Unit2Grammar讲义2022-2023学年牛津译林版九年级英语下册.docx

1、9BUnit2 Grammar-一般现在时和现在进行时的区别/一般过去时和过去进行时及现在完成时的区别。Grammar1-时态动词主要用来表示动作、状态和性质，而英语中动词的时态是指动作和状态发生的具体时间和表现方式，即“时态”表示一个动词在不同的时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。在英语语法中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。英语中动词时态用动词的不同形式来表示。英语中动词的五种基本形式为: 动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。如: write-writes-writing-wrote-written。我们在初中阶段学过的动词常见时态有以下几种:1、一般现在时:

2、谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式。2、一般过去时: 谓语动词用过去式。3、一般将来时: 谓语用will/shall/be going to +动词原形。4、现在进行时: 谓语用am/is/are+动词的现在分词。5、现在完成时: 谓语用have/has +动词的过去分词。6、过去进行时: 谓语用was/were+动词的现在分词。Grammar2-一般现在时和现在进行时的区别/一般过去时和过去进行时及现在完成时的区别。一、一般现在时和现在进行时的区别。一、）概念不同：1、一般现在时1、）表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作。2、）表示现在的事实或状态。3、）表示主语所具有的特征、性格和能力等。4、）

3、表示客观事实或普遍真理或格言或警句中。5、）表示已预先安排或计划好将来确定会发生的动作。如列车时刻表、课程表、日历等。但主要用于go, come, leave, start, return, arrive等瞬间动词。6、）在时间及条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。7、）在以here, there开头的句子里，表示正在发生的动作。注意：当主语是代词时，代词必须放在动词之前。如：There he comes! 他来了！8、）某些表示心理状态和感觉的动词，如feel, love, hope, want, understand等表示现在发生的具体行为。注意：此时只用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。2、现在进行

4、时1.）表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。如：We are waiting for you.2.）习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.3.）表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。如： The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.4.）与a

5、lways, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观感情色彩。如：You are always changing your mind.二、）常用时间状语不同：1、一般现在时常与always, usually, often, sometimes, every +段时间(week, day, year), once a week, on Sundays, etc.连用，表示动作的频度。如：I usually go to school on foot.2、现在进行时常与now, at this time, these days, l

6、ook, listen, etc.等连用，暗示动作正在发生，或有表示现在的上下文语境时. etc.如：He is reading a book now. 他正在看书。(目前正在干的事情) They are doing homework these days. 这几天他们都在做作业。三、）基本结构不同：一、）一般现在时的基本结构：1、）动词为“be”时，一般现在时的用法。、构成：、肯定句：主语+be动词+- (be+名词/形容词/介词短语) ；注意：am, is ,are 后不再有其它行为动词。v be 后+名词 I am an English teacher.v be 后+形容词 Sandy

7、is very tall and slim.v be 后+介词短语 We are in Class One, Grade Seven.、否定句：主语+ am/ is /are + not +其它成分。、一般疑问句：Am/ Is/ Are +主语+其它成分？回答： Yes, 主语+be(am/is/are). No, 主语+be(am/is/are)+not. I am not an English teacher.Sandy is not (= isnt) very tall or slim. 【肯定句中用and否定句中要改为or】We are not (=arent) in Class On

8、e, Grade Seven.Are you an English teacher ? Yes, I am. （在一般疑问句的肯定回答中不能用缩写形式）Is Sandy very tall and slim? No, she isnt.Are you in Class One, Grade Seven? No, we arent.缩写形式小结：Im = I am youre/were/theyre = you/ we/ they are hes/shes/ its = he/ she/ it is isnt = is not arent = are notbe 动词用法歌诀：我用am，你用ar

9、e，is 连接他，她，它。 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变疑问，be提前，句末问号莫丢弃。 变否定，更容易，be 后not 莫忘记。 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。、特殊疑问句（对划线部分提问）：v I am fine. How are you?v He is a teacher. What is he?v My glasses are on the table. Where are your glasses?v Helen is my best friend. Who is your best friend?、祈使句: Be happy. Be a good boy. Be qu

10、ick.v Dont be late for school again. Dont be sad. Dont be excited. Lets be good friends.、Here/there +be+名词； Here/there +代词+be(注意：当主语是代词时，代词必须放在动词之前。)Here _is_ a present for you. Here _are_ some flowers for Pingping. 2、）行为动词一般现在时的用法：、构成、肯定句：1.当主语是第一人称（I ,we）、第二人称(you)和第三人称复数(they, many students)时， 行为

11、动词用原形。 主语+动词原形+其他- （S + do+-）I like English. We often play football after school. They often swim in the swimming pool.2.当主语是第三人称单数(he, she, it, my son, Tom)时行为动词使用其第三人称单数形式。主语三单+动词三单形式+其他- （S + does+-）He likes English.Tom often plays football after school.Amy often swims in the swimming pool.、否定句：1

12、. 主语+dont+动词原形+其他- （S + dont + do+-）I dont like English.We dont often play football after school.They dont often swim in the swimming pool.2.主语三单+does not (=doesnt)+ 动词原形+其他- （S + doesnt + do+-）He doesnt like English.Tom doesnt often play football after schoolAmy doesnt often swim in the swimming po

13、ol.、一般疑问句：1.Do +主语+动词原形+其它成分？回答： Yes, 主语+do. No, 主语+do + not. Do you like English?Do you often play football after school? Do they often swim in the swimming pool?2. Does +主语+动词原形+其它成分？回答： Yes, 主语+does. No, 主语+does + not. Does he like English? Yes, he does.Does Tom often play football after school?

14、No, he doesnt.Does Amy often swim in the swimming pool? Yes, she does.缩写形式小结：do not=dont does not= doesnt哪些词是第三人称单数（简称“三单”）1、人称代词he, she, it做主语是第三人称单数。 He likes watching TV. 2、单个人名、地名或称呼做主语是第三人称单数。 Han Mei looks like her mother.3、this / that 做主语是第三人称单数。This is my pen pal . 4、不可数名词做主语可以看作是第三人称单数。The

15、milk is in the glass. 5、单数可数名词或“this/that/the+可数名词单数”作主语，看作是第三人称单数。A horse is a useful animal. 6、不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something做主语可以看作是第三人称单数。Everyone is here. 7、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。“6” is a lucky number. “6”是个吉利数字。 “A” is a letter . A是个字母。8、特殊疑问词做主语，通常认为是三单。What makes him happ

16、y？ Who likes music?9、动名词短语做主语时，通常认为是三单。Listening to music makes us feel happy.单数第三人称形式变化规则如下：直接加s。如：workworks 【加的s在清辅音后读s ， 在元音和浊辅音后读z】辅音字母y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加es。如：carrycarries；crycries；trytries；studystudies以s、x、o、ch、sh结尾的加es。【加的es读iz或z】如：washwashes；teachteaches；gogoes；passpasses；fixfixes; 特殊：havehas附： 清辅

17、音: /p/ /t / /k/ /f/ / /s/ /h/ /ts/ /t/ /tr/浊辅音：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /r/dz/d/ /dr/m/n/j / / w / /、对划线部分提问：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ Daniel comes from London. Where does Daniel come from?、祈使句: Open the door. Keep quite. Run fast! Dont open the door. Dont keep quite. Dont run fast! 二、 ）现在进行时的基本结构：1.）肯定形式：be(am/is/ar

18、e)+doing动词ing形式的构成：大多数动词 + ingthink thinking以不发音e 结尾的动词 - e + ingtake taking以ie 结尾的动词 -ie + y + inglie lying tie tying die dying某些以“一个元音字母+ 一个辅音字母”结尾的动词双写辅音字母+ ingrun running get gettingswim swimming2、）否定形式：be(am/is/are)+not+ doing.如：He is buying a bike. He isnt buying a bike.3、）一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。规律：将

19、be 动词移到主语前面。如：He is buying a bike. Is he buying a bike? 注意：肯定回答时主语be动词不能缩写，否定回答时be动词和not可以用完全形式也可以用缩写。4、）注意点：（1）现在进行时的谓语动词由“be的某种形式+ 动词ing形式” 这两部分构成。这时be是助动词，没有实际意思，只起构成时态的作用。如： We having breakfast. (错）We are having breakfast. (正)(2) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词，如：have（有），know, understand, love, like, want, hope

20、, hear, see等一般不用进行时。(3) 双写末尾一个辅音字母再加ing形式的动词（现在分词须双写的动词）有：一M一D一R加二G：一个MM点头喜欢游泳。（swimming/nodding/preferring），两个GG慢跑着去挖掘.(jogging/digging)四N五P加十一T：四N：开始计划跑赢了；(beginning/planning/running/winning); 五P：停止踩踏放弃拖地去购物。(stopping/stepping/dropping/mopping/shopping); 十一T：得到让坐去聊天，遗憾的是忘记放下切割，打赌设置击打！(getting/lett

21、ing/sitting/chatting; regretting/forgetting/putting/cutting；betting/setting/hitting)(4) 有几个瞬间动词可以用现在进行时表将来，如：begin, start, come, go, leave, arrive, return, die等。如： Mr. Wang is leaving Donghai for Beijing.= Mr. Wang will leave Donghai for Beijing.四、）拓展：一般现在时和现在进行时的区别。(1) 现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或

22、习惯性的动作。如：Im reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情) I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为) (2) 现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表示动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如： What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。They play vo

23、lleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。 (3) 表示短促动作的动词(如jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如： The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。 (4) 某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：Im wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否帮我们一下。 Im hoping t

24、hat you will succeed.希望你能成功。二、一般过去时和过去进行时及现在完成时的区别。1、一般过去时1.概念：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。2.时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 2019, at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time,in the past；just now；the other day-last +段时间(week，year, night, month), 段时间+ ago（long long

25、ago, two days ago, a moment ago ,etc.）3.基本结构：be动词（was/were）；行为动词4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时把动词过去式还原为行为动词。5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时把动词过去式还原为行为动词。一般过去时的公式： 肯定： S主语+be（was/were）+- S主语+did（即动词过去式v+ed）+- 否定： S主语+was/were not+- S主语+didnt+do（即动词原形v）+- 疑问： Was/Were+主语+v+- Did+主语+v+- 行为

26、动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则：一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。加的-ed在清辅音之后读/t/,在浊辅音和元音之后读/d/, 在字母t,d之后读/id/。如：asked(t); followed(d); visited(id); needed(id)。注：清辅音： p t k s f h t tr ts浊辅音： b d g z v r 3 d3 dr dz以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ed。如：live-lived。末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop-stopped。 末尾

27、是辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如：AA型/AB型等。2、过去进行时一、过去进行时的基本用法：1、表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作以及过去某一段时间内持续进行的动作。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。A) 表示在过去某一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。如： (a)They were eating breakfast at 7:00 am yesterday.(介词短语表示时间点)(b) I was writing a letter at this time yesterday.(c) Five minute

28、s ago, Danny was looking out of the window and Suzy was reading a book.(d)When I saw him, he was decorating his room. (when从句表示时间点)B) 在过去某段时间一直在进行的动作。如：(a) From 1983 to 1998, he was teaching at Yale.(b) They were building a dam last winter.(c) Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，

29、玛丽正在听轻音乐。）2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。如：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）3、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。如：While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)He was cleaning his car while

30、I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)4、通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。如：误：I was knowing the answer.正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。误：I wasnt understanding him.正：I di

31、dnt understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 二、过去进行时常用的时间状语： 1)then, at this/that time, at 9.00 last night ,when, while, at ten oclock yesterday 2) this morning, the whole day/morning, all day yesterday, from 8 to 10pm yesterday evening.etc.三、基本结构：was / were + verb-ing 动词ing形式的构成：大多数动词 + ingthink thinking以不发音e 结尾的

32、动词 - e + ingtake taking以ie 结尾的动词 -ie + y + inglie lying tie tying die dying某些以“一个元音字母+ 一个辅音字母”结尾的动词双写辅音字母+ ingrun running swim swimming get getting四、句型转换：1、S主语 + was / were + verb-ing. 如：I was doing some shopping. People were running wildly.2、否定形式：S主语 + was / were + not + doing. 如：I was not reading.

33、 People were not running wildly. was not = wasnt were not = werent3、一般疑问句：将 was / were 调到主语前。结构为:Was/Were+主语+verb-ing? 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+was/were.否定回答：No, 主语+ was not/wasnt./ were not/werent. 如：Was he running? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt.Were they running? Yes, they were. / No, they werent. 注意：肯定回答时主语be动

34、词不能缩写，否定回答时be动词和not可以用完全形式也可以用缩写。4、特殊疑问句： wh-+was/ were +主语+V-ing.特殊疑问句的问答，如：-What was the girl doing just now? -She was running just now.注意点：(1) 过去进行时的谓语动词由“be的某种形式+ 动词ing形式” 这两部分构成。这时be是助 动词，没有实际意思，只起构成时态的作用。如： We having breakfast at that time. (错）We were having breakfast at that time. (正)(2) 表示感觉

35、，愿望和状态的某些动词，如：have（有），know, understand, love, like, want, hope, hear, see等一般不用进行时。(3) 双写末尾一个辅音字母再加ing形式的动词（现在分词须双写的动词）有：一M一D一R加二G：一个MM点头喜欢游泳。（swimming/nodding/preferring），两个GG慢跑着去挖掘.(jogging/digging)四N五P加十一T：四N：开始计划跑赢了；(beginning/planning/running/winning); 五P：停止踩踏放弃拖地去购物。(stopping/stepping/dropping/

36、mopping/shopping); 十一T：得到让坐去聊天，遗憾的是忘记放下切割，打赌设置击打！(getting/letting/sitting/chatting; regretting/forgetting/putting/cutting；betting/setting/hitting)(5) 有几个瞬间动词可以用过去进行时表将来，如：begin, start, come, go, leave, arrive, return, die等。如： Mr. Wang was leaving Donghai for Beijing at this time yesterday.= Mr. Wang

37、 would leave Donghai for Beijing at this time yesterday.3、现在完成时定义1： 现在完成时态的含义是表示过去发生的动作（已完成）对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。特点是既涉及过去，又联系现在：动作是过去发生的，结果是现在存在的。 She has gone. (她走了。)从这句话中动词所用的现在完成时态可以看出“走”的动作是过去发生的，而对现在所造成的结果是她不在这里了。标志词(1)：这种用法常与already, yet, just, ever, never, recently, before(句末),once(一次)等连用。定义2：现在完成时

38、态还表示动作或状态从过去开始一直延续到现在甚至将来（未完成）。Note: A 动词使用延续性动词。 B 和表时间段的时间状语连用.标志词（2）：这种用法常与for或since引导的时间连用,还有so far, up to/till now, in/ the last/past+一段时间，all ones life, by now, these days, for two years、since 1984、since he came here等。 如： I havent seen her these days.(否定句中可用非延续性动词) She has learnt English for 3

39、 years/since 3 years ago. They have lived here since 1990. What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?现在完成时的构成1. 现在完成时的肯定句句型 主语（第一、二人称单、复数)+have 主语（第三人称复数） +have +过去分词 主语（第三人称单数） +has We have lived in Beijing. He has lived in Beijing. I have finished my homework.2. 现在完成时的否定句句型 主语+have/has+no

40、t+过去分词+ I have not seen the movie yet. He hasnt been to Beijing since then3.现在完成时的一般疑问句句型 Have/Has+主语+过去分词+. Have you finished the work? Has she arrived here? Yes, have/ has. No, havent/ hasnt. 4.现在完成时的特殊疑问句句型 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+. How many times have you been to the Great Wall?不规则动词的过去式以及过去分词巧记规

41、律： AAA: put put put letlet let ABA: becomebecamebecome ABB: standstoodstood ABC: eat ateeaten区分短暂性动词与持续性动词. 英语的行为动词大体可以分为两大类型：一是延续性的动词，二是短暂性动词。延续行动词是指那些动作意义不会一下完成，而是可以延续、发展的动词。如：work, read, write, study等,短暂性动词是指那些动作一次完成，不能延续的动词。如：come, go, buy, die, 等。表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.即for, since短语或ho

42、w long问句。I have bought this pen for two months. （）I have had this pen for two months. （）短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是他可以转换成相应的延续性动词.1.直接用延续性动词buy have 2.转换成be+名词join the army be a soldier join the Party be a Party member3转换成be+形容词或副词 diebe dead finish be over 4.转换成 be+介词短语 go to school be in school 注意：现在

43、完成时的否定句中，和段时间连用可以用非延续性动词。如：He hasnt bought any new car since2007. (P27)He has not left Beijing yet.(P27)一）一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。(1) 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如： He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完) (2) 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态

44、动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如： I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。(3) 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。如：

45、He always got up at six. 他过去总是6点起床。 He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想着工作。 (4) 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如： I thought that he would agree with us. 我认为他会同意我们的观点。 I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想要说服他接受我们的建议。 二）一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。和过去时

46、态的区别及联系：1.）都表示过去发生的事。2.）现在完成时强调过去和现在的联系，不能和具体的时间状语连用；3.）一般过去时强调过去发生的事或状态与表示过去的具体时间连用（last, ago, yesterday, etc. ）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时，强调这一动作产生的结果对现在的影响，与现在有关。 一般过去时，仅仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生过这一动作，与现在无关。 1.）他已学英语五年了。He has studied English for five years. （说明他还继续学下去） 2.）他曾学过五年英语。 He studied English for five year

47、s. （只说明他过去学过五年英语，但现在不学了。） 一般过去时与现在完成时有一些明显的时间状语： 遇到yesterday, last year, in May, in+过去某一年，two days ago, just now等就用一般过去时。当有 so far, in the past/ last few days(在过去/最近的几年里)，since接过去时间状语或过去时的句子等常用现在完成时。 有些时间状语，既能用于现在完成时，又能用于一般过去时，但意义上有差别。Ive written three letters this morning.（说话时仍是上午）I wrote three let

48、ters this morning.（说话时是下午或晚上）一般过去时态和现在完成时态可以构成同义句eg：I have studied English for three years.= I studied English three years ago.=I have studied English since three years ago.=It is three years since I studied English.=Three years has passed since I studied English.巩固练习：1.Sorry, I_to help you at ten.

49、I was busy at the moment. A.wont come B.cant come C.didnt come D.shouldnt come2.He_this pen for five years.He_it in 1997. A.has bought,bought. B.bought, bought C.has kept,has bought D.has had, bought 3.She_the flowers in the garden when I_to see her yesterday. A.watered，went B.was watering， went C.w

50、atered，was going D.was watering，was going 4.I don t know if my friend_.If he _,Ill let you know. A.comes,comes B.comes, will come C.will come,comes D.will come, will come 5.John said he_ supper.He was quite full. A.had had B.was having C.had D.has eaten 6.There_two parties next week. A.are going to

51、be B.are going to have C.is going to be D.will have7.It_10 years since I_here. A.is,come B.is,have come C.was,came D.is, came8.-Kate likes eating chocolate. -_. Look, she is eating. A.So Lucy doesB.So does Lucy C.So they doD.So do they9.Kate_to bed until her mother_back. A.wont go,come B.hadnt gone, came C.went,came D.didnt go, came10.His brother_from home for a long time. A.has left B.has been away C.left D.will leave