【寒假特训】04 全方位解读高考概要写作（2）-2022年高三英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、04 全方位解读高考概要写作（2）【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 概要写作技巧分析（一）如何概括主旨大意概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主题句，然后在完整理解文章内容的基础上进行概括归纳。如前所述，段落的主题句可能出现在段首，段末，段落中间，甚至于没有明显的主题句。那么针对不同的情况，我们可以有什么不同的方法呢？我们一起来看以下的示例。1、找准主题句概括主旨大意中文段落写作是螺旋/线型的发展方式：重铺垫，讲渲染，讲究“言归正传”。而英文写作主要体现为直线型发展方式：第一句话“开门见山，一语破题”，结论句直接重复，

2、扣题。换句话说，英文文章表意较直接，直奔主题。多数段落以主题句开端，在文章的开始部分就会阐明主题。英文写作是由一般到特殊。先概括后举例，先讲整体轮廓，后说诸多细节。了解英语写作特点将有利于把握文章的主题句，请同学们读以下的段落，根据文本的特点，快速寻找出主题句。AIn developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. There are several reasons for this. First, in many developing countries, the

3、majority of houses in poor villages and urban slums are not yet served by a piped water system. People living in these places often have to walk many miles to find water and carry it home in jugs and plastic containers. Second, these people usually have few alternatives to the piped water supply. Th

4、ere may be water closer by in rivers or lakes, but this is often dangerously polluted. In poor areas, street vendors often sell water by the liter, but they often charge extremely high prices for water that is not always safe to drink.本段的主题句是 In developing countries, poor people have suffered the mo

5、st from shortages of clean water. 这一段落主要是说明在发展中国家，很多穷人所面临的一个问题清洁水源严重短缺。随后在展开部分阐述了造成这一问题的原因。是说明文“现象+原因”的结构。2、提取关键词概括主旨大意在没有明确的主题句的情况下，学生需要通过定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的关键词对段落或者篇章进行主旨概括。BGenerally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a l

6、arge amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy. 这是一段关于人体荷尔蒙的产生和释放的实验研究说明文, 但是文中没有明显的主题句。这时我们就可以利用关键词信息来概括主旨大

7、意。首先通过段落中的衔接词“Generally”和“but”了解到研究结果涉及到两个方面；然后在前后两个句子中又可以找出“the hormone oxytocin”、“is let out”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“social interaction”等关键词，通过整合，概括主旨大意为：Experiments show our body creates and let out hormone oxytocin during both positive and negative social interactions.CThere are many wa

8、ys through which we can improve our English. First, we can read as many English books, newspapers and magazines as possible. Next, we may listen to English programs on the radio or watch English programs on TV every day. Besides, it is necessary for us to seize every opportunity to speak English bot

9、h in and after class. Finally, it is equally important to form the habit of taking notes and keeping a diary in English.显而易见，段落首句就是主题句，其中关键词是“ways”“improve English”。如果将主旨大意概括为提高英语的方法有很多，未免显得很空泛，所以我们可以从衔接词“First”、“Next”、“Besides”和“Finally”后的内容中提取一些关键词“read”、“listen”、“speaking”and “taking notes”和“keep

10、ing a diary”,进行整合，相对而言能够更精确地表达主旨大意。这一段落的主旨大意概括为：We can improve our English by reading and listening to more English materials and take chances to speak and write in English. （二）如何提取核心内容支撑主旨大意区分核心内容和细节是概要写作的一大难点。概要写作不是篇章内容的简单罗列和呈现，而是提取主要内容或关键信息的一个过程。所以同学们要仔细辨别什么是核心内容，理清信息的主次，避免因为分不清楚主次而包含太多的细节内容，从而影响

11、概要写作的简洁性。1、核心内容和细节间的区别核心内容是为了表明作者的写作目的或论证作者观点而使用的具体论据，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而细节描写往往为了起到突出和强调的作用，对文本内容进行更细致和深入的描述，通常被省略。一般而言，信息之间的逻辑关系可以帮助区分信息的主次关系。在一般和具体的关系中，主要内容往往是一般的，较多使用抽象词；次要内容较多使用具体的词。我们不妨通过分析下面这个段落来具体了解如何区分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要写作时正确取舍。为了方便讲解，我们对句子进行编号： “Its not just study thats difficult. You have to get

12、 used to a whole new way of life, which can take up all your concentration in the beginning,” explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life in the same city in China. She told me that she had had to learn almost everything again. “Sometimes I felt like a child,” she said. “I had to learn how to use

13、the phone, how to pay bus fare, and how to ask a shopkeeper for things I didnt know the English for. When I got lost and had to ask a passer-by for directions, I didnt always understand. They dont talk like they do on our listening tapes,” she said, laughing.第句是一个过渡句，但difficult一词是个关键词。第句是本段的主题句，其中“g

14、et used to a whole new way of life”“take up all your concentration”是关键词。从第句到文末第句都是关于“learn everything again”，通过举例来说明getting used to new way of life is difficult这样一个论点。例证一般都是作为细节来看待，因此概要中可省略。通过对信息的筛选和整合，这段的主旨大意可以概括为：Getting accustomed to a completely new lifestyle is not easy because many things are

15、to be learned again.除了前面所提到的利用一般和具体之间的关系来区分主要和次要内容，因果关系、转折关系、并列、递进关系等也能帮助区分主次要信息。我们再来看一例：Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. Although some foreign students live in student accommodation or apartments, some choose to board with English families. Living with host familie

16、s, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture. “When I hear an idiom that I dont understand, I can ask my host family for help,” explains Xie Lei. “Also, when I miss my family, its a great comfort to have a substitute family to be with.”这一段

17、落中没有明显的主题句，但是通读文本后不难发现作者想要表达的是living with host family的益处。第句中的定语从句是修饰host family，但“give her lots of good advice”是本句关键词，提示了第一个益处。第句是一个让步状语从句，前后转折关系，一般而言Although引导的状语从句部分是次要信息，而主句部分则是主要信息，在这句中提取关键词“to board with English families”。第句中的host families就是前面所提到的English families, 而此句中的关键词 “to learn more about

18、the new culture”显然是主要信息。第句是通过举例的方式，进一步证明living with host family的好处。第句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保证要点齐全。这一段落的主旨大意可以概括为：Living with a host family can help students get much advice, understand a new culture and relieve homesickness.2、例证重要性的判断和取舍分清重要信息和次要信息对于概要写作很重要，有些同学认为举例，引入部分和定义等都属于细节描写

19、，因此在概要写作时一律舍弃，但事实上这有失偏颇，有时为了强调某一观点或者表明观点的真实性和可靠性，会使用如举例论证或者因果论证等方式，所以概要写作时，看到举例论证，引入或者定义时，不能一概而论地舍弃。根据行文的需要来考虑例证的必要性和重要性，以此进行取舍。现在我们从“定义是否需要作为细节而被删减”的角度来看之前讨论过的一个段落：Planned obsolescence, a practice in which products are designed to have a limited period of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of manuf

20、acturing focus for the past 80 years. This approach increases sales, but it also stands in contrast to a time when goods were produced to be durable. Planned obsolescence wastes materials as well as energy in making and shipping new products. It also strengthens the belief that it is easier to repla

21、ce goods than to repair them. In 2009, an enterprising movement, the “Repair Caf”, said no to this widely accepted belief.段落的首句，用同位语和定语从句的结构对planned obsolescence一词进行了解释。虽然一般来讲，定义是对某一名词的具体说明和解释，在概要写作中被省略。但是planned obsolescence对于大部分的读者来说是陌生的词组，如果不加以一定的释义，而是直接将这一词组用于概要之中，许多读者会因为不理解这个词义而影响其对后文的理解；另一方面，第

22、一句中的“are designed to have a limited period of usefulness”为后文提到的这一做法的弊端做了铺垫，进而引出Repair Caf的出现。由于planned obsolescence的定义毕竟不是主要信息，所以在语言的表达和组织上还是要仔细斟酌。在不超过规定字数的前提下，尽量以分词等结构出现，不宜以单句形式表达，以免本末倒置，偏离段落主旨大意。（三）如何使用自己语言表达原文要点概要写作强调写作者用自己的语言言简意赅地表达原文的主旨大意和重要内容，要避免照搬原文。释义（Paraphrase）是将听到或看到的内容用自己的语言进行表达，可以借鉴原文的内

23、容，但是要学会用各种方法来进行改写，达到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我们就具体来学习怎样利用paraphrase来进行改写吧。1、使用不同的词汇（1）同义替换：这是paraphrase最简单的方法，就是用近义词或者同义短语替换原文中相应的部分。通常使用这种方法时，不需对句子的其它部分进行改动。It is commonly believed that taking regular exercise does good to peoples health. It is widely accepted that taking regular exercise does good to peoples

24、health. It is generally thought that taking regular exercise does good to peoples health.在这一例句中，同学们既可以对“commonly believed”进行同义替换，也可以将“does good to peoples health”进行同义替换，如： It is generally thought that taking regular exercise benefits/ brings benefits to/ is beneficial to peoples health.练习1 请利用词义替换法，

25、对原句进行改写。 Thanks for your help, we completed the demanding task ahead of schedule. _ your help, we completed the demanding task ahead of schedule. _ your help, we _the demanding task ahead of schedule. _ your help, we finished the difficult task _. Hes tried every means he can think of to deal with t

26、he current financial problems. Hes tried _ to deal with the current financial problems. He has tried _ to _. 在平时的学习中，同学们应该尽量积累词汇，尤其对于一些高频的、常用的同义词的积累，不仅可以帮助扩大词汇量，也能使自己在句子改写中游刃有余。在练习的过程中，同学们要尽量尝试多用不同的同义词替换原文内容。部分常见同义替换表达的归纳原义同义词thinkbelieve; argue; assume; claim; state; advocate; consider; point out .

27、nowadaystoday; at present; presently; currently; now; recently; lately .importantvital; essential; crucial; significant; primary; fundamental; dominant .emphasizelay emphasis on; attach importance to; give priority to; stress reasondue to; because of; owing to; be responsible for; thanks to; result

28、from;resultAttribute . to; contribute to; lead to; cause; result in; be related totendencytend to; be inclined to; have a tendency to .greatlysignificantly; remarkably; highly; tremendously; strikingly; surprisingly; considerably；dramatically; noticeably . (2) 改变词性：这一方法和同义替换较为类似，但是通过词性转换的形式替换原文中的相应内

29、容。The young man was sentenced to prison because he got involved in a murder. The young man was sentenced to prison because of his involvement in a murder.在这一例中，用名词involvement替换了动词involve。在词性变化的时候，必要时对句子的结构也要做相应的变化，以免产生句式上的错误。又如：What they have achieved is really valuable in preventing and treating HI

30、V infection. Their achievements are really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection. Their achievements are significant in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.这一例句中，achieve (v.), prevent(v.), treat(v.) 都从动词变成了名词，在句子或词组结构上也相应作了一些改变。练习2 请利用词性转换，对原句进行改写。 The newly built highway which

31、 is being constructed will make it easier for peopleto travel around. The newly built highway _will make it easier for people to travel around. The local government should take action immediately to stop the disease fromspreading. The local government to _ to stop the disease from spreading. (3) 使用不

32、同的连接词。连接词不仅连接句子，也连接段落，所以掌握一些连接词的替换，对改写也有很大的帮助。请看下面的例句：He stayed up late yesterday, as a result, he fell asleep in class today. He went to bed so late that he fell asleep in class today. He stayed up late yesterday, so that he fell asleep in class today.练习3请使用不同的连词，对原句进行改写。 Though he had been warned

33、of the danger, he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone. _ the warning of danger , he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone. he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone _ the warning of danger. Parents shouldnt read childrens diaries if they are not allowed to. Parents should

34、nt read childrens diaries _ they are allowed to.部分常用连接词的归纳逻辑关系连接词对比/转折 however; on the other hand; despite; in spite of; though; although; but；on the contrary; otherwise; yet; instead of; rather; rather than; whereas；nevertheless; nevertheless; even though表递进Whats more; in addition; moreover; furthe

35、rmore; besides表因果Therefore; so; as a result; consequently; thus; accordingly; in this way; due to; because of; owing to; result from; result in; lead to; cause表总结In short; In brief; Briefly; To sum up; On the whole; In a word(4) 对原词进行逆向表达。对一些形容词或副词进行修改，比如采用反义词，双重否定即肯定等改写手段也可以达到用自己语言表达原文的目的, 比如：The p

36、resent financial situation is not as simple as he thought. The current financial situation is more complicated than he thought.练习4 请利用逆向表达法，对原句进行改写。 I have never seen a better film than the one I saw yesterday. The film I saw yesterday is _ I have ever seen. It is not uncommon for Americans to move

37、around for various reasons. It is _ for Americans to move around for different reasons.练习参考答案练习1： Because of; Owing to/finished; With/in advance every possible means; possible approaches/ address the present financial issues练习2： under construction take immediate action练习3： In spite of / Despite; reg

38、ardless of unless练习4： the best common2、使用不同的句型(1)词序的改变。例1 Jane stared at the sunset as she ate apples. Jane ate apples when she stared at the sunset.例2 They got up at 5 in the morning so as to catch the earliest bus. To catch the earliest bus, they got up at 5 a.m.(2)主被动语态的转换。例3 The government encou

39、rages citizens to take public transportation when they travel around. Citizens are encouraged to take public transport to travel around.例4They have tried every means to save the drowning boy but failed. Every means has been used to save the drowning boy but failed.例5The construction of the new tunne

40、l benefits people living on both sides of the river. People living on both sides of the river benefit from the construction of the new tunnel.例6The heavy rain resulted in the landslide, which killed over 100 villagers. The landslide, which killed over 100 villagers, resulted from the heavy rain.主动和被

41、动语态之间的转换，除了动词结构的变化之外，还有词组之间的转换，比如result from 和 result in; benefit 和 benefit from; base sth. on sth.和 be based on等，同学们要学会灵活转换。(3)从句和非谓语动词结构的转换。例7They have lived in Shanghai for nearly 10 years, so they are quite familiar with the city.Having lived in Shanghai for nearly one decade, theyre quite famil

42、iar with it.例8Many of the students are now in the classroom and they are taking a lunch break.Many students are now in the classroom taking a lunch break.例9The activity which is designed to raise peoples awareness of animal protection is popular with the residents.The activity designed to raise the

43、awareness of animal protection is well-received by the residents.The activity whose aim is to make people aware of animal protection gains great popularity among the residents.例10The apartment building collapsed and many people lost their homes.The apartment building collapsed, leaving many people h

44、omeless.Many people lost their homes with the collapse of the building.例11 Tom was admitted to Cambridge University and he is the first in his hometown to study abroad. Toms being admitted to Cambridge University makes him the first in his hometown to study abroad.(4)概括性的词代替具体的词。例12 Some people go t

45、o college to learn a trade，some go to enter a profession，and others，having no immediate career goals, go for the love of learning. People go to college for various reasons.例13 She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to

46、read all of them during her holiday. She brought home a variety of reading materials to enjoy in her vocation. 实战演练 1Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Refusing to Be

47、 ModernizedAn elderly couple are going to exchange candles for light bulbs after 37 years without electricity at their Suffolk home. Pat Payne, 74, and his wife Margaret, 72, brought up their large family in their farmhouse in Whepstead, near Bury St Edmunds, without any modem appliances.Their child

48、ren left home years ago but now one of them has moved back and is paying 19,000 to have electricity put in the 200-year-old house next month. Mrs. Payne said that she was looking forward to “ being modernized “ but does not feel that she has missed much by not having electricity.“It would have been

49、nice to have been able to do the ironing or to have vacuum cleaner instead of having to sweep the floor, but we got by,” she said. “I think our children are more excited about us getting electricity than we are.”The couple have mostly lived off the land. Mr. Payne, a former farm labourer, grows vege

50、tables in the garden. Without a fridge or freezer in the three-bedroom house, milk is delivered every other day and fresh meat is bought as needed. Water comes from a well.Mrs. Payne used to wash clothes by hand, and with nine children that was a lot of clothes, but she believes that not having elec

51、tricity may have been a good thing for her children while they were growing up.“Instead of watching television, they played together and used to make up games or read books,” she said.The life also suited her and her husband. “ Neither of us has ever been seriously ill and we rarely get a cough or c

52、old,” Mrs. Payne said. “With our fresh vegetables and not having central heating its been a very healthy way to live.”The Paynes have lived in their farmhouse without electricity for 37 years but they dont regret it. They think living in this way does good to their childrens growing up and their hea

53、lth. Now they are going to have electricity put in their house and will make use of modern alliances. (51 words) 2Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides. Following the rulesplanning your next move.acting as a team memberthese are all “game” ideas that you will come across throu

54、ghout your life.Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow t

55、he rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating. Many childrens games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which sharpens the hand-eye coordin

56、ation（协调）needed in hunting.Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire count

57、ry, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disasters or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play itsome for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iriba

58、rne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to spread hope through soccer. He created a foundation to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whet

59、her these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.Apart from fun, playing games brings more to people. In doing the games, children learn to obey rules and prepare them to work as adults. Games encourage athletes to compete for medals, encouraging national or local pride; at the same time

60、, sports and games can get people united and even spread hope to them. (54 words)3Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.College students need textbooks to help them l

61、earn and earn an academic degree. However, on top of tuition, room and board and meals, why are textbooks so expensive? Textbooks cover many areas of knowledge. They are prepared specifically with a lot of information that include many original pictures, special charts, and specific data. Textbooks

62、are extremely useful to students for learning and profitable for the companies that publish them. While textbooks can be a financial burden on the student, they can be profitable fora book scouter (侦察员).A book scouter is an opportunist who buys cheap used books at thrift stores or books sales, and s

63、ells them for more money. Brand new textbooks are the most desired of books for scouters since they typically cost over $100. Of course, used textbooks dont cost as much. But when the scouter goes to a thrift store and book sales at libraries, textbooks can cost as little as several dollars. So, buy

64、ing used textbooks that are new is one of the most profitable books that sellers can buy.Unfortunately, many college textbook editions change every year, which eliminates the students chance to use last years edition. So, they will have to pay more money for brand new textbooks. The sad reality is t

65、hat very few changes are generally made between editions.Book scouters search for textbooks as well as other categories of books available at local thrift stores or book sales. Textbooks that are new or relatively new are marked down to just a few dollars. Then they can be sold on Amazon for potenti

66、ally high profits. Amazon buys new textbooks for a lot more money than most other types of books. If you want to try scouting textbooks to make a profit, buy their newest editions or the ones ahead of them.Although textbooks can be expensive for the average student, he or she could potentially sell

67、them on Amazon for the same price that they were purchased. Just remember, knowledge is power and can be profitable too.【答案】Textbook burdens students financially but is profitable for book scouters. They buy used but new books, selling them for extra money. However, because of the subtle editions ch

68、ange, students have to buy new books. Therefore, its wise to buy the newest version for more profits. And students can sell their books again for the same purchase price.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，教科书给学生带来了经济负担，但对图书巡查员来说却是有利可图的。 他们买二手的新书，再卖掉赚外快。 然而，由于版本的微妙变化，学生们不得不购买新书。 因此，为了获得更多的利润，购买最新版本是明智的。 学生们可以以同样

69、的价格再次出售他们的书。【详解】1 要点摘录 1.While textbooks can be a financial burden on the student, they can be profitable fora book scouter (侦察员). 2.A book scouter is an opportunist who buys cheap used books at thrift stores or books sales, and sells them for more money. 3.So, they will have to pay more money for b

70、rand new textbooks.4.If you want to try scouting textbooks to make a profit, buy their newest editions or the ones ahead of them.5.Although textbooks can be expensive for the average student, he or she could potentially sell them on Amazon for the same price that they were purchased. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行

71、总说，将第2、3、4、5三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句Textbook burdens students financially but is profitable for book scouters. They buy used but new books, selling them for extra money. However, because of the subtle editions change, students have to buy new books. Therefore, its wise to buy the newest version for more pro

72、fits.And students can sell their books again for the same purchase price.【点睛】高分句型1 They buy used but new books, selling them for extra money.运用非谓语动词对原文第二段进行了概括。其中运用了现在分词作状语。高分句型2 Therefore, its wise to buy the newest version for more profits. 用it用作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句末对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 4Direction:Summar

73、ize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.The protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found. Researchers from health science company ZOE, a spin-out f

74、rom Kings College London, recently have found that a full course of the Pfizer vaccine was 88 percent effective at preventing infection after one month, and this protection fell to 74 percent after five to six months.Tim Spector, a professor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that th

75、e data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the Delta variant weakened within three months.However, Simon Clarke, an associate profe

76、ssor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a finger in the air prediction”.“Immunity is a complex process and we cannot assume p

77、eoples immunity will fade at a uniform rate over time,” Clarke said.Peter English, a former chairman of the British Medical Associations Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at p

78、reventing severe disease.“There is a world of difference between efficacy against, on the one hand, any infection and on the other hand, illness severe enough to require hospitalization, critical care, or to cause death,” English said.Spector said that, in light of the new research, “we urgently nee

79、d to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious”._【答案】A new study has found the efficacy of COVID-19

80、 vaccines will decline as time goes by. The finding is backed by other studies. However, the unscientific analysis of data and limitation for lack of information regarding vaccine efficacy at severe disease prevention have cast doubt on this finding. Despite these, it is recommended to boost vaccine

81、 injections among certain groups.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，一项新的研究发现，随着时间的推移，COVID-19疫苗的效力将会下降。 这一发现得到了其他研究的支持。然而，数据的不科学分析和疫苗在严重疾病预防中的功效信息的缺乏，使这一发现受到质疑。尽管如此，还是建议在某些群体中增加疫苗注射。【详解】1 要点摘录 The protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found.

82、Tim Spector, a professor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that the data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the D

83、elta variant weakened within three months.However, Simon Clarke, an associate professor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a

84、finger in the air prediction”. Peter English, a former chairman of the British Medical Associations Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at preventing severe disease.Spector said

85、 that, in light of the new research, “we urgently need to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious

86、”.2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句A new study has found the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines will decline as time goes by.The finding is backed by other studies. However, the unscientific analysis of data and limitation for lack of information regarding vaccine efficacy at severe disease preve

87、ntion have cast doubt on this finding. Despite these, it is recommended to boost vaccine injections among certain groups.【点睛】高分句型1 A new study has found the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines will decline as time goes by.运用了省略that的宾语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。高分句型2 Despite these, it is recommended to boost vaccine injections among certain groups.用it作形式主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。