2021届高考英语一轮复习 考点52 书面表达之概要写作（特征分析与写作策略）考点归纳.docx

1、考点34 概要写作（试题特征与写作策略）一、命题分析【命题意图】 选材特点（1）所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；（2）所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的正确性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。【命题特点】概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意

2、，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。【得分技巧】1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是

3、写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构

4、上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。二、解答策略概要写作要求读懂所给的阅读材料，用自己的语言高度概括文章的主要内容和观点，有三个步骤：（一）通读全文，把握核心1.把握文章体裁。概要写作的前提是要理解原文。首先，通读原文，把握文章体裁、中心思想和整体结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍，可以从以下方面的内容(见下表)入手。不同体裁文章的要点2.画出主题句或关键词，主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。在找到主题句后，要分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词（组）如动词、名词等。3.整合概括大意。根据阅读时获取的信息、主题句或关键词(组)等，对相关的内容进行整合

5、，理清各层次、要点之间的关系，用自己的语言把词(组)扩展成句，归纳出各段落的大意，也就是表达的要点。（二）精选主题，展开写作概要写作不是对原文的简单复述，而是在透彻理解原文的基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。注意以下几点：1.准确。准确理解原文包括对原文中每个要点及与之相关的“一些重要论据，句子的理解等。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。概要写作的时态顺应与原文的时态，顺序一致。由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称概要写作一般都要用第三人称。2.客观。在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法

6、掺杂进去，不要使用“ I think”和“ I believe”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用 determine代替“ make up ones mind”;用 therefore和to等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“ as a result”和“ in order to”等。3.简洁。由于概要写作的词数有限，所以，可以采取削“枝”去“叶”的方法来减少词数。通常的方法是去掉原文中的一些实例、冗长的说明、描述性的修饰

7、语以及省略或简化图表，删除直接引语的对话。如果必须保留某些重要的对话，可将其改为间接引语的形式，即把对话体变为叙述体；或采用主谓缩写( we arewere；they willtheyll)，句式省略( when he crossed the road= when crossing the road)，合并句子，使用简单句、并列句，with的复合结构，适当使用复合句等方法来进行概要写作。4.连贯。连接词是内容概要的桥梁，它在句与句或段与段之间起铺垫的作用，能够把内容概要有机地串联起来，确保行文流畅，衔接紧凑。因此，概要写作哪怕只有一个段落，也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示

8、顺序关系的“ firstly” secondly“ finally”；表示并列关系的“ besides”“ in addition”等；表示总结关系的“ to sum up”“in conclusion”等，使所写的内容概要衔接紧密，条理清楚。（三）检查核对，要点齐全检查时，考生要注意以下几点：1.查。查一查要点是否全面；查人称与时态是否正确；查衔接是否连贯；查是否有直接照抄原文的句子；查拼写和语法是否有误；查标点符号及大小写是否正确；等等。2.数。数一数内容概要的词数是否符合要求，并标出概要写作的总词数。三、概括方法1.定时态如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本

9、时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如：The passage tells us that.2.定人称一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)3.定技巧结合相关技巧，重新组句。1)同义替换法I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt catch any fish_ I was not patient.2)正话反说法You will fail. = You will _.3)词性转换法Patience is very important. Patience

10、is of _ .4)句式变化法语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.Children should _ more praise.简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _ will help them learn faster.5)连词衔接法使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for,

11、therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。We should encourage children. We should not scold them.We should encourage children_ scolding. 6) 词序改变法4.常规的实用技巧。Skill1: Omit (省略) the detailsSkill2: Omit the repetitionsSkill3: Omit the examplesSkill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words )S

12、kill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech5.几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要Like many n

13、ew graduates, I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. My degree, with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical. I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow, but I had no idea how to do that. That

14、s when I learned about the lighthouse Project .I started my journey as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers. I knew it would be a lot of hard work, and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time. In short,

15、 I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family.Eventually, however, I won the support of my family, and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application. After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and su

16、rvive the test alone. Several months later, I finally received a call asking me to report for duty. I would be going to a small village near Abuja, Nigeria. Where? What? Nigeria? I had no idea. But I was about to find out .After completing my training, I was sent to the village that was small and de

17、sperately in need of proper accommodation. Though the local villagers were poor， they offered their homes， hearts， and food as if I were their own family. I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse. For the next year or so, I taught in that same schoolhouse. But I

18、 sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me .Sometime during that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and Ireturned to the United States a different man. T

19、he lighthouse project had changed my life forever.【文本理解】本文是一篇记叙文，全文共五段。第一段讲述作者大学毕业后，对未来充满希望但又不知该如何实现自己的抱负，直到他接触了“灯塔计划”。第二段接着叙述作者为申请做“灯塔计划”志愿者所做的准备。第三段中，作者赢得家人的支持，在激烈的竞争中，脱颖而出成为“灯塔计划”的一员。第四段描述作者成为志愿者后，被派往尼日利亚阿布贾的一个小村庄的生活与工作情况。第五段是作者感悟“灯塔计划”对其人生的影响。【写作思路】概要写作基本按照两步走，一是解读文本，二是遣词成文。解读文本本文的体裁是记叙文，叙述作者申请当

20、“灯塔计划”的志愿者，经过重重考核被选中以及被派去尼日利亚阿布贾的一个小村庄工作的经历。这段经历让作者学到了许多，改变了他的人生。结合记叙文文体特点，将主题句直观归纳法和关键词整合归纳法相结合，对文本的主旨大意进行梳理解读。文章第一段介绍事件的背景，描述事情发生的人物、时间，以及事情的起因。通过整合关键词“ graduates；hope；no real idea；make a difference；the Lighthouse project”可归纳出段落大意“A university graduate， hoping to make a difference， had no real ide

21、a of what to do until he learned about the Lighthouse Project.”。第二段描写事件的发展，即作者为申请做“灯塔计划”的志愿者所做的准备。根据本段的倒数第二句“ In short”，可知该句是对本段前文内容的总结。第三段进一步描述事件的发展，讲述作者赢得家人的支持，在激烈的竞争中成功地成为了“灯塔计划”的志愿者。所以，通过整合关键词“ the support of my family；stood out”可归纳出段落大意“I won the support of my family and after fierce competitio

22、n， I stood out.”。第四段描写作者成为志愿者后，被派往尼日利亚阿布贾的生活与工作情况。本段的关键词为“sent；village；school house；teach”。通过整合关键词，可归纳出段落大意“ I was sent to a village， where I taught in a schoolhouse I had built with some villagers.”。第五段讲述作者对此次经历的感悟，本段的最后一句话是主题句“ The lighthouse project had changed my life forever.”整理成文概要的整体表述从who/wh

23、at进行把握，并关注同义替换、过渡衔接、句型结构三个方面。本篇记叙文按照时间顺序进行，根据一系列事件发生的先后顺序排列。可以使用譬如 after、until等表示时间状语的词，并尽量在一个句子中包含尽可能多的信息要点。【参考范文】Aftergraduation from university the author was at a loss about how to fulfill his ambition until he decided to land a job with the Lighthouse Project. ( 要点1) Adequate preparation and fa

24、mily support finally won him the job as a volunteer teacher in a remote village. (要点 2) The experience taught him to see life in a new light and embrace a better self. (要点3)(61 words)【范文解析】要点1介绍了事件发生的背景，用一个介词短语“ after graduation from university”来替换原文中的“ Like many new graduates， I left university”；“

25、I was at a loss”替换“ I had no idea howto do that”；“ to fulfill his ambition”替换“ to make a difference in the world”，表达的意思简洁明了。要点2将原文中第二、三、四段的内容进行整合，将作者从申请志愿者所做的准备到赢得家人的支持并最终取得成功成为志愿者及担任志愿者工作的过程用一句话进行表达。运用高级词汇“adequate preparation”来概括原文第二段的内容，“ a volunteer teacher in a remote village”概括原文第四段作者在尼日利亚阿布贾的

26、志愿者工作情况。句子主谓分明，结构清晰，要点涵盖广。要点3可以找到明显段落主题句，即原文第五段的最后一句。该句表达的意思是“灯塔计划”改变了我的人生。结合该段的内容，整合处理为“ The experience taught him to see life in a new light and embrace a better self.”。四、素材例析1.表示文章的内容以及研究目的 1)This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with. 2)The article focuses on the topic of.2.表示研究的结论 1)The re

27、sult showed that. 2)The author found that. 3)It was concluded that.3.表示推荐、观点或建议 1)The author suggests/considers that. 2)Suggestions are made for.1. (2019年6月，浙江卷)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids

28、, says, Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict. By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insi

29、ncere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough o

30、r that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often

31、 as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. One thing to remember is that

32、 its the process not the end product that matters.Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing

33、your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.2.（2018年11月浙江高考）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea

34、 to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can allstart to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually belike to live on a college campus(校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the studen

35、ts.It seems a little crazy oncesenior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if theschools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind thatyou are making a decision about the next four years of your life,and do allthe research y

36、oucan to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact,a lot of collegeapplications even askif you have visited campus,and obviously,if youlive acrossthe countrythat wont be as much of a possibility,but if youlive nearby,go check it out!I

37、f campus visits arent going to happen before you apply,at the very least you shouldfind some time between applying and getting your acceptanceletters to visit the schools youdlike to attend.It can save you alot of heartache if you rule out now thethings that you dontlike about certain campuses,thing

38、sthat you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now,if time and money are making it impossible,then check out the online college fairsatCollegeWeekLive.Its a chance to chatonline with admissions officers,students,andcollege counselors(倾问)，and it wont cost you a penny! You can registerfor its online

39、college fairat .While visiting an onlinecollegefair cant take the placeof an actual campus visit,it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other researchwill help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like toattend.3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Although

40、 being famous might sound like a dream come true, todays stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队)camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids(小报) publish thrilling stories about their perso

41、nal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature. According to the psychologists, celebrities(名人)worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way fans

42、imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. Over time, they feel separated and alone. The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B C, painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his ad

43、mirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. Being a pub

44、lic figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their story aliv

45、e forever. If fame is so troublesome, why arent all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous

46、they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place. With these effective approaches, some celebrities relieve the stress and remain popular with fans. Consequently, though being famous is driving some stars crazy, some wise ones enjoy what reputation brings them.24.

47、阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but t

48、o have one in the driver s seat is another matter.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards reducin

49、g the possibility of quarreling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good: will and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behaviors of politeness are by no means enough. Many drivers nowadays dont ev

50、en seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old lad

51、ies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.An experienced driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if drivers learned to correctly join in traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings. Unfortunately, modem drivers cant even lear

52、n to drive, let alone master the roadmanship. Years ago, experts warmed us that the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more give-and-take (互让) from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.5.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In the last few decades, scientists

53、 have reached a consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate.In the last 50 years, gases pumped into the Earths atmosphere by factories and vehicles have been speeding up the process of global warming and affecting our climate. Global warming refers to an averag

54、e increase in the Earths temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change. If we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other gases in such huge quantities, we are expecting severe consequences. Recent reports have warned that global warming will cause terrible climate changes including more frequ

55、ent flooding, heat, waves and droughts. Serious diseases will spread and industries that rely on nature will be badly affected. Increased temperatures will also cause the polar ice to melt, raising sea levels and flooding many islands and cities. How can we stop these disasters from happening?Govern

56、ments all over the world should take on the responsibility, but this is no easy task. Some governments express reservations about whether global warming is really caused by human activities. Many people believe that they are simply not prepared to give up the amount of money they make from industry

57、to save the Earth.But why wait around for governments to take action? Experts say that each person plays their part. They suggest making small changes like taking public transport, recycling using low-flow shower heads, and buying light bulbs that use less energy. Even simple things like using recyc

58、led paper or switching off the lights when you leave a room can help. If we add up all these small changes made by everyone worldwide, they wont be such small changes. They could be the changes that save our future.6.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇 60词左右的内容概要。Although being famous might sound like a dream come tast

59、e, todays stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队)camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids(小报)publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do any

60、thing without being photographed or interrupted for a signature.According to the psychologists, celebrities(名人)worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the people they were b

61、efore everyone knew their names. Over little, they feel separated and alone.The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited Amer

62、ica in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles ghoul filth-slats in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more

63、difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modem cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their story alive forever.If fame is so troublesome. why a

64、rent all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there arc still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or wha

65、tever made theme famous in the first place. With these effective approaches, some celebrities relieve the stress and remain popular with fans. Consequently, though being famous is driving some stars crazy, some wise ones enjoy what reputation brings them.7.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Have you had a he

66、adache during a test? Have you ever been so worried about something that you have a headache or even cant sleep at night? If so, then you know what stress is. Stress is what you feel when you are worried about something. This worry in your mind can make your body feel bad. You may feel angry, sad, s

67、cared, or afraidall of which can give you a stomachache or a headache. However, there are different kinds of stress. Some kinds of stress are good and others are bad. Good stress might happen when youre called to answer questions in class or when you have to give a speech. This kind of stress can he

68、lp you to get things better done. For example, you may do a better job on your test if the stress pushes you to prepare better before the test. On the other hand, bad stress can happen if the stress lasts too long. You may not feel well if your parents are fighting, if a family member is sick, if yo

69、ure having problems at school, or if anything else makes you unhappy every day. That kind of stress isnt going to help you. And it can actually make you sick.The best way to fight the stress is to have a balanced life. Make sure you keep yourself in mind: Sleep, Exercise, Leisure(休闲), and Food. If y

70、ou get enough sleep and eat properly, and if you exercise and leave time for fun, youll probably feel less stressed.1【文章体裁】议论文【文章大意】父母对孩子的表扬过多过少都会带来不好的后果，恰当的表扬应着重表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果。【段落大意】第一段：现在的父母表扬孩子过多，会带来负面的影响，如孩子害怕尝试新事物或者害怕达不到父母的高期待等。第二段：过少的表扬也是有害的，会让孩子觉得自己不好，没有得到父母的关心或觉得自己的努力没有意义。第三段：正确的方式应该是注重赞美的

71、质量而不是数量，注重孩子努力的过程而非结果 。第四段：表扬要适当，要根据实际情况。【写作步骤与策略】第一步：通读全文通读全文，关注到文章的体裁；关注到不断反复出现的词：praise ，（主题）关注到文章的谋篇：先讲表扬过多不好，再讲表扬过少也不好，然后提出怎样表扬才算好，最后来一个总结第二步：逐句逐段解读并用自己的话表达看完每个段落，问自己：这一段讲了什么呢？传递了什么主要信息，统领的信息是什么，支撑信息是哪些？然后暂定主题句，在之后的阅读中不断理解与修正（以下每一个段落都这样问问自己）第一段：Nowadays, parents praise children too much, which

72、may result in childrens lack of confidence in challenging.第二段：Kids may feel discouraged when not given enough praise. The shortage of praising will trigger negative effects. Inadequate praise can discourage them , and they think their endeavor is meaningless.第三段：According to experts, it is the quali

73、ty of praise rather than quantity that matters, which shows parents sincerity and concentration on process instead of focusing on the outcome. Experts say the quality of praise outweighs the quantity, which means what should be stressed are the process and effort. 第四段：Parents are expected to praise

74、kids on a reasonable basis in accordance with kids amount of effort.Praise is supposed to be in line with actual cases and proportional efforts your child has made.第三步: 整合成文 （请注意衔接等）【参考答案】How to praise our kids is really a sensitive problem.(主旨)Experts believe that too much praise or praising the ki

75、ds in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children.(要点1) On the other hand,no praise also does harm to kids development.(要点2)To gain the best result, our praise should focus on the process rather than the end product.(要点3) Therefore,what we should praise is our kids proper effort, regardless of

76、 the result.(要点4)2【参考答案】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. (要点1) Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. (要点2) At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in

77、advance. (要点3) For students who are short of money and time, registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.(要点4) 3【写作指导】本文为说明文。文章告诉我们，虽然成名听起来像是梦想成真，但今天的明星们，感觉自己就像动物园里的动物，面临着我们很少人能想象的压力，因为他们是世界关注的焦点。名人经常担心他们的公开露面，随着时间的推移，他们感到分离和孤独。追踪名人的现象由来已久，然而如今成为公众人物比过去困难得多。超级明星的一

78、举一动都离不开现代相机摄影师的关注。如果名声是如此的麻烦，为什么不是所有的名人都在逃避它呢?答案是，仍然有办法解决这个问题。因此，虽然成名会让一些明星发疯，但一些明智的人却享受声誉带给他们的东西。文章中的主题词（句）依次为：第一段：face pressures /at the center of much of the worlds attention. 第二段：worry constantly about their public appearance /feel separated and alone第三段：The phenomenon of tracking celebrities ha

79、s been around for ages / the same way that modern tabloids and websites do第四段：Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. 第五段：there are still ways to deal with it /some wise ones enjoy what reputation brings them【参考范文】Living in the public gaze, stars suffer from

80、 great pressure.（要点 1）Whats worse, anxiety over their public appearance robs them of the objective self-image, which leads to the feeling of isolation in the long term. （要点 2） Though being tracked has been a headache to celebrities for centuries, modern cameras and the Internet make it harder to be

81、famous nowadays. （要点 3、4） However, by dealing with the stress wisely, stars still can stay popular and happy. （要点 5）(77 words)【范文点评】 范文通过词汇与句法关系的转换等手段，将各段的主题词及要点巧妙第整合在一起，突出了文章的主题与目的。范文衔接词的使用得当，确保了文章意义的连贯。范文有如下亮点：1.同义词替换。例如，要点1用“suffer from great pressure”替换了原文中的“face pressure”。2.各类从句让句子关系更加流畅。例如，要点2

82、使用了定语从句，要点3、4使用了让步状语从句，这些从句让各个要点表述的中心更加突出。3.衔接词确保了概要的意义连贯。范文使用了Whats worse, Though,However等衔接方式，让概要语篇结构紧凑，表述更加连贯。4【参考范文】Drivers tend to have horrible road manners while driving. (要点1) Road politeness requires patience to calm down and helps create a harmonious atmosphere, which is necessary but igno

83、red by many drivers. (要点2)Yet misplaced politeness can sometimes put some road users who arent following traffic rules in danger. (要点3)With the increasing number of Cars, road politeness should be remembered by all road users. (要点4)5答案It is human activities that should bear the blame for climate cha

84、nges of the Earth.(要点1) Gases from all kinds of human activities accelerate the process of global warming, giving rise to various severe consequences.(要点2) Some governments, however, are reluctant to shoulder their own responsibility.(要点3) So experts call on people to do their part instantly, starti

85、ng from small changes, which will definitely make a difference in slowing down global warming.(要点4) (69 words)解析： 6答案Living in the public gaze, stars suffer from great pressure.(要点1) Whats worse, anxiety over their public appearance robs them of the objective self-image, which leads to the feeling o

86、f isolation in the long term.(要点2) While being tracked has been a headache to celebrities for centuries, modem cameras and the Internet make it harder to be famous nowadays.(要点3. 4) However, by dealing with the stress wisely, stars still can stay popular and happy.(要点5 )7答案When you are worried about something, you may feel stress which can make your body feel bad. (要点1);However, there are both good and bad stress.(要点2); Good stress can help you do things better, while bad stress results from lasting too long can make you sick. (要点3)Having a balanced life can help you feel less stressed.(要点4).