专题11 必修二各单元语法点总结-2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识 基本能力双清（译林版2020）.docx

1、专题11 必修二各单元语法点总结-2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清（译林版2020）必修二Unit1 语法：主谓一致知识点1 语法一致原则语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上必须一致，即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。这一原则主要适用于以下几种情况：1、不可数名词或可数名词单数形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可数名词的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例句：（1）Every part is to be carefully checked before they are put together. 组装之前，每一个部件都要仔细检查。（2）A big part

2、of the corn is used to feed chickens,pigs and cattle in that country. 在那个国家，一大部分玉米被用来喂鸡、猪和牛。（3）These toys are designed for children under three years old. 这些玩具是为三岁以下的儿童设计的。2. 复合不定代词 anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,nothing 及不定代词either,each 等在句中作主语时，谓语动词

3、用单数形式。例句：（1）Everyone is ready for the sports meeting. 每个人都为运动会做好准备了。（2）Everything is in a complete mess,which drives people crazy. 所有的事情都乱成一团，让人发疯。3. 单个的动词不定式（短语）、v-ing (短语）或主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句：（1）Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day. 听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。（2）When they could finish

4、the task is not known yet. 他们何时能完成这项任务还未知。4. 由 as well as,along with,together with,with,rather than,but,except,besides,in addition to,like,including 等连接两部分名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与（短语）介词前面的主语保持一致。例句：（1）The teacher as well as the students likes the painting. 老师和学生们都喜欢这幅画。（2）Tom,along with his friends,goes skat

5、ing every Saturday. 每个星期六，汤姆都和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。5. many a (n) (许多）more than one(不止一个）可数名词单数作主语时，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。例句：（1）Many a parent has had to go through this painful process. 很多父母都不得不经历了这一段痛苦的过程。（2）More than one person is against the proposal. 不止一个人反对这个提议。6. one of+可数名词复数后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式；而the

6、 (only) one of+可数名词复数后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。例句：（1）He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai. 他是那些去过上海的学生中的一个。（2）He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai. 他是那些学生中唯一一个去过上海的。7. 在It+is/was+被强调部分that/who. . . 结构中，如被强调部分是主语，that/who后的谓语动词与被强调部分的人称、数保持一致。例句：It is they who have

7、worked there for five years. 是他们在那里工作了五年。知识点2意义一致原则这一原则是指从意着眼来解决主谓一致问题。主语所表达的单复数概念并不总是根据主语的形式来确定，有时要根据它所表达的意义来确定。意义一致原则主要适用于以下几种情况：1. and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果and 所连接的两个单数名词指的是同一个人、同一件事或表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式，这时and 后面的名词前不加冠词。例句：（1）The owner and the editor-in-chief of the newspaper are to attend

8、the conference. 这家报纸的业主和主编将参加这次会议。（2）The knife and fork is on the desk. 这套刀叉在桌子上。（3）The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk. 那位老师兼作家将要给我们做一次报告。 2.all,none,some,any 等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词的数根据其指代的内容而定。例句：（1）All are here and all is ready. 所有的人都已到，一切就绪。（2）All who have studied this question have come t

9、o the same conclusion. 所有研究过这个问题的人都得出同样的结论。（3）None have arrived yet. 还无人到来。（4）None is more qualified for the task than him. 没有人比他更适合执行这项任务了。3all/most/half/the rest of+名词代词或”分数百分数名词代词作主语时，若名词或代词表示单数概念或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式；若表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式。a number of. . . (许多。)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of. . . (.的数量）作主语时，

10、谓语动词用单数形式。例句：（1）The rest of the buildings were easy to get to and the rest of his time was spent in enjoying the beautiful scenes. 其余的建筑物并不难到达，他剩下的时间都用在欣赏美景上了。（2）He got back home,finding that some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 他回到家，发现一些糖散落在地上。（3）The number of people invited was fifty,but a

11、number of them were absent for different reasons. 邀请的人数是50, 但很多人因不同的原因没来。4. 表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时常被当作一个整体来看待，谓语动词常用单数形式，但为了强调数量之多，也可用复数形式。例句：（1）Twenty kilometers is quite a long distance. 20千米是相当长的一段距离。（2）Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time. 那时50美元对我来说是一大笔钱。5. 集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题（1) 有的集体

12、名词表示复数含义，作主语时谓语通常也用复数形式，比如 cattle,people,police等。例1：How many people were at the meeting? 有多少人参加了会议？例2：The cattle are grazing at the foot of the hill. 牛群正在山脚下吃草。（2) 有的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。若视为整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调集体中的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式，比如：family,class,audience,team,group,band,committee (委员会）等。强调整体，谓语动词

13、用单数：例3：There was a big audience at the evening party. 晚会上观众很多。例4：Class One suggests a second visit to the Great Wall. 一班提议第二次游览长城。例5：The football team is being reorganized. 这支足球队正在重组。强调成员，谓语动词用复数：例1：The audience were all deeply impressed by the plot. 故事情节给观众留下了极为深刻的印象。例2：Class One are all out on the

14、 playground to cheer for the athletes. 一班的同学都到操场上为运动员加油去了。例3：The committee agree to discuss the proposal at the next meeting. 委员们同意在下次会议中讨论该建议。（3) 有的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式，比如clothing,equipment,furniture,jewellery,poetry等。例1：The furniture in this room has been made to order. 这个房间的家具是定做的。例2：All their cl

15、othing is bright and attractive. 他们所有的衣朋都颜色鲜艳，引人注目。例3：Most of their equipment has been shipped ahead of schedule他们的大部分设备已提前运走了。特别提醒单复数形式相同的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式应根据其表达的意义来确定。这类名词有means,deer,fish,sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。Every means has been tried. 每一个方法都试过了。Not all means are useful. 并非所有的方法都有用。6. the +形容词分

16、词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式。The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后，村民救了伤员。知识点3：就近原则含义：这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数往往与其最近的主语保持一致。该原则有以下几种情况：1.either.or., or,neither.nor., not only. but also. ,not. but.等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和和数由最靠近谓语动词的名词或代词决定。例1：Are you or he god at English?是你还是他擅长英语?例2：Not only the students bu

17、t also the teacher wants to go climbing.不仅学生想去爬山，老师也想。2.there be句型中的be动词应与离其最近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。例1：There is a pen,two books and many pencils on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和许多铅笔。例2：There are two books,a pen and many pencils on the desk.桌上有两本书、一支钢笔和许多铅笔。语法专练：1. It is important to remember that success_(be)the

18、 sum of small efforts made each day and often_(take)years to achieve.2.Listening to loud music at rock concerts_(have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.3.Actually,the garden,as well as the trees around it,_(belong)to a man living across the street.4.Nobody but those invited by Dr Li_(allow)to e

19、nter the patients room.5.Two fifths of the land in that district_ (be)covered by trees and grass.6.The majority of students in my school_(be)admitted to famous universities every year.7.Buses were not able to run normally on the roads because of_(be) the heavy snow and more than one student late for

20、 school that morning.8.Five years_(pass)since they met last time,and_(be)really a long time. for them,five years9.Nowadays,cycling,along with jogging and swimming,_(regard)as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.10.The committee_made up of 20 members who_experts in medicine.(be)【答案】1. is;take

21、s 2. has 3.belongs 4. was/is allowed 5. is/was 6. are7. was 8. has/have passed; is/are 9. is regarded 10. is; are必修二Unit2 语法：现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态现在进行时的被动语态1.现在进行时的被动语态的形式现在进行时的被动语态的形式肯定式am/is/are + being done否定式am/is/are + not +being done一般疑问式Am/ls/Are+主语+being done特殊疑问式疑问词+is/are +主语being done【例题精讲】Thi

22、s film is_ (show)now.Some animals _(没有被保护)well enough at present.Is the car _(repair)?-Yes, it is. Where is the machine being repaired?In the factory.【答案】1.being shown；are not being protected；being repaired2.现在进行时的被动语态的用法表示正在进行或正在发生的被动动作。My bedroom_(paint)now.表示现阶段或目前这段时间正在进行的被动动作,但这一被动动作在此时此刻不一定正在发

23、生。The bridge_(build)by the workers from Shandong Province.少数及物动词的进行时表示按计划、安排将要承受某个动作。A concert is being held tonight.be + under/in/on +n.可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。The telephone is _use. = The telephone is being used.Many new products are _show.= Many new products are being shown.与情态动词连用,表示对现在正在发生的被动行为的推测。-Do

24、 you know what John is doing ?-He is ill. He may _ (examine)by the doctor.注意短语动词变为被动语态时,短语中的介词或副词不能省掉,应当看成一个整体。 The children _ (正在被照顾)here.【答案】is being painted is being built in；on be being examined are being taken good care of现在完成时的被动语态1.现在完成时的被动语态的形式现在完成时的被动语态的形式肯定式主语+ have/has +been + done否定式主语+h

25、ave/has + not + been done般疑问式Have/Has+主语+been+ done特殊疑问式疑问词+have/has+主语been+done【例题精讲】This book _ (translate)into many languages. 这本书已被翻译成多种语言。She_ (tell)about it yet. 她还没有被告知这件事。【答案】1.has been translated ；has not been told2.现在完成时的被动语态的用法表示被动的动作发生在过去，强调对现在造成的影响和结果。The door has been locked. 门锁上了。表示一个

26、被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能将持续下去,常与for a time、since、how long等时间状语连用。 The child_(take good care of)by his grandma all these years.这孩子这些年来一直受到他奶奶的照顾。【答案】has been taken care of3.使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词，即have/has和been，两者缺一不可。注意其与一般过去时的被动语态的区别。一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去某个时间，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时的被动语态的动

27、作或状态尽管发生在过去,但强调该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。The house_(build)last year.这房子是去年建的。The house has been built. We can move in.【答案】was built由finish、buy、start、begin、return、borrow、join、marry、open等短暂性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思,则需改换动词或时态。误How long has this book been bought?正 How long ago was this book bough

28、t?语法专练：1.All his money _(use) up and he has to borrow some.2. Look out！You _(follow) by a stranger3.-The window is dirty.-I know. It_(not clean) for weeks.4. Paper money _(use) for over nine hundred years.5.-Have you moved into the new house?-Not yet. The rooms_(paint)6.The boy_(在被教)how to cook fish

29、 by his mother now.7. Every boy and every girl_(被对待) equally in China now.8.The story_(被翻译成) several languages so far.9. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat_(被收割).10. No agreement_(被达成) so far by the two sides.11. We wont start the work until all the

30、preparations_(被做好).12. Our manager_(正在被采访) by a reporter in the next meeting room now.13. Can I use your computer? Mine_(在被修) at present.【答案】1.has been used 2. are being followed 3.hasnt been cleaned 4.has been used; 5are being painted 6.is being taught 7.is being treated 8.has been translated; 9.ha

31、s been cut 10. has been reached; 11 have been made 12.is being interviewed; 13.is being repaired.必修二Unit3语法：过去将来时1. 表示就过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 2. 过去将来时常用于间接引语或宾语从句中，当主句谓语动词用过去时态时。He said he would go to the north for the holiday. 他说他将去北方去度假。They wanted to know when you would finish the article. 他们想知道什

32、么时候你会完成这篇文章。3. 过去将来还可用下列形式来表达，但含义有所不同：1）was/were going to do：常用于口语中，表示预言、意图或打算等。We were just going to leave when Jean fell down on the floor. 我们正打算离开这时Jean摔倒在地上。I was going to visit the factory but in the end I went to the country. 我当时打算去参观工厂的，但最终我去乡下了。2）was /were about to do：常用来表示即将发生的动作“刚要/正要做某事”。

33、When she was about to go out of the house, she looked back to see if the lights were off.当她正要走出房间的时候，她回头看灯是否关了。I was about to sit down when the telephone rang. 我正要座下这时电话响了。3）start, go, come, leave, see, meet类动词的过去进行时：表示就过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作。I didnt know that they were coming until this morning. 直到今天上午我才知

34、道他们要来。He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night. 他在忙着打包，因为那天晚上要离开。4） was/were to do：表示“曾计划干什么”，如果表示“本来计划干什么，动作没实现”，则需用 “was /were to have done”。She said she was to tell me about the accident. 她说她计划把事故的事告诉我。She said she was to have told me about the accident. 她说她本来想告诉我事故的事的。必修二Unit4语法：情态动词英语

35、里常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, should, ought to, must, shall, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better等。 1 can和couldcan（1）表示能力，一般译为“能、会，相当于be able to”，尤其指生来具备的能力。Shecanswim fast, but Icant.她会游泳，但我不会。注意：在一般过去时里，could表示能力和很小的可能性，而was/were able to do则表示成功地做某事。（2）表示许可，在口语中可换may。Youcanuse

36、 my dictionary.你可以使用我的词典。（3）表示推测，译为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中(肯定句中用must)，此时cant译为不可能；Canthe news be true?这个消息可能是真的吗？Itcantbe our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall.不可能是我们老师，他在参观长城呢。Itcanthave rained last nightbecause the ground is not wet.(cant可换couldnt,用couldnt更委婉).因为地上不湿，昨夜一定没有下雨。(cant/couldnt have

37、 done表示对过去发生事情语气很强的否定推测；must have done表示对过去发生事情语气很强的肯定推测)could(1) can的过去式，译为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。Hecouldwrite poems when he was 10 years old.他十岁的时候就会写诗了。（2）could在疑问句中，表示委婉请求的语气，没有过去的意思。Couldyou do me a favor?你可以帮我一个忙吗？（3）could在虚拟语气里，表示正话反说、惋惜等语气。Youcouldfinish the task if you did it right away.如果你马上做，你就能完成

38、这个任务。Your compositioncouldhave been written well if you had written it carefully.如果你细心写的话，你的文章本可以写得很好。另外，must have done的否定和疑问形式只能使用could have done的形式来表示。2 may和mightmay（1）表示请求、许可，比can要正式MayI borrow your bike?我可以借用你的自行车吗？Youmaygo home now.你现在可以回家了。表示可能性，译为“可能、或许”，一般用于肯定句中。Itmayrain tomorrow.明天可能会下雨。（3

39、）表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”，通常是用may+主+动词Mayyou have a good time!祝你玩的愉快Mayyou succeed!祝你成功！might（1）might是may的过去式，用于表示过去的可能性；might也可以用于现在表示可能性，低于may，没有过去的意思。He is away from school. Hemightbe sick.他离开学校了，也许是病了。must have done的语气很强，如果要表示弱和较弱的语气，可以把must换成may和might。His room is locked. He might have gone to town.

40、他的门锁着。他或许进城了。might have done还可以用于对过去情况的虚拟，解释为：本可以。如：If you had come ten minutes earlier, you might have asked him for help. 3 must和needmust（1）must表示主观看法，译为“必须”Youmuststay here until I come back.你必须待在这里，直到我回来。MustI hand in my homework right now ?我现在必须要交作业吗？（2）对must引导的疑问词，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt或者dont h

41、ave toMustI finish my homework?我必须完成作业吗？No, youneednt.不，你不必。have to=must，have to表示客观上的必须。如：Its raining heavily now. I have to stay at home.（3）must也可以表示推测，译为“一定、肯定”，用于肯定句。The light is on, so hemustbe at home now.灯开着，所以他现在一定在家。表示对过去的推测，用must have done，用于肯定句。Itmusthave rained last nightbecause the grou

42、nd is wet.因为地上湿的，昨夜一定下雨了。（4）否定形式mustnt表示禁止、绝不许。Youmustntplay with fire.你不许玩火。Youmustntbe late.你不许迟到。must表示肯定的判断、推测时,反意疑问句的构成形式：当must表示肯定的判断、推测时，其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。Shemusthave seen the film, hasnt she?她一定看过这部电影，难道没有吗？Youmusthave met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday, didnt you?你昨天一定在商店看到王叔叔了，难道没有吗？He

43、mustbewatering the flowers now, is he?他一定在给花浇水，是吗？need（1）need表示需要，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，有时也可以用在肯定句中。其否定形式neednt译为不必；用need提问时，肯定回答用must；否定回答用neednt或dont have to；There is only ten minutes left. You need hurry up. NeedI stay here any longer?我需要待在这里吗？肯定：Yes, youmust.是的，你必须。否定：No, youneednt./dont have to.不，你不必。（2

44、）need还可以作实义动词(行为动词)，此时有人称、数和时态的变化，如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。Ineedto do it right now.我需要现在做这件事。如果是物作主语，一般用need doing与need to be done。这种情况下应注意两点：1）主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；2）该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变；The doorneedspainting.=The doorneeds to bepainted.门需要被油漆。另外，英语中有一个很有用的短语neednt have done，表示过去做了本不必做的事情。该短语只有否定形式。

45、Ineednthave taken my raincoat with me because it was sunny yesterday.昨天天气很好，我本不必把雨衣带在身边。 4 daredare译为“敢、敢于”，用法近似于need，有两种词性。dare作为情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句或者条件句中，只有一般现在时和一般过去时。Darehe tell them what he knows?他敢告诉他们他知道的事情吗？Idarentask her. Will you do it for me?我不敢问她。你可以帮我问吗？dare作为实义动词(行为动词)时有人称、时态、单复数的变化。He doe

46、sntdare tobreak his promise.他不敢违背承诺。 5 should 和shallshould（1）should译为“应该”，可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任、按照常理应该等。在名词性从句里，should do还可以表示“惶恐、惊讶”的语气。should译为“应该”，表示劝告、建议、义务、责任、按照常理应该等时，可以换成ought to或be supposed to。Weshouldprotect the environment.我们应该保护环境。Itshouldbe quiet in a hospital.医院里应该很安静。Its strange that the girl

47、 (should) marry so early.这个女孩这么早结婚，真令人惊异。在名词性从句里，should do表示“建议，惶恐、惊讶”的语气时。should常省略。Its important that we (should) read English every day.Its surprising that he (should) not know his mistake.（2）should have done译为“本应该做某事而没做”，表示对过去动作的责备、批评。Youshould have finishedyour homework yesterday.你本应该昨天完成作业的。（实

48、际上没有）（3）should have done还可表示过去就应该做或过去居然做了某事。Heshould have taken the chair awaywithout the hosts admission.没有得到主人的同意，他居然把椅子拿走了。Heshould have beenat themeeting because he was interested in the issue.他对这个问题感兴趣，他应该参会了。should作为助动词，是“shall”的过去式，表示“将”的意思，主语只能是第一人称。如：We told them that we should(would) do ou

49、r best to help them.shall（1）shall表示征求对方意见，多用于第一、三人称。Shallwe go out for a walk?我们出去散步好吗？Shallthe driver wait outside?司机在外面等好吗？（2）shall表示承诺、命令的语气时，多用于第二、三人称。You shallhave a present on your birthday.你生日那天会有个礼物。When the headmaster comes, no oneShalltalk.校长来时，任何人不许说话。可以这样总结：shall作为情态动词，主要表示说话者“承诺、命令、请求”的

50、语气。这种语气不是句子主语的语气，是讲话者的语气。 6 will和wouldwill表示意愿、意志、打算、总是等意思，可用于各种人称。在一般过去时里，will变成would,也表示意愿、意志、打算、总是等意思，也可用于各种人称。尤其would表示过去总是这个意思时，可以和used to互换。注意：“will”和“would”解释为“将”这个意思时，不是情态动词，是助动词，帮助构成将来时。If its possible, he will talk for hours.如果可能的话，他会滔滔不绝谈上几个小时。No matter how hardI push the door. Itwontopen

51、.不管我怎么推,门总是不开。 7 had betterhad better译为“最好”，没有人称的变化，后面接不带to的不定式，其否定形式为had better not；Wehad bettergo now.我们最好现在去。had better可以换成:may as well或might as well.注意：几个“情态动词+have done”的短语，也就是常说的“情态动词的完成式”。1. can/could/may/might have +done sth.表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生过的事情；是must have+done sth的否定、疑问和语气弱化的表达。Philipcan/co

52、uld/may/might have beenhurt seriously in the car accident.菲利普在车祸中可能受到很严重的伤。2.must have+done sth.对过去时间里发生过的事情的推测，语气强，译为“肯定、一定做过某事”Shemust have goneby bus.她一定是乘公交车去的。3.should/ought to have done sth.本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做，否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。Youought to /should have beenmore careful in this experiment.你在试验中本应该更小心

53、的。（实际上没有）Heought not to have thrownthe old clothes away.他本不应该扔掉旧衣服的。（实际上扔了）4.neednt have done sth.本没必要做某事却做了I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineednt have doneso. The weather was hot.我为了这次旅行穿的很暖和。但是我本没有必要这样做的，天气很热。5.would like to have done sth.过去本想做某事而没做Iwould like to have readthe article, but I was very busy then.我本想阅读这篇文章的，但是那个时候我太忙了。