的地区。21.【答案】B考查形容词辨析。A. stricter更严格的；B. wider更宽广的；C. safer更安全的；D. simpler更简单的。根据上文 To avoid mass extinctions of plants and animals， governments should protect a third of the oceans and l

205、and by 2030 and half by 2050，with a focus on areas of high biodiversity可知为了避免动植物大规模灭绝，政府应该保护三分之一的海洋和海洋，到2030年为止，到2050年为一半，重点是生物多样性高的地区，说明我们应该保护更宽广的（wider）自然生态系统，故选B。22.【答案】C考查形容词辨析。A. unique独一无二的；B. sufficient足够的；C. critical至关重要的；D. fit合适的。本句The forests， for example，are （2）for absorbing and storing

206、carbon， says Baillie。句意是例如，森林对于吸收和储存碳是至关重要的（critical），Baillie说。故选C。23.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. examples例子；B. values价值；C. awards奖项；D. objectives目标。根据下文when setting goals and strategies。可知在设定目标和策略时。说明我们应该设定更大的目标（objective），故选D。24.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. increase增加；B. achieve获得；C. lack缺少；D. frustrate挫败。本句We have to enorm

207、ously（4）our ambition if we want to avoid an extinction crisis and if we want to maintain the ecosystem services that we（5）benefit from， 可知如果我们想要避免灭绝危机，并且如果我们想维持我们目前受益的生态系统服务，我们必须极大地增加（increase）我们的雄心壮志，故选A。25.【答案】B考查副词辨析。A. barely几乎不；B. currently目前；C. roughly大略；D. thoroughly彻底地。本句We have to enormousl

208、y（4）our ambition if we want to avoid an extinction crisis and if we want to maintain the ecosystem services that we（5）benefit from， 可知如果我们想要避免灭绝危机，并且如果我们想维持我们目前（currently）受益的生态系统服务，我们必须极大地增加我们的雄心壮志，故选B。26.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. opposite；B. fixed；C. complex；D. positive。根据下句 its just we have to move much fas

209、ter。可知只是我们必须加快行动。说明现在正朝着积极的（positive）方向前进，故选D。27.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. approaches；B. management；C. benefits；D. degradation。本句It is hard to work out how much space is needed to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem（7）， 句意是很难确定需要多少空间来保护生物多样性和生态系统管理（management），故选B。28.【答案】C考查副词辨析。A. Therefore；B. Furthermore；C.

210、However；D. Otherwise。本句because there is so much we dont know about life on Earth like how many species there are。 （8）， most estimates suggest that between 25 and 75 percent of high biodiversity regions or major ecosystems should be protected。句意是因为有太多我们不了解地球上的生命 就像有多少物种一样。但是，大多数估计表明应该保护25%到75%的高生物多样性

211、地区或主要生态系统。上下句是转折关系，故选C。29.【答案】A考查形容词辨析。A. concerned；B. changeable；C. firm；D. cautious。本句Therefore，we， including governments，should be（9）when setting goals and strategies。句意：因此，在制定目标和战略时，我们（包括政府）都应该关注（concerned）。故选A。30.【答案】B考查动词辨析。A. deserted；B. secured；C. measured；D. distributed。本句There is no doubt

212、that we need far more land and sea（10）for conserving and retaining nature，句意是毫无疑问，我们需要更多的土地和海洋来保护自然，故选B。31.【答案】C考查名词辨析。A. damage；B. cost；C. amount；D. standard。根据上句There is no doubt that we need far more land and sea可知我们需要更多的土地和海洋来保护自然，本句是指的最少量（amount）的土地和海洋，故选C。32.【答案】B考查副词辨析。A. completely；B. merely

213、；C. virtually；D. desperately。本句If we （12）protect a proportion of the territory，governments will likely protect whats easy， and thats usually areas of （13）biodiversity and ecosystem service provision。句意是如果我们只是（merely）保护一部分领土，政府可能会保护容易的东西，而这通常是生物多样性和生态系统服务供应不足的地区。故选B。33.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. mass；B. tropica

214、l；C. marine；D. low。本句If we （12）protect a proportion of the territory，governments will likely protect whats easy， and thats usually areas of （13）biodiversity and ecosystem service provision。句意是如果我们只是保护一部分领土，政府可能会保护容易的东西，而这通常是生物多样性和生态系统服务供应不足的（low）地区。故选D。34.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. exploited；B. expanded；C. rest

215、ored；D. discovered。本句In fact，a third of the 3.6 percent of land that is already meant to be protected is actually being （14），Watsons team reported last month句意是事实上，已经意图受到保护的3.6%的土地中有三分之一实际上正在被剥削（exploited），Watson的团队上个月报告说。故选A35.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. developing；B. covering；C. declaring；D. utilizing根据上句In fa

216、ct， a third of the 3.6 percent of land that is already meant to be protected is actually being （14），可知事实上，已经意图受到保护的3.6%的土地中有三分之一实际上正在被剥削，说明因此，仅声明要保护的区域是不够的。故选C七2019金山区The constant working engine that drives the majority of human action is, undoubtedly, the fragrant dream of individualism. And while

217、the presence of its scent is _41_ throughout the world entirely, its value is worshipped (敬奉) to such an extent in a land no other than that of America.As the framework of its history, America holds individuality as the ever-popular green light, the essence of which becomes the symbol of hope for, w

218、ell, almost everything. In fact, in Americas current social status, individuality has become something of a birthright, and a _42_ applied upon the face of the media, where it was _43_ valued as the American dream. There is no denying the popularity of this idol in American society, and little hope

219、for _44_ it.However, _45_ most pride themselves in their individualistic state, perhaps humans, when stripped (剥) to their core (核心), are everything but.It is no new discovery that people are the sum of their experiences. The overwhelming majority of human experiences involve other humans, along wit

220、h the _46_and relationships between them. It is a _47_ occurrence when a life is built upon events without this stimulus. Indeed, interaction is the core of experience. Therefore, in order that humans are the sum of their experiences, they must be the sum of the people that they meet, just as well.A

221、s an Americanized teen, I found the discovery that not only my self-entitled individualism was_48_, but that I, as a being, was a product, increasingly unsettling to accept. Questions _49_ me such as “If I am bits and pieces of everyone I have met my family, my teachers, all of my friends, and even

222、strangers then what is left that is just me? What part of me is just me? How much of myself is the combining of different parts of different people? Is such a _50_ between myself and others even possible?”Such are inquiries that will continue to be thought about, as I have come to accept that they w

223、ill remain a _51_. Therefore, with the allowance of these questions, the response must be a _52_ in the definition of “oneself”. The previously mentioned questions no longer concern me, as I have put a stop to the idea that the “real” me is some lost isolated island on top of an ocean of influence.I

224、 realized that my personality cannot depend on a(n) _53_ between influence and individualism, as such is a line that cannot be distinct. _54_, I must be a person whose calmness is a beautifully hazy mixture, and a steady question. Thus, it is the commonly unnoticed durable mystery that is the frustr

225、ation of those who can _55_ the lie of individualism. Hopefully, they will come into acceptance.41. A. unpredictable B. untrustworthy C. unreliable D. undeniable42. A. necessity B. characteristic C. mark D. model43. A. later B. previously C. extremely D. publicly44. A. destroying B. appreciating C.

226、chasing D. escaping45. A. though B. if C. since D. as46. A. conflict B. tension C. interaction D. cooperation47. A. common B. rare C. frequent D. strange48. A. right B. justified C. unclear D. false49. A. affected B. interrupted C. bothered D. surprised50. A. separation B. combination C. contrast D.

227、 communication51. A. secret B. mystery C. truth D. fantasy52. A. gap B. belief C. factor D. change53. A. distinction B. connection C. exchange D. medium54. A. Therefore B. However C. Instead D. Furthermore55. A. break up B. make up C. cope with D. see through这是一篇议论文。作者就美国社会中存在的个人主义发表自己的看法，作者认为，当人类被剥

228、到他们的核心时，他们可能就一无所有了，自我标榜的个人主义是错误的，需要从新审视。41.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A.unpredictable 不可预测的；B.untrustworthy不可信赖的；C.unreliable不可靠的；D. undeniable不可否认的。句意：尽管个人主义的美好梦想在全世界都是不可否认的，但它的价值却在美国这片土地上受到如此程度的崇拜。由“The constant working engine that drives the majority of human action is, undoubtedly, the fragrant dream of indiv

229、idualism.”可知，驱动大多数人类活动持续运转的引擎，无疑是对个人主义的美好梦想的追求。所以判断出个人主义在全世界都受到追捧，是不可否认的。故D选项切题。42.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. necessity必需品；B. characteristic特性；C. mark记号； D. model模范。句意：事实上，在美国目前的社会地位中，个性已经成为一种与生俱来的权利，一种应用在媒体表面上的必需品，在媒体上，个性曾经被视为美国梦。由上文可知，个人主义在美国受到如此程度的追捧，所以它也会出现在美国生活的各个方面，因此也是经常被媒体使用的必需品。符合生活常识。故A选项切题。43【答案】B.考查

230、副词辨析。A. later后来；B. previously以前地；C. extremely极端地;D. publicly公共地。句意：事实上，在美国目前的社会地位中，个性已经成为一种与生俱来的权利，一种应用在媒体表面上的必需品，在媒体上，个性曾经被视为美国梦。分析句子可知，where所引导的定语从句为一般过去时，所以判断句中有表示过去的时间状语，意在说明个人主义之前的称呼。故B选项切题。44.【答案】D考查动词辨析。A. destroying破坏；B. appreciating感激；C. chasing追逐；D. escaping逃脱。句意：不可否认，这一偶像在美国社会中广受欢迎，几乎没有人希

231、望摆脱它。由“there is no denying the popularity of this idol in American society”可知，这一偶像在美国社会中广受欢迎，所以几乎没有人希望摆脱它，可见其受欢迎的程度。故D选项切题。45.【答案】A考查连词辨析。A. though尽管； B. if如果；C. since自从以来；D. as因为。句意：虽然大多数人都为自己的个人主义感到自豪，但是当人类被剥到他们的核心时，他们可能就一无所有了。由句意可知，前后语意表示让步关系，所以用从属连词though 。故A选项切题。46.【答案】C考查名词辨析。A. conflict冲突；B.

232、tension紧张；C. interaction相互影响；D. cooperation合作。句意：绝大多数的人类经验都涉及到其他人，以及他们之间的相互作用和关系。由下文“Indeed, interaction is the core of experience”可知，相互作用是人类经验的核心。这是一句总结的句子，是对上句小题6中interaction还是relationship的总结，所以判断出本题答案为interaction。故C选项切题。47.【答案】B考查形容词辨析。A. common共同的；B. rare稀少的；C. frequent频繁的；D. strange奇怪的。句意：当生活建立

233、在没有这种刺激的事件上时，这是很少见的。生活就是多人在一起共同作用的活动，没有共同作用的生活是很少见的。故B选项切题。48.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. right正确的；B. justified合理的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. false错误的。句意：作为一个美国化的青少年，我发现不仅自我标榜的个人主义是错误的，而且我作为一个人，是一个产品，越来越难以接受。由上文可知，作者认为没有共同作用的生活是很少见的，所以觉得自己的个人主义，脱离了人的群体，脱离了社会，因此认为是错误的。故D选项切题。49.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. affected影响；B. interrupted打断；

234、C. bothered烦扰；D. surprised使惊讶。句意： “如果我是我遇到的每一个人的碎片我的家人、老师、所有的朋友，甚至是陌生人，”这样的问题困扰着我。由下文的问题，“what is left that is just me? What part of me is just me?”可知，这些问题烦扰作者着并让作者感到困惑。故C选项切题。50.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. separation分离；B. combination结合；C. contras 对比；D. communication交流。句意：我和别人之间有隔阂吗？这是表示自己的个人主义使自己和其他人分离了，所以作者在发出

235、疑问。故A选项切题。51.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. secret秘密；B. mystery谜；C. truth真理；D. fantasy幻想。句意：这些将会继续被考虑，因为我已经接受了这些调查仍然是个谜。由“Such are inquiries that will continue to be thought about”可知，这些调查将会继续被考虑，所以判断调查仍然是一个谜。故B选项切题。52.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. gap间隙；B. belief信念；C. factor因素；D. change改变。句意：因此，在考虑到这些问题的情况下，答复必须是对自己定义的改变。有下文“I re

236、alized thatI must be a person”可知，作者意识到了要去改变自己。故D选项切题。53.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. distinction区分；B. connection联系；C. exchange交换；D. medium媒质。句意：我意识到，我的个性不能依赖于影响力和个人主义之间的区别，因为这是一条无法区分的界线。由“as such is a line that cannot be distinct”可知，因为这是一条无法区分的界线，所以我的个性不能依赖于影响力和个人主义之间的区别。故A选项切题。54.【答案】C考查副词辨析。A. Therefore因此；B. Ho

237、wever然而；C. Instead反而；D. Furthermore此外。句意：相反，我必须是一个冷静的人，冷静是一个美丽而朦胧的混合物，也是一个坚定的问题。前后语意转折。故C选项切题。55.【答案】D考查动词短语辨析。A. break up破裂；B. make up组成；C. cope with处理；D. see through看穿。句意：因此，正是那些能看穿个人主义谎言的人的沮丧，才是人们普遍忽视的持久之谜。see through“看穿”能更好地反应人们对个人主义谎言的无奈和沮丧，但这种无奈和沮丧却被人们普遍忽视。故D选项切题。八2019嘉定区Directions: For each b

238、lank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researche

239、rs with _21_ behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and _22_ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then arent free to breed th

240、emselves.A new study further _23_ the marmosets reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones _24_ than when theyre surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individua

241、ls band together for _25_ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket(蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more _26_ explanationOne possibility is that an individual practices _27_ a

242、s a means of enhancing his status among peers. By _28_ that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may _29_ prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior _30_ that kindnesses extended

243、to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of _31_ partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindnes

244、s must have a(n) _32_. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the _33_ appeared to be trueAnthropologists (人类学家) f

245、rom the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group,

246、 caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or _34_ avoidance, “ the study authors reported Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more _35_ expressed when individuals are alon

247、e with young.”21. A. animal B. careful C. social D. individual22. A. evolving B. communicatingC. organizing D. parenting23. A. shines B. damages C. affects D. protests24. A. at play B. in private C. on schedule D. by accident25. A. adequate B. effective C. continual D. mutual26. A. creative B. compl

248、ex C. specific D. official27. A. generosity B. wisdom C. independence D. governance28. A. promising B. demonstratingC. pretending D. explaining29. A. count on B. go after C. appeal to D. benefit from30. A. assumes B. confirms C. enhances D. concludes31. A. regular B. dominant C. potential D. previou

249、s32. A. atmosphere B. audience C. feedback D. judge33. A. statistics B. expectation C. argument D. opposite34. A. responsibility B. punishment C. arrangement D. difficulty35. A. strongly B. causally C. delicately D. fearlessly本文为介绍说明文。文章介绍了科研人员对狨猴的研究发现。它们不断地以看似高度进化的行为让研究人员大吃一惊。21.【答案】C考查形容词辨析。A. ani

250、mal动物的；B. careful仔细的；C. social社会的；D. individual个人的。句意：但它们不断地以高度进化的社会行为让研究人员大吃一惊。故C选项正确。22.【答案】D考查动词辨析。A. evolving进化,展开；B. communicating交流；C. organizing组织；D. parenting抚养。句意：他们的社会组织和为人父母的做法可以成为“一个村庄”的模式。故D选项正确。23.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. shines照耀，显露；B. damages损坏；C. affects影响；D. protests抗议。句意：一项新的研究进一步彰显了狨猴令人钦佩的

251、社会价值观。故A选项正确。24.【答案】B考查介词短语辨析。A. at play在起作用；B. in private私底下；C. on schedule按计划；D. by accident偶然。句意：研究人员报告说，这些看护人在私下里与孩子分享食物时，比在其他社区成员的注视下更慷慨。故B选项正确。25.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. adequate充足的；B. effective有效的；C. continual持续的；D. mutual共同的，相互的。句意：在复杂的社会中，人们为了相互保护而团结在一起，研究人员为无私的行为提出了一些被广泛接受的解释。故D选项正确。26.【答案】C考查形容词辨

252、析。A. creative创新的；B. complex复杂的；C. specific特定的；D. official官方的。句意：具体的行为，比如与一只乞讨的小狨猴分享美味的蟋蟀，似乎需要更具体的解释。故C选项正确。27.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. generosity慷慨，大方；B. wisdom智慧；C. independence独立；D. governance管理。句意：一种可能性是，一个人通过慷慨大方来提高自己在同龄人中的地位。故A选项正确。28.【答案】B考查动词辨析。A. promising许诺；B. demonstrating证明，展示；C. pretending假装；D. ex

253、plaining解释。句意：通过展示他在物质方面的天赋，他可以分享一些东西，这可以增强他在团队中的力量。故B选项正确。29.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. count on指望；B. go after追求；C. appeal to吸引；D. benefit from受益于。句意：这反过来可能会吸引未来的伴侣。故C选项正确。30.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. assumes假定，设想；B. confirms证实；C. enhances提高；D. concludes总结。句意：对慈善行为的另一种解释设想是，对他人的善意只是团体成员的费用，这为未来提供了一些交配的机会。故A选项正确。31.【答案】C考

254、查形容词辨析。A. regular常规的；B. dominant支配的；C. potential潜在的；D. previous先前的。句意：不分享会导致被排斥在群体之外，失去潜在的伙伴。故C选项正确。32.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. atmosphere氛围；B. audience观众；C. feedback反馈；D. judge法官。句意：重要的是，要使这两种模式奏效，善举必须有观众。故B选项正确。33.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. statistics统计；B. expectation期望；C. argument论点；D. opposite。句意：然而，在对31只成年狨猴和14只幼狨猴进

255、行的2581项测试中，结果似乎正好相反。故D选项正确。34.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. responsibility责任；B. punishment惩罚；C. arrangement安排；D. difficulty困难。句意：我们的研究结果表明，帮助普通狨猴并不是由声誉管理或逃避惩罚来驱动的。故B选项正确。35.【答案】A考查副词辨析。A. strongly强烈地；B. causally有原因地；C. delicately精致地；D. fearlessly勇敢地。句意：相反，它是由一种帮助他人的深层动机驱动的，这种动机在与年轻人独处时表现得更为强烈。故A选项正确。九Directions:Fo

256、r each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Keeping The Taps Running in Thirsty CitiesWater covers 71% of Earths surface yet only 2% of it is accessible as a source of fresh water.

257、 _41_ on this limited resources is rising, a trend likely to continue.It is important to recognize that it is not just city residents who _42_ water. Agriculture, industry and tourism often require more water than the municipal water supply. Globally, 70% of fresh water is _43_ for agriculture, but

258、locally in heavily irrigated(灌溉)areas this can increate to 90%. A healthy environment also requires fresh water, and the quality of available water is as important as its _44_.Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas. _45_ for water resources between different users withi

259、n river catchments or basins can also be a cause.Every thirsty city operates within its own context, _46_ to the challenge of providing adequate water supplies. Cape Town, _47_, has faced three years of drought during which winter rains failed to materialize. At the end of the 2017 rainy season the

260、city faced the _48_ of its dams running dry during 2018. The dams were only 37% fullin the same week four years before they were full to the top. In January 2018, it was _49_ that Cape Town would reach Day Zero, when it would be forced to turn off the taps, in April. This was despite the city reduci

261、ng its water use by more than half, from 1.2 billion litres a day in 2015 to fewer than 600 million litres, and working _50_ with industry and agriculture to reduce demand.On February 1, the authorities put in place a strict limit of 50 litres of water per person per day. _51_, in Britain this is co

262、nsidered enough for a five-minute shower of half a washing machine cycle on full load.In addition, a ban was placed on using _52_ water for gardens, water management devices were installed at household with a high water use and the water pressure was reduced to cut demand and leaks. At the same, the

263、 city launched a media _53_ to change habits and introduced higher duties. This is not without its costs; agriculture and tourism, both significant areas of employment, have _54_. It is a classic example of the problem of water economics-the cost of water is low but the cost of a lack of water is ve

264、ry high.Crises such as the Cape Town drought are in danger of becoming the new norm. The _55_ of Day Zero must serve as a wake-up call for cities across the world to develop cost-effective water management strategies to cope with an uncertain future.41. A. Impact B. Pressure C. Impression D. Observa

265、tion42. A. recycle B. waste C. consume D. apply43. A. restored B. abstracted C. separated D. preserved44. A. change B. source C. origin D. volume45. A. Competition B. Protection C. Construction D. Regulation46. A. contributing B. regarding C. responding D. referring47. A. in addition B. for example

266、C. on the contrary D. as a result48. A. prospect B. illustration C. symptom D. security49. A. reported B. presented C. predicted D. explained50. A. respectively B. increasingly C. restrictively D. extensively51. A. By comparison B. In other words C. To our surprise D. Whats more52. A. feasible B. dr

267、inkable C. inevitable D. influential53. A. campaign B. statement C. presentation D. advertisement54. A. invaded B. liberated C. suffered D. proceeded55. A. change B. theory C. record D. threat这是一篇说明文。作者通过开普敦缺水以及所采取的措施告诉我们，有限的淡水资源成本很低，但是缺水的成本非常高，呼吁世界各地的城市制定具有成本效益的水资源管理战略，以应对不确定的未来。41.【答案】B考查名词辨析。A. I

268、mpact影响；B. Pressure压力；C. Impression印象； D. Observation观察。句意:对这一有限资源的压力正在增加，这一趋势可能继续下去。由下文可知，农业，工业，旅游业，城市居民都需要用大量的水，所以对于这有限的水资源的压力正在增加。故B选项切题。42.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. recycle使再循环；B. waste 浪费；C. consume 消耗；D. apply应用。句意:重要的是要认识到，用水的不仅仅是城市居民。城市居民用水，就是在消耗水资源。故C选项切题。43.【答案】B考查动词辨析。A. restored 恢复；B. abstracted提取；

269、C. separated分开；D. preserved维护。句意:在全球范围内，70 %的淡水被提取用于农业，但是在灌溉量大的地区，这一比例会增加到90 %。 2%的淡水中的70 %的水量被分配给了农业。故B选项切题。44.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. change改变；B. source源头；C. origin起源；D. volume容量。句意:健康的环境也需要淡水，可用水的质量和水量一样重要。由“quality”可知，这里在把水的质量和数量进行同级比较。所以“quality”对应词为volume。故D选项切题。45.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. Competition竞争；B. Prote

270、ction 保护；C. Construction 建设；D. Regulation规则。句意:河流集水区或流域内不同用户之间对水资源的竞争也是一个原因。由“Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas”可知，短文在说明缺水的不总是自然原因造成的，还有人为之间的竞争造成的。故A选项切题。46.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. contributing捐助；B. regarding认为；C. responding回应； D. referring提及。句意:每个缺水的城市都在自己的环境中运作，应对提供充足供水的挑

271、战。由句意可知，每个缺水的城市都在运作自己城市的水资源分配，以此来应对能够向生活中的各个方面提供充足水的挑战。故C选项切题。47.【答案】B考查介词短语辨析。A. in addition除此之外；B. for example例如；C. on the contrary相反地；D. as a result因此。句意:例如，开普敦经历了三年的干旱，在此期间，冬季降雨没有出现。作者举例具有典型性的城市作为说明。故B选项切题。48.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. prospect 前景，； B. illustration说明；C. symptom症状；D. security安全。句意:2017年雨季结束时

272、，这座城市面临着大坝在2018年干涸的前景。由“ The dams were only 37% full”可知，大坝的水位只有37%。所以大坝的前景不容乐观，在2018年具有干涸的可能性。故A选项切题。49.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. reported报道；B. presented提出； C. predicted 预测；D. explained解释。句意:2018年1月，据预测开普敦将在4月份达到“零日”，届时它将被迫关闭水龙头。由 “in April”可知，4月份是个将来的时间，所以所发生的事情都是在预测。故C选项切题。50.D考查副词辨析。A. respectively各自地；B. in

273、creasingly逐渐地；C. restrictively限制地 ；D. extensively广泛地。句意:该市的用水量减少了一半以上，从2015年的每天12亿升降至不到6亿升，并与工业和农业广泛合作以减少对水的需求。由句意可知，该市的用水量减少了一半以上，所以要在农业和工业的各个领域进行合作，目的是减少它们对水的需求量。故D选项切题。51.【答案】A考查介词短语辨析。A. By comparison比较；B. In other words换句话说； C. To our surprise令我们惊讶的是；D. Whats more况且。句意:相比之下，在英国，这被认为足够在满负荷的情况下进行

274、五分钟的淋浴，让洗衣机运转半个周期。将英国和开普敦进行比较。故A选项切题。52.【答案】B考查形容词辨析。A. feasible可行的；B. drinkable 可饮用的；C. inevitable不可避免的； D. influential有影响的。句意:此外，还禁止将饮用水用于花园。由前文可知，城市的用水量减少了一半以上，可见淡水资源短缺严重，更不允许将饮用水用于浇灌花园。故B选项切题。53.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. campaign战役；B. statement阐述；C. presentation展示； D. advertisement广告。句意:此同时，该市发起了一场媒体运动，以改变

275、人们的习惯。城市通过媒体运动的力量，以此来改变人们的习惯。故A选项切题。54.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. invaded侵略；B. liberated解放；C. suffered遭受； D. proceeded行进。句意:农业和旅游业这两个重要的就业领域受到了损害。由“This is not without its costs”可知，这并非没有代价，所以判断出农业和旅游业这两个重要的就业领域受到了损害。故C选项切题。55.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. change改变；B. theory理论；C. record记录； D. threat威胁。句意:“零日”的威胁必须敲响警钟，呼吁世界各地的城

276、市制定成本效益高的水资源管理战略，以应对不确定的未来。由前文“Crises ”可知，缺水对人们来说已经是危机，威胁着正常的生产和生活。故D选项切题。十Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.This article is for all of the teenagers out ther

277、e. Even though _41_ you are years from being fully grown, society regularly expects you to adult. Yes, you are _42_ in many ways: many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would _43_ many adults. But you probably cannot process caffeine (咖啡因) as constantly as your paren

278、ts can because of your still-growing bodies and brains.I understand it feels grown-up to be drinking a cup of Starbucks. But all of this caffeine may worsen your anxiety, affect tonights sleep and tomorrows school performance, _44_ nutrient absorption and even cause real trouble when mixed with alco

279、hol. The following four aspects may well _45_ the theme of this article.The power of caffeineCaffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable, universally used, even cool, but it still causes _46_ symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-ad

280、dicts diets.How much is healthy?Caffeine is by no means a nutrient; you do not need it to be healthy. _47_, it is a substance that can leave you lacking nutrients because it has been shown to reduce calcium (钙). Caffeine probably causes the body to release water. And the more caffeinated drinks you

281、consume, the less likely you are to drink water. So experts say that adolescents should consume _48_ amounts of caffeine a day (100 mg).Caffeines _49_According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 65 percent of middle and higher schoolers are _50_ to insufficient sleep on school

282、nights. Some of their sleep problems can be mainly attributed to (归因于) caffeine, which can remain in the body for seven hours after _51_, thus causing teens worse performance the next day. It is widely assumed that adequate sleep _52_ proper growth and brain development. During childhood and adolesc

283、ence, the brain goes through a period called synaptic pruning (突触修剪) when unnecessary connections are promoted.Caffeine labellingCaffeine is not listed on the Nutrition Facts column on food labels because it is not a _53_. It may be listed as an ingredient, but the amount is not required. Caffeine i

284、s now added to foods such as gum, candy and water, along with makeup and beauty products that _54_ to reduce swelling (肿块).Taste preferences and eating habits are often cultivated in childhood and adolescence, so teens, when you consume sweet, caffeinated drinks every time you feel sluggish (无精打采的),

285、 you are creating a pattern that may be hard to break as an adult. It is advisable to come up with other _55_ ways to boost energy so that you can master adulting better than many adults.41. A. potentially B. necessarily C. developmentally D. materially42. A. mature B. experienced C. productive D. d

286、isciplined43. A. delight B. frustrate C. liberate D. exclude44. A. promote B. assist C. intensify D. discourage45. A. call for B. account for C. turn to D. appeal to46. A. withdrawal B. addiction C. nutrition D. infection47. A. Therefore B. Instead C. Moreover D. Otherwise48. A. initial B. sufficien

287、t C. moderate D. stable49. A. reputations B. confirmations C. implications D. disadvantages50. A. subjected B. alerted C. reduced D. opposed51. A. stimulation B. concentration C. excitement D. consumption52. A. results from B. contributes to C. benefits from D. attends to53. A. therapy B. material C

288、. nutrient D. substitute54. A. fail B. appear C. promise D. happen55. A. instructive B. comprehensive C. extensive D. alternative本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章是写给所有青少年的。尽管你在发育上还需要几年才能完全成熟，不断地摄入咖啡因对身体的危害。41.【答案】C考查副词辨析。A. potentially有潜力地；B. necessarily必要地；C. developmentally发育地；D. materially实质地。根据you are years from be

289、ing fully grown, society regularly expects you to adult.和常识可知，你在发育上还需要几年才能完全成熟，但社会通常期望你成年。故选C。42.【答案】A考查形容词辨析。A. mature成熟的；B. experienced有经验的；C. productive多产的； D. disciplined遵守纪律的。根据 many of you drive and do so quite safely, and you handle schedules that would _3_ many adults.可知，很多人开车都很安全，你处理的日程安排也会

290、让很多成年人感到沮丧，这些都是成熟的表现。故选A。43.【答案】B考查动词辨析。 A. delight使高兴；B. frustrate挫败；C. liberate解放；D. exclude排除。此处指你处理的日程安排也会让很多成年人感到沮丧，你的水平已超过成年人。故选B。44.【答案】D考查动词辨析。A. promote提升；B. assist帮助；C. intensify使加强；D. discourage阻碍。此处指咖啡因可能会加重你的焦虑，影响你今晚的睡眠和明天的学习成绩，阻碍你吸收营养，甚至在与酒精混合时造成真正的麻烦。表示“阻碍”，故选D。45.【答案】B考查动词词组辨析。A. cal

291、l for要求；B. account for对-作出解释；C. turn to转向，求助于； D. appeal to呼吁。根据The following four aspects may well _ the theme of this article.可知，以下四个方面可以很好地解释本文的主题。故选B。46.【答案】A考查名词辨析。A. withdrawal撤退； B. addiction上瘾；C. nutrition营养；D. infection感染，影响。根据Caffeine is widely considered a drug that is socially acceptable

292、, universally used, even cool, but it still causes _ symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and a lack of attention when removed from coffee-addicts diets.可知，咖啡因被广泛认为是一种为社会所接受、普遍使用、甚至很酷的药物，但它仍然会导致戒断症状，比如头痛、疲劳，以及从咖啡成瘾者的饮食中去除后注意力不集中。故选A。47.【答案】B考查副词辨析。A. Therefore因此；B. Instead相反；C. Moreover另外；D. Otherwis

293、e否则。上句指咖啡因绝不是一种营养物质，你不需要它是健康的。本句指它是一种物质，可以让你缺乏营养，因为它已经被证明可以减少钙。前后句是转折关系表示“相反”，故选B。48.【答案】C考查形容词辨析。A. initial最初的；B. sufficient足够的；C. moderate适度的；D. stable稳定的。专家认为，青少年应该每天摄入适量的咖啡因(100毫克)。故选C。49.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. reputations名声；B. confirmations证实；C. implications暗示；D. disadvantages缺点，劣势。根据下文的Some of their s

294、leep problems can be mainly attributed to (归因于) caffeine,可知，本部分主要讲述咖啡因的缺点。故选D。50.【答案】A考查动词辨析。A. subjected使遭受； B. alerted警告；C. reduced减少；D. opposed反对。据美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据，约65%的初中生和高中生在校期间晚上睡眠不足。be subjected to “遭受，经受” 故选A。51.【答案】D考查名词辨析。A. stimulation激励；B. concentration集中；C. excitement兴奋； D. consumption消耗

295、。青少年的一些睡眠问题主要是由于咖啡因，咖啡因在摄入后会在体内停留7个小时，从而导致青少年第二天的表现更差。表示“消耗，摄入”，故选D。52.【答案】B考查动词词组辨析。A. results from起因是；B. contributes to有助于；C. benefits from从-获益；D. attends to参加。人们普遍认为充足的睡眠有助于大脑的正常发育。故选B。53.【答案】C考查名词辨析。A. therapy治疗；B. material材料；C. nutrient营养物；D. substitute代替者。根据Caffeine is not listed on the Nutrit

296、ion Facts column on food labels可知，咖啡因没有列在食品标签上的营养成分栏上，因为它不是一种营养素。故选C。54.【答案】C考查动词辨析。A. fail失败；B. appear出现；C. promise许诺；D. happen发生。咖啡因现在被添加到食物中，如口香糖，糖果和水，以及承诺减少肿块的化妆品和美容产品。此处指化妆品和美容产品做出的承诺，故选C。55.【答案】D考查形容词辨析。A. instructive有益的；B. comprehensive有理解力的；C. extensive广泛的； D. alternative供选择的。此处指提出其他替代方式来提高能源，这是明智的。故选D。