专题07 阅读理解之推理判断题-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）（解析版）.docx

1、专题07 阅读理解之推理判断题2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析项目年份 卷别语篇类型题型应用文记叙文说明文议论文细节理解推理判断主旨要义词义猜测2023新高考I卷ABC/D6711新高考卷ABC/D8331全国甲卷ABC/D951全国乙卷BA/CD58112022新高考I卷ACDB10311新高考卷ABC/D7512全国甲卷AC/DB8331全国乙卷AC/DB112112021新高考I卷ABC/D6621新高考卷ABC/D9411全国甲卷ACBD6711全国乙卷A/B/C/D48212020新高考I卷AB/CD7512全国I卷AC/DB4821全国卷ADB/C8232从以上表格可以

2、看出，高考英语对于推理判断题的考查，基本上占到了阅读理解总题量的五分之一，有时达到了三分之一或二分之一。高考阅读理解推理判断题属于主观题，要求考生在理解表面文字的基础上，做出判断和推论。这类题是层次较高的题型，包括判断和推理题。它要求学生通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息去推断出作者没有直接表达出来的深层意思。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文

3、字信息为依据，不仅要求考生能够读懂文章中的每个句子信息，还要求考生能够推理他们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，准确理解出文章的言外之意，揭示文章的深层含义。既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。【常见考法】推理题经常使用的提问方式有：It can be inferred/ concluded that _.Which of the following conclusions can we draw a

4、ccording to the passage?In which of the following publication would this passage most likely be printed?The passage implies, but doesnt directly state that _.The writer suggests that _.Whats the authors attitude toward _?The writer probably feels that _.The author uses the examples of. to show that

5、_.推理判断隐含意义题解题思路：推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，作者的言外之意。要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础;要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知

6、，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;要把握句，段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。除此之外，还要注意几个误区：原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论。与文章内容不符的推论或相反的推论。不合常理或不合逻辑的推论。虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。题型归纳题型01 细节推断题【题型诠释】要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生

7、只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。命题形式：1. It can be inferred/concluded from the text that .2. What can we infer/learn from.?3. We can learn from the passage that .4. The passage/story.indicates/suggests/implie

8、s that .关键词句细推敲:第一步：定位细节根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。第二步：揣摩细节对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。【典例1】(2023上湖北高三华中师大一附中校考期中）With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners

9、in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dogs breed, health risks, and even behaviors. DNA testing typically works by analyzing the genetic material found in a sample of cells taken from the inside of your dogs cheek. This sample is then compared to a database of known breeds and g

10、enetic markers associated with certain traits or health conditions. The first step in obtaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type you want. Most companies offer several different types of tests that vary in cost and complexity. For instance, some tests just analyze your dogs breed composition,

11、while others can assess additional genetic markers associated with certain diseases or behaviors. Then its time to collect your dogs sample using the provided swab (拭子) kit or saliva-collection tube included with most kits. The swab should be gently rubbed inside your pets cheek according to the kit

12、s directions before being placed into the collection container provided by the company. After collecting the sample, it should be mailed back to the laboratory for processing according to instructions given by the company providing the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks

13、for results to be processed and sent back via email or mail. Results will vary depending on which type of test was purchased, but they generally include detailed information about your pets breed composition as well as any potential health risks or behavioral traits associated with their genetics th

14、at could affect their overall well-being and quality of life. If youre looking for an easy way to learn more about your pups background without spending too much money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley.8. What is the primary purpose of DNA testing for dogs?A. To identify a dogs per

15、sonality traits.B. To reveal a dogs future behavioral changes.C. To determine a dogs socialization preferences.D. To obtain a dogs breed and genetic information.【答案】D 【解析】细节推断题。根据第一段“With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog own

16、ers in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dogs breed, health risks, and even behaviors. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”可知，对狗进行DNA检测的主要目的是获取狗的品种和基因信息。故选D。题型02 因果推断题【题型诠释】要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。它的首要呈现方法如下:1.阶段(含首段)榜首句假如表达

17、一种因果联系，一般为考点。2.文章中细节性的因果联系-一般由一些表明因果联系的词汇手法表达。(1)表明因果联系的名词：basis (依据), result, consequence, reason;(2)表明因果联系的动词：result in (结果), result from (因为，由), follow from (结果), baseon (以为根底), be due to (因为);(3)表明因果联系的连词或介词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why, with;(4)表明因果联系的副词：as a result, conseq

18、uently等。为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系进行颠倒，将“因变成了果、果变成了因”，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止混淆。【典例2】(2023上福建厦门高三厦门一中校考期中) The curb cut (路缘坡). Its a convenience that most of us rarely, if ever, notice. Yet, without it, daily life might be a lot harderin more ways than one. Pushing a baby stroller onto the curb, skate

19、boarding onto a sidewalk or taking a full grocery cart from the sidewalk to your carall these tasks are easier because of the curb cut.But it was created with a different purpose in mind.Its hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off

20、. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs

21、, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently.I think about the “curb cut effect” a lot when working on issues around health equity (公平). The first time I even heard about the curb cut was in a 2017 Stanford Socia

22、l Innovation Review piece by Policy Link CEO Angela Blackwell. Blackwell rightly noted that many people see equity as “a zero-sum game (零和游戏)” and that it is commonly believed that there is a “prejudiced societal suspicion that intentionally supporting one group hurts another.” What the curb cut eff

23、ect shows though, Blackwell said, is that “when society creates the circumstances that allow those who have been left behind to participate and contribute fully, everyone wins.”There are multiple examples of this principle at work. For example, investing in policies that create more living-wage jobs

24、 or increase the availability of affordable housing certainly benefits people in communities that have limited options. But, the action also empowers those people with opportunities for better health and the means to become contributing members of societyand that benefits everyone. Even the football

25、 huddle (密商) was initially created to help deaf football players at Gallaudet College keep their game plans secret from opponents who could have read their sign language. Today, its used by every team to prevent the opponent from learning about game-winning strategies.So, next time you cross the str

26、eet, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalkthink about how much the curb cut, that change in design that broke down walls of exclusion for one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but all of us.26. What conclusion can be dra

27、wn from the passage?A. Caring for disadvantaged groups may finally benefit all.B. Action empowers those with opportunities for better solutions.C. Society should create circumstances that get everyone involved.D. Everyday items are originally invented for people in need of help.【答案】A 【解析】因果推断题。通读全文可

28、知，最后一段“So, next time you cross the street, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalkthink about how much the curb cut, that change in design that broke down walls of exclusion for one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but al

29、l of us.(所以，下次你过马路，或者把行李箱推过人行横道，或者直接骑自行车上人行道时，想想路缘坡，这种设计上的改变打破了对弱势群体的排斥，不仅帮助了这一群体，也帮助了我们所有人。)”进行了总结，路缘坡这种设计不仅帮助了弱势群体，也帮助了所有人，这就是“路缘坡效应”，当我们关心弱势群体时，也可能最后让所有人受益。故选A。题型03 人物性格，态度及观点判断题【题型诠释】高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想，被描写人物语气，言谈话语中流露的情绪，性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度，观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：1)由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替

30、作者的思想观点。2)特殊留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度、观点的词语。要特殊留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。【典例3】(2023上福建福州高三福建师大附中校考期中) Going green is good for business. Consumers are often willing to pay more for eco-friendly products than other comparable products on the market, according to ma

31、rket research. But not all environmental claims are created equally. “Greenwashing” is a form of misinformation often used to fascinate an enthusiastic green consumer. Companies promising to be sustainable, or biodegradable sometimes fail to meet the promises they make to consumers. Greenwashing is

32、particularly common in the fashion industry, says Maxine Bdat, director of The New Standard Institute, a think tank (智库) focused on improving the industrys environmental standards. Being sustainable is the latest trend and a way for the industry to attract consumers. “I think were at the top of gree

33、n washing in the industry,” she says.” Retailers (零售商) will mislead consumers by distracting them from a companys larger issues. For example, a large retailer might roll out a new line of products, such as jeans, that uses less water and therefore theoretically has less of an environmental impact th

34、an the other clothes the company sells. “You think Oh that sounds great,” Bdat says. But that same company might ignore water usage in the rest of their products lines, while doing nothing to address the other ways that their production might be harming the environment. When it comes to fashion, Brd

35、at says to rethink shopping habits. After all, buying a new sweater labeled “carbon neutral (碳中和)” still produces more carbon than wearing a sweater already in your closet. She notes, “The most sustainable thing you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.”As more companies look to cas

36、h in on sustainable marketing, governments are beginning to take more action to safeguard consumers. In New York, The Fashion Act would require fashion companies operating in the state to obey the Paris Climate Agreement. A new law brought forth by members of the European Union would more strictly r

37、egulate environmental claims and sustainability labels slapped on products sold in Europe.29. What is Brdats attitude towards greenwashing?A. Doubtful.B. Indifferent.C. Disapproving.D. Tolerant.【答案】C 【解析】观点态度判断题。根据第二段中的“Greenwashing is particularly common in the fashion industry, says Maxine Bdat, d

38、irector of The New Standard Institute, a think tank(智库) focused on improving the industrys environmental standards.(专注于提高时尚行业环境标准的智库新标准研究所所长Maxine Bdat表示，漂绿在时尚行业尤其常见。)”和倒数第二段中的“When it comes to fashion, Brdat says to rethink shopping habits.(谈到时尚，Brdat说要重新思考购物习惯。)”以及该段中她说的话“The most sustainable thin

39、g you can do as a consumer is wear the things you have more.(作为消费者，你能做的最可持续的事情就是多穿你拥有的东西。)”可知，Maxine Bdat在专注于提高时尚行业环境标准的智库工作，她认为漂绿在时尚行业很常见，并建议重新思考购物习惯，多穿已有的衣服，由此可推测出，她对漂绿这种现象不支持，故选C。题型04 猜测想象推理题【题型诠释】有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理和想象，一般难度较大。做这类题目应把握作者的写作思路和文章的篇章结构等，从而作出比较科学的预测。这类题目

40、常见的设问形式有：Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenwhen/if _?Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite _.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybeabout_.Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜

41、测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。【典例4】(2023上广东东莞高三东莞市东莞中学校联考期中)Mia, 12, is now on a year-long trip with her parents and three younger brothers. Far from their home in Quebec, Canada, the family rode horses in Mongolia, kayaked in Cambodia, camped in Namibia and flew in a hot air balloon in Turkey, looking to col

42、lect as many once-in-a-lifetime memories as they could.The memories really matter because unless science makes a breakthrough soon, three of the children will become blind, likely in adulthood. They have been diagnosed with a disease that has no effective treatment and no specific timeline as it gra

43、dually robs them of their sight.The diagnoses came in 2015. Despite the grief, the parents were surprised to find Mia, then 7, was calm about it. She announced that she would need to start keeping her bedroom especially neat, with everything in its place. “In the future, Ill need to know where thing

44、s are,” Mia said.“Shes finding solutions on her own,” the parents told each other. “We need to follow her lead.” And so the idea of a yearlong trip was born, one that would show the kids the world, in person and at close range while the kids could still see it. For the next two years, the parents sa

45、ved money and researched places to visit. “How we adults see the world and how kids see the world are so different.” says the mother, Edith. “It would have to be less about temples and museums and more about whatever caught their eyes.”By the time the trip began to wind down in early 2023, the famil

46、y had traveled 52,000 miles and visited 18 countries. Mia grew taller and when entering adolescence, needed more independence. Her brothers became more confident and outgoing. The kids were very aware that they had learned a lot. “Theres a lot of suffering, a lot of poverty, but lots of good and int

47、eresting things too. We should be positive.” said Mia.25. What can be inferred about the parents from paragraph 3 and 4?A. They are optimistic about the childrens disease.B. They are surprised at their daughters creative ideas.C. They are proud of their daughters courage to face difficulties.D. They

48、 are open-minded enough to respect their childrens decision.【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“Shes finding solutions on her own,” the parents told each other. “We need to follow her lead.”(“她在自己寻找解决办法，”父母互相告诉对方。“我们需要跟随她的脚步。”)”可知，这对父母很开明，尊重孩子的决定，故选D。题型05 写作意图推测题【题型诠释】此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的

49、写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有：Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage?Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto _.Thepurposeofthetextisto _.Whatisthepurposeofthelastpartofthetext?Thewriterusesinthefirstparagraphto _.Thewriterusestheexampl

50、eof.to_.此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。【典例5】(2023上湖南长沙高三雅礼中学校考期中)The most valuable thing I ever lost was a pair of diamond earrings I bought many years ago at a charity auction (拍卖会). Though very beautiful, they were heavy and turned out to

51、 be painful to wear. I wrote about the lost earrings in my new childrens book, The Christmas Pig. When they reach the Land of the Lost, where the hero must go to rescue his most beloved toy, my earrings are angry that they arent treated with the respect they think they deserve. They soon find out th

52、at being made of diamonds counts for very little in the strange world where human-made objects go when lost, because a things importance there depends on how much its truly loved. The Christmas Pig explores a deep attachment to an old object. Its about the journey of a boy, Jack, who is a little los

53、t himself but discovers his bravery and ability to love in a strange world. Of all the books Ive written, this is the one that made me cry the most, because I was dealing with emotions that run deep in all of us. Loss and change are hard for children, and acceptance of these unavoidable parts of lif

54、e isnt much easier for adults. The Christmas Pig shows how human beings-even small, lost ones-are capable of wonderful, heroic acts. A very strange thing happened on the day I finished editing The Christmas Pig. After emailing the final version to my editor, I set about clearing out a cupboard. The

55、last object I picked up was a small box. I opened it. There were my long-lost diamond earrings. Ive decided to sell them and give the money to a charity. I think it will be a nice ending for my earrings story to have them do some good for children in the Land of the Living. How many times have I bee

56、n asked whether I believe in magic? On the day I finished The Christmas Pig, for a few shining moments, I really did.27. What does the author want to tell us through the story of her earrings?A. Magic in books can happen in real life.B. Sometimes warm magic can happen in life.C. We should donate to

57、help those in need.D. Lost things will turn up sooner or later.【答案】B 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“How many times have I been asked whether I believe in magic? On the day I finished The Christmas Pig, for a few shining moments, I really did.(有多少次我被问到是否相信魔法？在我完成圣诞猪的那一天，我真的做到了)”可推知，作者想通过她丢失耳环的故事告诉我们，有时书中的魔法也会发生在现实

58、生活中。故选B。高考练场题型01 细节推断题(2023年新高考全国I卷C篇)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide its right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. I

59、n part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many peoples digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introduc

60、ing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provid

61、e massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one, Ill guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, Ill draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. Youll hear these participants stories and

62、 learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance o

63、f solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant

64、to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I

65、ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, Ill draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。题型02 因果推

66、断题(2022年新高考全国I卷D篇)Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new

67、 speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at

68、 the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws chang

69、ed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so

70、 large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gathere

71、r people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sound

72、s that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to

73、cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is th

74、e product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的

75、动态系统。故选C项。题型03 人物性格，态度及观点判断题(2023年新高考全国I卷D篇)On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of

76、independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulti

77、ng in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent,

78、the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these gr

79、oups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 universi

80、ty students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the domina

81、nt response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group di

82、scussion and decision-making are enormous.35. What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.【答案】D【解析】作者观点推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discuss

83、ion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。题型04 猜测想象推理题(2022年新高考全国I卷B篇)Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice g

84、reen salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw

85、 out.In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this months cover story. Its jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amou

86、nts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of green

87、house gases in the world.”If thats hard to understand, lets keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time but for him, its more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Wash

88、ington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them f

89、or use in meals down the road.Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just dont think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you wont eat,” Curtin says.24. What

90、does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?A. We pay little attention to food waste.B. We waste food unintentionally at times.C. We waste more vegetables than meat.D. We have good reasons for wasting food.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to

91、 waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。题型05 写作意图推测题(2022年新高考全国I卷D篇)Som

92、etime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the ci

93、ty.Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate wayshe for a lunch break, I to explore the city.“Ill miss the

94、se old boats,” he said as we parted.“How do you mean?” I asked.“Oh, theyre replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but theyre not so elegant, and theyre not fun to pilot. But thats progress, I guess.”Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and tra

95、ditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the citys official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We cant seem to make up our minds whether we

96、 want a modern city or a traditional one. Its a conflict that we arent getting any better at resolving (解决).”On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture i

97、n this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. Weve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. Its a pre

98、tty hard combination to beat.”He is right, but I cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?A. A city can be young and old at the same time.B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cos

99、t of elegance.D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“being young and old at the same time has its attractions”和最后一段“He is right, but I cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.”可知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。名校模拟A(2023上山东济宁高三曲阜一中校考

100、期中)September ClassesWhen: September 1, 15 & 28, 2024, from 10 am to 11:30 amApplication Deadline: August 28, 2024Cost: $12 per participantLocation: Cook Museum of Natural Science, 133 Fourth Avenue, Decatur, AlabamaRegistration:Limited spots are available. Those who would like to participate in

101、the class should register and pay the $12 fee in advance. Admission to the Exhibits is not included. There are two ways to register: go to the Guest Services desk in the museum directly or contact the Group Sales department during regular weekday business hours at groups cookmuseum.org or (256) 898-

102、6312.September Class Topics:All About Squid (鱿鱼)Grade Levels: 5th-12thMaximum: 15 participantsInvestigate the amazing body structure of these creatures!Most people refer to squid as great food and the golden fried rings are hard to resist, but for researchers, these creatures have been subjects of s

103、cientific study for four decades. In this interactive class, participants will cut open a squid and study how their unique design allows them to catch food and escape from enemies.Weather Watchers Grade Levels: K-4thMaximum: 10 participantsWeather events such as clouds, lightning and storms can be s

104、o astonishing that we sometimes forget that it isnt magic it is SCIENCE!With Weather Watchers, participants step into the shoes of meteorologists (气象学家) and learn the formation of local weather events. Interactive demonstrations allow the participants to watch the development of clouds, lightning an

105、d storms in the classroom. Participants will also work together to create their own weather station. Together, they will explore why these local weather events are so important to native animals and plants.1. What is the closing date for September Classes registration?A. August 28.B. September 1.C.

106、September 15.D. September 28.2. How can participants sign up for the classes?A. Go to the Group Sales department.B. Visit the Guest Services desk in person.C. Call (256) 898-6312 on weekends.D. Email Cook Museums website.3. What can participants do in the class for K-4th students?A. Tour around a we

107、ather station.B. Explore local animals and plants.C. Observe natural disasters outdoors.D. Learn the secrets behind the weather.B(2023上辽宁高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习) Everyone tries their best in life, and sometimes a few kind words of encouragement can help people realize that their efforts are not in vain (徒劳).

108、 remember a time when I was in fifth grade, and I was a very shy girl.There was a drawing competition at my school that day. As everyone started to use their creative ideas to draw, I was only trying to think of something creative that could express my thoughts and emotions. Lost in my own world, I

109、was brought back to reality when my art teacher called my name from behind. She came to me and encouraged me, saying, “Dont overthink it, just put whatever comes to your mind on the canvas (画布). Do your best, and you will do well.”Taking her words of wisdom to heart, I started my painting. Time flew

110、 by, and soon the bell rang, signaling the end of the time limit. We all turned in our canvases for inspection (检查). The next day, the winners of the competition were announced in front of the whole school. To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me

111、, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize.Later on, I expressed my gratitude to my art teacher for her words of encouragement and for believing in me. That day, I became aware of my talent and started painting more whenever I had free time. Sometimes, I think that if it werent for her wor

112、ds of encouragement, I may have never discovered the talent I have.Overall, this experience taught me the importance of encouraging others and how a few kind words can make a significant impact on someones life.4. What was the author doing when called by the art teacher?A. Organizing a drawing compe

113、tition.B. Trying to get some creative ideas.C. Painting her work on her canvas.D. Trying to get help from others.5. What did the author think of the competition?A. Easy.B. Interesting.C. Challenging.D. Encouraging.6. What do the underlined words “bolt from the blue” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Addiction.

114、B. Puzzlement.C. Disappointment.D. Surprise.7. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. The Power of EncouragementB. The Importance of Art CompetitionsC. Overcoming Shyness Through PaintingD. Discovering Your Great Natural AbilityC(2023上辽宁高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习) After college I wanted to make a differen

115、ce in the world, so I joined the Peace Corps and became a volunteer teacher in Namibia, my country of assignment (任务). Honestly, my first choice wasnt Africa, but I am extremely grateful that I was sent there.Various tribes and racial groups live in Namibia and a number of languages are spoken. When

116、 Namibia gained independence in 1990, English became the official language. Teachers were supposed to teach in English, but many lacked the language skills to do so. My job was to train the teachers.Schools were quite bare. Some classrooms consisted merely of sticks stuck in the sand and a metal roo

117、f. Each student had only one threadbare uniform. The students had exhausting days. They walked miles to get to school, often barefoot. They also did many daily chores. Even with their mountains of work, few possessions and little opportunity, these children were joyful. I admired that.This was my fi

118、rst time living abroad in a different culture. Simply adapting to the living conditions was a big adjustment. I had no electricity, running water, phone or Internet. Imagine no air conditioning where the temperature was often above 38 degrees Celsius! However, I could end each day with a splendid Af

119、rican sunset. And at night, I could have an incredible pollution-free view of the entire Milky Way (银河).Before Namibia, I never thought a girl like me would adapt to such an environment. My experience awakened me to not only the limitations we place on ourselves, but also our amazing ability to adap

120、t.Step outside of your comfort zone and throw yourself in another culture. You wont regret it.8. What do we know about Namibia before 1990?A. Everyone could speak many languages.B. Teachers taught English as an official language.C. It was ruled by other countries.D. Teachers had a good command of En

121、glish.9. What does the underlined word “threadbare” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Ancient.B. Uncomfortable.C. Ugly.D. Shabby.10. Which of the following best describes the author according to Paragraph 4?A. Honest and fearless.B. Brave and clever.C. Adaptable and optimistic.D. Generous and kind.11. Why did

122、the author feel grateful to volunteer in Namibia?A. She gained pure friendship from African children.B. The beautiful scenery in Africa impressed her a lot.C. She succeeded in challenging her limits.D. Africans hard life touched her deeply.D(2023上山东高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习) Animal appear to predict earthquak

123、es by sensing electricity in the air the first study to find reliable evidence of the phenomenon has shown.Cameras revealed an “amazing” drop in the number of animals up to 23 days before a major quake hit their rainforest home at Yanachaga National Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, from

124、 Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results showed that just before the earthquake, animals activity dropped right down.”On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to fiv

125、e or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake.Another study showed that animal activity remained normal in the park over a different period when seismic (地震的) activity was low. Co-author, professor Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras

126、 were located at an altitude of 900 meters. If air ionization occurred, the animals would escape to the valley below, where there were fewer positive ions ( 离子). With their ability to sense their environment, animals can help us understand small changes that occur before major earthquakes.”Other evi

127、dence suggested that before the earthquake, the air around the high mountain sites filled with positive ions that can be produced when rocks are placed under stress. Positive ions have been known to cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made to feel unco

128、mfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. They are thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized. The findings may help experts develop better short-term seismic forecasts.12. How did scientists conduct the study?A. By comparing different animals habit

129、s.B. By observing animals in high mountains.C. By explaining the positive ion phenomenon.D. By analyzing images of animals they obtained.13. What can be inferred from animal activity before earthquakes?A. The ground at a lower altitude is less ionized.B. Cameras normally record more animals per day.

130、C. Earthquake warnings can be detected in lower places.D. The activity of animals and earthquakes is consistent.14. What can we learn from the text?A. The findings make for accurate seismic forecast.B. Animals tend to be uneasy with more positive ions.C. Positive ions make humans and animals depress

131、ed.D. All the animals remain abnormal before the earthquake.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Negative Influence of Positive Ions.B. Ions Destruction to the Environment.C. Animals Behavior Before Earthquakes.D. Creatures Ability to Predict Earthquakes.参考答案与解析A篇1. A 2. B 2. D【导语】这是一篇应用

132、文。文章主要介绍了九月课程的具体信息。1. 细节理解题。根据Application Deadline部分的August 28, 2024(2024年8月28日)”可知，9月班报名截止日期为8月28日。故选A。2. 细节理解题。根据Registration部分的“There are two ways to register: go to the Guest Services desk in the museum directly or contact the Group Sales department during regular weekday business hours at group

133、scookmuseum.org or (256) 898-6312.(报名有两种方式:直接到博物馆的宾客服务台，或在工作日正常营业时间内致电groupscookmuseum.org或(256)898-6312与集团销售部联系。)”可知，学员可亲自到宾客服务台报名参加课程。故选B。3. 推理判断题。根据Weather Watchers部分的“With Weather Watchers, participants step into the shoes of meteorologists (气象学家) and learn the formation of local weather events.

134、 Together, they will explore why these local weather events are so important to native animals and plants.(在“天气观察者”项目中，参与者将扮演气象学家的角色，了解当地天气事件的形成。互动演示让参与者在教室里观察云、闪电和风暴的发展。参与者还将共同创建自己的气象站。他们将一起探索为什么这些当地的天气事件对本地动植物如此重要。)”可推知，参与者可以在这个课堂上了解天气背后的秘密。故选D。B篇4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过讲述自己的一次参赛经历来证明鼓

135、励的重要性。4. 细节理解题。根据第二段“As everyone started to use their creative ideas to draw, I was only trying to think of something creative that could express my thoughts and emotions. Lost in my own world, I was brought back to reality when my art teacher called my name from behind.(当每个人都开始用他们的创意来画画时，我只是想一些能表达我

136、想法和情绪的创意。我迷失在自己的世界里，当我的艺术老师从背后呼唤我的名字时，我又回到了现实)”可知，当艺术老师叫作者时，作者正在努力获得一些富有创造力的思路。故选B。5. 推理判断题。根据第二段“As everyone started to use their creative ideas to draw, I was only trying to think of something creative that could express my thoughts and emotions. Lost in my own world, I was brought back to reality

137、 when my art teacher called my name from behind. She came to me and encouraged me, saying, “Dont overthink it, just put whatever comes to your mind on the canvas (画布). Do your best, and you will do well.”(当每个人都开始用他们的创意来画画时，我只是想一些能表达我想法和情绪的创意。我迷失在自己的世界里，当我的艺术老师从背后呼唤我的名字时，我又回到了现实。她走到我面前鼓励我，说：“不要想得太多，只

138、要把你想到的都写在画布上。尽你所能，你就会做得很好。”)”可知，别的学生已经开始画画了，但是作者还在苦苦构思；且艺术老师对作者说：“不要想太多，只要把你想到的东西画在画布上就行了。”这些都说明作者觉得这次比赛对自己来说很难，很有挑战性。故选C。6. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“To my surprise, I heard my name being called second prize. It was a bolt from the blue for me, as I had never dared to dream of winning any prize.(令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自

139、己的名字。这对我来说是bolt from the blue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”,与surprise同义。故选D。7. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Overall, this experience taught me the importance of encouraging others and how a few kind words can make a significant impact on someones life.(总的来说，这段经历教会了我鼓励他人的重要性，以及

140、几句友善的话如何对某人的生活产生重大影响)”以及文章内容可知，作者通过讲述自己的一次参赛经历来证明鼓励的重要性，所以“鼓励的力量”可以作为文章标题。故选A。C篇8. C 9. D 10. C 11. C【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者到非洲做志愿者的工作经历以及感悟。8. 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“Namibia gained independence in 1990”可知，纳米比亚在1990年获得独立，所以在1990年以前纳米比亚是被其他国家统治的，故选C。9. 词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“often barefoot”以及“few possessions”可知，孩子们的生活

141、非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“only one”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。10. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Simply adapting to the living conditions was a big adjustment. ”(仅仅是适应生活条件就需要很大的调整)可知作者适应了当地的生活环境，体现出其适应能力很强。根据“I had no electricity，running water，phone or Internet. Imagine no air conditioning where

142、 the temperature was often above 38 degrees Celsius! ”(没有电，没有自来水，没有电话，也没有互联网。想象一下，没有空调，那里的温度往往高于38摄氏度)可知纳米比亚的生活条件很艰苦，可是作者却能“end each day with a splendid African sunset”(在灿烂的非洲日落中结束每一天)以及“have an incredible pollution-free view of the entire Milky Way”(欣赏瑰丽的银河系)，由此可知，作者是一个非常乐观的人，故选C。11. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“

143、I am extremely grateful that I was sent there”(我很感激被派到那里)以及倒数第二段中的“My experience awakened me to not only the limitations we place on ourselves，but also our amazing ability to adapt.”（我的经历不仅让我意识到我们给自己设置的限制，也让我意识到我们惊人的适应能力）和最后一段内容可知，这段经历让作者意识到走出自己的舒适区并且在另一个环境中挑战自己的极限的重要意义，所以关于这段经历她心存感激。C项中的“challengin

144、g her limits”照应了文中的“awakened me to not only the limitations”，故选C。D篇12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项有可靠证据的研究，动物似乎通过感应空气中的电流来预测地震。科学家通过摄像机记录下地震前后捕捉到的动物行为的变化证明了这一项研究的可靠性。12. 细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in

145、 the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是

146、有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这项研究的。故选D。13. 推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. They are thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized. (科学家认为，这些动物被正离子弄得感觉不舒服，导致它们避开该区域。他们被认为逃到了较低

147、的地面，那里的空气电离程度较低。)”可知，从地震前的动物活动中可以推断出海拔较低的地面电离程度较低。故选A。14. 细节理解题。文章最后一段讲到“Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. (科学家认为，这些动物被正离子弄得感觉不舒服，导致它们避开该区域。)”可知，我们能从文章中了解到动物往往对较多的正离子感到不安。故选B。15. 主旨大意题。主要介绍了一项有可靠证据的研究，动物似乎通过感应空气中的电流来预测地震。科学家通过摄像机记录下地震前后捕捉到的动物行为的变化证明了这一项研究的可靠性。文章第一段讲到“Animal appear to predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air the first study to find reliable evidence of the phenomenon has shown.(动物似乎可以通过感知空气中的电力来预测地震这是第一项发现这种现象可靠证据的研究。)”可知，C项“地震前动物的行为”适合这篇文章的标题。故选C。