专题1.名词考点聚焦和精讲 （原卷版）.docx

1、名词考点聚焦和精讲【中考名词考点聚焦】1.可数名词的单复数； 2.不可数名词；3.专有名词；4.名词所有格；5.名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题6.名词的句法作用；一、可数名词的单复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，表示一个用单数，两个或两个以上用复数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。可数名词复数形式的构成有规则和不规则变化两种：1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table table。. 结尾的词加es。如：classclasses, boxboxe

2、s, dishdishes, benchbenche。.注 少数以o结尾的词,变复数时加es。如：potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes，heroheroes,以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties。以f或fe结尾的名词, 。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives。2名词复数的不规则变化A,元音或词尾发生变化。如：man , woman , tooth , foot , child , mouse 等。B.单复数形式相同。

3、如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。C.形式为单数意思为复数。如：people(人们), police(警察)等。如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如：一个人a people ()；a person() 一名警察a police()；a policeman/policewoman()。D.形式为复数意思为单数。如：physics, mathematics/maths, the United States, Niagara Falls, news, falls等。E.只有复数形式的名词，如：trousers, clothes, chopsticks,

4、 glasses, scissors, compasses等。F.集体名词的数。视为整体时，谓语用单数；视为个体时，谓语用复数。如：family, class, team, group等。G.由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：an Englishman, two Englishmen但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 。由man, woman作定语时，它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定，如：a man worker 等。【注意】其他合成名词，只要把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如：an apple treetwo apple trees; a

5、 shoe shoptwo shoe shops等。H,表示某国人的名词单数变复数遵循以下原则：中日不变，如：ChineseChinese, JapaneseJapanese；英法变，如：Englishman , Frenchman ；其余把s加后面，如：American , German 。二、不可数名词3.不可数名词“量”的表达如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：A.表示不定数量时，不可数名词常用much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any, a bit of, plenty of等表示，常用it来替代。如：The ric

6、h man has a lot of money. / There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass? / I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice.B.不可数名词的数量可借助一个量词来表达，其结构为“数词量词of不可数名词”，不可数名词的复数，是通过把量词变成复数来表达。如：a piece of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat; a bottle/glass of orange/water/milk/juice; a

7、 cup of tea/coffee; a bag of rice 等。two pieces of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat; two bottles/glasses of orange/water/milk/juice; two cups of tea/coffee; three bags of rice 等。三、专有名词4.是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词大致有以下五类。1. 人名：有时与表示称呼、称号或职务的普通名词连用。如：Mr and Mrs Johnson 约翰逊夫妇；Dr. Brown 布朗博士；Lad

8、y Green 格林女士。2. 地名：有些地名常与普通名词连用；有些加定冠词，有些不加定冠词。如：Wall Street 华尔街；Room 201 201房间；Tiananmen Square 天安门广场；the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋；the Alps 阿尔卑斯山。3. 时间名：Sunday 星期日；May 五月；Christmas Day 圣诞节；New Years Day 元旦。4. 报刊名：许多报刊名带定冠词。如：The Saturday Evening Post星期六晚邮报；The Times泰晤士报。5. 单位团体名：单位团体名多含普通名词，有些加定冠词，有些不加定冠

9、词。如：the United Nations 联合国；Class One, Grade Seven 七年级一班四、名词的所有格5、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如： (儿童节), (我姐姐的书)。(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加。如： (教师节)。(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s。 如： (今天的报纸), (十分钟的课间休息), (中国的人口)。(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如： (党的好女儿

10、)。2、注 s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如： (我阿姨家), (诊所)。 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如： bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)。 “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my (我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of (我的一位朋友)。五、名词的句法作用6.1. 作主语：名词作主语时，谓语动词要在人称和数方面和它的主语一致。如：A girl is over there.2. 作宾语：I have a computer.3. 作表语：My father is a teacher.4. 作定语：The

11、 school library was built last year.(1) 一般情况：名词作定语时要用单数形式。如：an apple treetwo apple trees。(2) 特殊情况：man, woman作定语时，它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定。如：a man workertwo men workers, a woman doctorfour women doctors等。(3) sports 作定语修饰名词时，总是用复数形式。如：a sports meeting 一次运动会。(4) 与数词合成形容词作定语。如：ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old

12、girl, a seven-day holiday。5. 作宾补：Tom made his brother a kite .6. 作同位语：We students must study hard. 六、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题1、谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：1.The computer a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明。)2.The water in the glass very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷。)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group,

13、row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,Class Three a very good class.(三班是好班。)Class Three a map of China.(三班有张中国地图。)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。1.There a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊。)2.There are some in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊。)4、maths, new

14、s等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数，The news very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋。)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。The trousers very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买。)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。1.A lot of students playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球。) 2.A lot of time wasted on

15、 that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上。) 7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。1.The teacher and his son picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果。) 2.Fish and chips very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品。)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。There a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子。)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓

16、语一般用复数。如：Both you and I required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来。)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。A woman with a 7-year-old child standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边。)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：1.Either you or he right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) 2.Neither

17、you nor I going there.(你和我都不打算去那里。) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。1.Two months not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间。)2.Two thousand kilometers quite a long distance.(两千千米是相当长的一段距离。)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,1.Over three quarters of the information on the Internet

18、 in English.(网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的。) 2.A third of the students playing near the lake.( 三分之一的学生(当时)正在湖边玩耍。) 3.All of the water in these rivers been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了。)但是, population一词又有特殊情况： What the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)Three quarters of the population in this city Arabs.(这个城市四分之三的

19、人口是阿拉伯人。)(句子用复数)七、名词词义辧析名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中，通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义，然后作出正确的选择。近年来，这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一。常用易混名词辨析1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：1.People all around the world enjoy .(全世界的人都喜爱运动。

20、) 2.The 2008 Olympic was held in Beijing.(2008奥运会在北京举行。)3.Our school football team won the league .(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军。) 4.They were strong and won the boat .(他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛。)2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday“假日、休息日”,指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休

21、息。1.The Shanghai Television will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行。) 2.Sunday is a and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作。) 3.What are you going to do during the summer ?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往

22、返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。1.He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行。),2.He has gone on a walking .(他步行观光去了。)3.He took several to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次。) 4.Did you go to Santiago during your ?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)5. through thick forests is

23、 dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的。)4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：1.The of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠。) 2.All of a sudden there was the of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫。) 3.The singer has lost her ringing as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃

24、般的嗓音。)题组1名词语法填空1.If youre looking for some birthday gifts, here is my (suggest).2.One of my (cousin) went over to her house and taught her how to use it.3.The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my(son) room. 4.In 1920, the (world) first three-color traffic light was put to use. 5.I was afr

25、aid to ask questions because of my poor (pronounce). 6. A Christmas Carol was written to make every reader think about how they could make a (different) to their society. 7.Bye added that summer camps are important to both kids and (parent).8.At her first concert, she played in a band with many (adu

26、lt).9.He was one of the most cheerful (man) in the world.10.Ill bring you back some (present). 11.The children also learn many (skill) like how to live in the wild.12.(2018绍兴,46)How sweet these (grape)taste!13.I gave my speech in front of the whole grade, promising my(classmate)that if they chose me

27、, Id start a football team.14.The nurses in the hospital take good care of their(patient).题组2名词拼写1.M is the fifth month of the year in the Western calendar.2.As the saying goes, “An a a day keeps the doctor away.”3.The sun rises in the e and sets in the west.4.Yuan Longping, the “Father of Hybrid Ri

28、ce”, won many (奖) for his rice research.5.According to the latest census(人口普查), China has a p of 1,411.78 million. 6.Traditional Chinese (药)has been playing an important role in treating COVID-19.7.Its hoped that all (成员)of the public will help to locate themincluding you.8.“Ancient trees are as muc

29、h a part of our heritage(遗产)as works of (艺术),” explains Jeremy Evans of the Woodland Trust.9.They got him to the back of the line and three big (女士) said they would watch him and stop him going forward.10.So far, China has built nearly 600,000 cultural centers in (村庄).11.Raquels from two countries a

30、nd has experience and (知识)of two cultures.12.A few weeks before we left home, there was much (雨)in the area we were going to.13.Reading and listening to light music are good (选择).14.I plan to go abroad to celebrate my twentieth birthday in (八月).15.His team had lost the game because of him. He felt l

31、ike there was a heavy w on his shoulders as he walked home alone.16.My friend came over last night to watch the v of the football match that Id recorded.17.Liu Chuanjian is considered a (英雄) because he safely landed the damaged plane.18.For example, if the runner runs one(千米),the providers each give

32、 the runner $1 for the charity.题组3选择题1（2023湖北十堰统考中考真题）How did you fix up the machine, dad?Its easy. I just followed the _.AinstructionsBinventionsCinterviewsDinfluences2（2023山东青岛统考中考真题）Before flying a plane, a _ must take a lot of training.ApolicemanBmusicianCnurseDpilot3（2023山东东营统考中考真题）What goes up

33、, but never comes down? Your _, of course.AageBwealthCweightDtemperature4（2023江苏徐州中考真题）Of all the _, I love summer best.AseasonsBsubjectsCcoloursDhobbies5（2023辽宁丹东统考中考真题）Marys parents are interested in _, so they often take her to concerts.AsportsBmusicCscienceDmovies6（2023四川雅安统考中考真题）Nancy, please t

34、ake your _ with you to school. Its raining heavily.AcupBwatchCumbrellaDdictionary7（2023湖北恩施中考真题）Miss Li, happy Teachers Day! Here is a flower for you.Wow! Thanks for your _.ApresentBhelpCquestion8（2023江苏宿迁统考中考真题）The girls beautiful pronunciation caught our _ in yesterdays English speech competition.

35、 Yes, many students couldnt help cheering for her.AconditionBattentionCinventionDposition9（2023辽宁抚顺统考中考真题）I wish you to have good _ and get good grades.AchalkBspaceCluckDmusic10（2023吉林长春统考中考真题）John Smith often looks through the news about _ to know whats on in the cinema.AfilmsBmusicCbooksDweather11

36、（2023辽宁沈阳统考中考真题）Betty is crazy about music. Her dream is to be a _.AscientistBpainterCmusicianDwriter12（2023江苏泰州中考真题）Good news! The Chinese women table tennis team won a gold and a silver again.Great! No matter who wins the medals, it is the _ of our country.ApriceBpioneerCprideDpain13（2023四川遂宁中考真题）

37、Which movie would you like to watch, Tracy? Umits hard to make a _.AsurveyBchoiceCcallDwish14（2023辽宁统考中考真题）Thanks to the teachers help, I solved all the _ easily.AchancesBproblemsChabitsDgrades15（2023黑龙江牡丹江统考中考真题）Although our school life is a little busy, it is full of _.ApainBsadnessClaughter16（202

38、3辽宁营口中考真题）Scientists who are full of _ always come up with new ideas and bring great changes to our life.AinstructionBinstrumentCinventionDintroduction17（2023吉林统考中考真题）Li Wei likes science and his dream is to be a _ like Tu Youyou.AscientistBsingerCdriver18（2023湖北鄂州统考中考真题）Tom always reads for an hour

39、 every day.Thats a good _.AhabitBdreamCtimeDwish19（2023黑龙江齐齐哈尔统考中考真题）Chinese scientists have made great _ in space technology recently.AinformationBprogressCknowledge20.（2023四川乐山统考中考真题）Have you heard about the car _ near the school? Yes. Luckily, no one was seriously hurt.AaccidentBparkCclub21（2023广

40、西统考中考真题）My mother is a _ in Zhongshan Hospital. She has saved many peoples lives.AsingerBdoctorCwriter22（2023福建统考中考真题） How is the _ today? Its hot. You dont need to wear the coat.AweatherBtrafficCprice23（2023湖北荆州统考中考真题）What can you learn from Journey to the West?I learn that we should have enough _

41、to overcome the difficulties in our life.AdangerBsuccessCcourageDexcitement24（2023湖南郴州统考中考真题）My parents took me to the amusement park on _ Day. There were so many exciting things to do there.AChildrensBChildrenCChilds25（2023湖北孝感统考中考真题）Can you give me some _ on learning English well?Sure. Watching En

42、glish programs is a good way.AnewsBadviceCdecisionsDmessages26（2023青海统考中考真题）A taxi driver prevented (阻止) an _ when he saw a car with serious problems travelling across Huangnan.AaccidentBinterviewCadvertisement27（2023山东菏泽统考中考真题）What club do you want to join?I want to join a _ club. I can sing and da

43、nce.AsportsBmusicCchess题组4 语法选择It was the districts sports meet. My 1 still hadnt recovered (痊愈) from an earlier injury. I had questioned whether or not I should attend the meet. But there I was, ready for the 2 run.“Ready.set.” The gun sounded and we were off. The other 3 rushed ahead of me. I felt

44、 ashamed as I fell farther and farther behind.“Hooray!” the crowd shouted. It was the loudest cheer I had ever heard at a meet.The first-place 4 was two laps (圈) ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.“Maybe I should give up,” I thought as I ran. However, I kept going. During the last two l

45、aps, I ran in 5 and decided not to race next year, even if my foot had healed by then.When I finished, I heard louder 6. I turned around and saw that the boys were preparing for their own run. “They must be cheering for the 7,” I thought.I was leaving the meet when several girls came up to me. “Wow,

46、 youve shown a lot of 8!” One of them told me. “We were cheering for you. Did you hear us?”I had hope again and decided to stick to the run the next year. I realized that 9 and courage arent always measured (衡量) in medals or victories, but in the 10 we overcome. The strongest people are not always t

47、hose who win, but those who dont give up, even when they are losing.1.A.footB.feetC.handsD.hand2.A.3,000 meterB.3,000 metersC.3,000-metersD.3,000-meter3.A.girlB.girlsC.boyD.boys4.A.runnerB.runnersC.runnersD.runners5.A.painB.painsC.joyD.joys6.A.cheerB.cheersC.noisesD.noise7.A.boyB.boysC.girlD.girls8.

48、A.courageB.couragesC.successD.successes9.A.failureB.failuresC.strengthD.strengths10.A.trouble B.troublesC.difficulty D.difficulties题组5 短文填空A video star gets a job promoting tourismTamdrin is a Sichuan man at the1of 20.He became famous unexpectedly after a photographer posted a 2of him on Douyin in 2

49、020. In the video, he wore a traditional costume and smiled in front of the 3. Many netizens were attracted by his good 4 and innocent (天真无邪的) smile. They said that Tamdrin had “stars” in his eyes and that his 5 was “angelic and comforting”.On November 19th, Tamdrin posted his first video on his own

50、 Douyin account. He introduced his white 6 in broken Mandarin. He said that his favorite hobby was horse riding. The video was viewed by more than 14 million people and attracted more than 1.8 million followers in one day.Tamdrin has been given a 7 promoting tourism in Sichuan Provinces Litang County by a company. He will get a monthly 8 of 3,500 yuan as well as insurance and subsidies.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.