【寒假特训】07 全方位解读阅读长难句与阅读C篇-2022年高三英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、07 长难句分析与阅读C篇【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 理解长难句技巧高考英语越来越外刊化，阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，“原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么长难句构成有哪些特征？如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？分清主次信息位于逗号之间或其后面的部分通常是句子的次要信息位于破折号之间或其后面的部分通常是句子的次要信息位于括号内的部分通常是句子的

2、次要信息找出句子主干寻找句子所描述的主体弄清句子主体发生了什么事情理清逻辑关系在复合句中，寻找从句的引导词确定从句在主句中的作用依照前面所讲的步骤，进一步分析从句内的句子结构一、长难句构成特征1.带有较多成分的简单句 Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures . 2.含

3、有多个从句的复合句 Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say that he didnt know that his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.3.含有插入成份的句子如同位语（从句）、非限制

4、性定语从句、状语从句、分词、插入语等等。有时有逗号或破折号分开The lack of right male role models in many of their livesat home and particularly in the school environment means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.Science has become so important in the modern world, with its procedures so high

5、ly standardized and so widely accepted, that it is included among modern social institutions.4.含有省略成份的句子The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally wont pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females, whereas girls usually will.5.倒装句、强调句Before 1066, in the land we now call

6、 Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. How is it t hat the can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame，come back three and a half hours later, and theyre still sitting on the sofa ,talking? 二、破解长难句方法1. 找谓语，定主语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其

7、动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment - although no one had proposed to do so and asked an

8、 independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed -he; ordered-he; (should) not be used -federal-funds; had proposed - no one; aske

9、d-he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered. asked .”, “Declaring that.”作状语。句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验尽管还没有人建议这么做他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等）一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干

10、提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a

11、man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Poly technique.【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including.”为介词短语作状语;“who made.and who had to.”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled

12、and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。3. 寻关联，辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见

13、的关联词谙熟于心。Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he couldsleep on the sofa.【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比;not unusual=usua

14、l;not.until.直到才句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。4. 看搭配，防隔离有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling

15、points and emphasize it in their advertising.【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使成为”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。5. 关键词，抓线索有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意

16、。如：MissDermainesmotherlookedanxiousthroughoutthewedding and Mr.Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.【简析】此句似乎在描述婚礼上不同的人的情绪，而前后句用“and”连接(不是but)，所以“anxious”和“less than delighted”所表现的情绪的反差不会太大。句意：Dermaine的妈妈在整个婚礼显得很焦虑，据说Cordell的父母的情绪也不是很高涨。We even have different words for some food，me

17、at in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,whichshowsthe fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，m

18、eat in particular”;“depending on.”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 理解长难句技巧长难句练习：1.Reading to

19、dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in

20、Salt Lake City. 参考翻译：利用对狗阅读来帮助儿童提高读写能力是一种独特的方法。盐湖城的ITA组织认为，由于狗具有闪亮的棕色眼睛、摇摆的尾巴以及无条件的爱，它为儿童(初级阅读者)获取自信心提供了“必要的(无偏见的)听众”。2. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the isl

21、and is most famous.参考翻译：他们与外界隔绝了一千多年，这给他们充足的时间来修1000多座被称为摩埃的巨型石像，这个岛屿也因此而闻名。Moai：摩埃（位于智利复活节岛的巨型石像）3. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced

22、, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 参考翻译：很难计算出因为互联网的应用所使用纸张的数量，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当有了电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。4. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria,

23、a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.参考翻译：在旧金山的会议上，位于纽瓦克的新泽西医学院的教授唐纳德罗利亚说，基因利用以及纳米技术的进步使人类未来的寿命有可能延长到从前不可能达到的地步。5. The major market

24、force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghais car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.参考翻译：主要的市场推动力依赖于不断增长的白领阶层的人数，他们有钱支付这种新的服务，换句话说，上海的汽车租赁业增长如此之快关键在于白领阶层的不断壮大。6

25、. It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help, but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.参考翻译：到那时候，我才意识到我并非真的来帮助他人，而是来了解和体验另一种文化，这种文化有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解。7. As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 19

26、70s, to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 参考翻译：结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了185一一稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。8. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt

27、 unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 参考翻译：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人；而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。9. This process is also found among scholars and aut

28、hors: a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another, and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those fac

29、ts.参考翻译：在学者和作者中，我们也常常会发现这个过程：一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述，然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去，除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。10. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your wares and abilitie

30、s must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. 参考翻译：当与你谈话的时候，你潜在的雇主就在衡量你的学历、经验和其他条件是否值得他聘用你，而你的商品和能力一定要顺其自然地展示出来。 课堂典例C篇例题精讲( C )ESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a catch-all expression for the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to tr

31、ansmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are called psychics. Some believe that we all have this ability to some degree but that most of us choose not to develop it.

32、Many people are skeptical about ESP. Alongside the existence of documented evidence, there are plenty of claims that have turned out to be cheating. For most people, it is difficult to accept such claims without having had first hand experience. The lack of scientific evidence is another factor to t

33、ake into account. On the other hand, most of us have, at some time, experienced a seemingly unexplainable occurrence; hearing the telephone ring and knowing who will be on the other end of the line or cases of coincidence that seem to be too extreme to be accidental.Over the years there have been nu

34、merous ESP experiments conducted by serious scientists in serious institutions. Joseph Banks Rhine, a botanist at Duke University published a famous book in 1934 called “Extra-Sensory Perception” in which he claimed to have enormous evidence of ESP. However, other scientists have been unable to copy

35、 his results since, which has resulted in the book losing much of its original credibility and fame.The Ganzfield Experiments are considered to have been the most carefully examined ESP experiments. So-called psychics had their eyes covered and ears blocked while a “sender” attempted to transmit mes

36、sages. Later the psychics would compare the messages received to the original messages sent out. There was a great deal of excitement and interest at the time, but the research failed to produce convincing results.One of the strongest criticisms against ESP is that in order for it to exist, the fund

37、amental laws of physics would necessarily have to be broken.Human beings are attracted to the whole range of supernatural phenomena. ESP will always continue to fascinate. This becomes clear when we see how much of the media is dedicated to the topic: magazines, journals, web sites, television and r

38、adio programs. Some of the most successful films in recent years have fuelled interest among the younger generations who are starting to ask the same questions and to look for explanations for the same phenomena as their parents and grandparents before them. Who knows? One day we might just find the

39、se answers because one thing is certain: “The truth is out there! ”74. According to the 1st paragraph, a psychic can do the following EXCEPT _.A. read what his parents are thinking aboutB. transmit one friends thought to anotherC. predict whatll happen at tomorrows meetingD. change the position of a

40、 chair without touching it答案：B解析：细节题. 考查对句子意思的理解能力，由第一段可以知道，a psychic能recieve transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one pleace to another without physics.只有B选项是无法做到的，因为他们只能输送他们自己的想法，不能把别人的想法输送给另外一个人。

41、75. The underlined word “skeptical” in the second paragraph can be replaced with _.A. enthusiasticB. doubtfulC. particularD. curious答案：B解析：词义理解题由下文的出现的turn out可以推出，是对这个现象很怀疑，所以才有后面的turn out(论证过程).76. What can be learned about the book “ExtraSensory Perception” and “the Ganzfield Experiments”?A. They

42、 both failed to prove the existence of ESP scientifically.B. They were both the products of casually-designed research.C. Others followed their examples and got the same consequences.D. The writer and the experiment operators lost their fame eventually.答案：A解析：推理题由最后一段Who knows? One day we might just

43、 fine these answers可以知道，目前还没有十足的证据来论证这个，所以这两本书都是无法证明这个现象的存在。77. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Whether ESP exists.B. How ESP works.C. Who ESP attracts.D. Why ESP fails.答案：A解析：主旨大意题本文一直在讲ESP的话题，先是讨论什么是ESP,然后对ESP表示质疑，进而进行论证，但是到最后都没有足够的证据证明它的存在。所以A是最符合的。 实战演练Directions: Read the following t

44、hree passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(1) （C）Lindsay Renwick, the mayor of Deniliquin, a countr

45、y town in New South Wales, misses the constant whir (嗡嗡声) of the rice mill whose giant fans dried the rice. The Deniliquin mill, the largest rice mill in the Southern Hemisphere (南半球), once processed enough grain to meet the needs of 20 million people globally. But six years of drought have had a de

46、structive effect, reducing Australias rice crop by 98 percent and leading to the mothballing of the mill last December.Drought affects every agriculture industry based in Australia, not just rice from sheep farming, the countrys other backbone, to the cultivation of grapes for wine, the fastest-grow

47、ing crop there, with that expansion often coming at the expense of rice. The droughts effect on rice has produced the greatest impact on the rest of the world, so far. It is one factor contributing to skyrocketing prices, and many scientists believe it is among the earliest signs that a warming plan

48、et is starting to affect food production.Researchers are looking for solutions to global rice shortages for example, rice that blooms earlier in the day, when it is cooler, to fight against global warming. Rice plants that happen to bloom on hot days are less likely to produce grains of rice, a diff

49、iculty that is already starting to emerge in inland areas of China and other Asian countries as temperatures begin to climb. “There will be problems very soon unless we have new varieties of rice in place,” said Reiner Wassmann, climate change director at the International Rice Research Institute (I

50、RRI). The recent reports on climate change carried a warning that could make the news even worse: that existing models for the effects of climate change on agriculture did not yet include newer findings that global warming could reduce rainfall and make it more variable. Yet the effects of climate c

51、hange are not uniformly bad for rice. Rising concentrations (浓度) of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, can actually help rice - although the effect reduces or disappears if the plants face unnecessary heat, inadequate water, severe pollution or other stresses. Still, the flexibility of farmers

52、 here has persuaded some climate experts that, particularly in developed countries, the effects of climate change may be relieved, if not completely avoided. “Im not as negative as most people,” said Will Steffen, director of the Fenner School of Environment and Society at Australian National Univer

53、sity. “Farmers are learning how to do things differently.”Meanwhile, changes like the use of water to grow wine grapes instead of rice carry their own costs, as the developing world is discovering. “Rice is an essential food，” said Graeme Haley, the general manager of the town of Deniliquin. “Wine i

54、s not.”62. By “the mothballing of the mill” (in Paragraph 1) the author most probably means the mill is .A. kept unprocessedB. left unusedC. being entirely restoredD. being pushed round63. To find the ways to cope with the global rice shortage, researchers are .A. seeking new types of rice which cou

55、ld bloom at a lower temperatureB. building greenhouses which could provide more heat for rice to growC. studying climate changes in China which may affect rice growing in AsiaD. looking for alternative agriculture industries which may take the place of rice64. Which of the following can be learned f

56、rom the passage?A. Rice plants are fond of higher temperature in the process of growing.B. Global warming has shown few signs of influence on agriculture.C. Rice prices are rising steadily owing to the crop failure in Australia.D. Global warming may contribute to more complicated weather conditions.

57、65. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. Australia is the largest rice producing country around the worldB. most people look on the bright side of the flexibility of farmers C. climate changes have simply brought negative effects to peoples livesD. wine grape cultivation has threatened the r

58、ice production in Australia66. Which of the following best serves as the title of the passage?A. Rice shortage and wine boomB. Drought, the enemy of rice productionC. Rice crisis and its solutionD. Rice issue, a focus of the public attention62. B 63. A 64. D 65. D 66. C62.解析：由第一段最后一句可知大米产量因干旱减少了90%，

59、因此磨坊的工作也大幅下降，不被使用，故选B。63.解析：由第三段第一句可知，研究人员考虑提前水稻在白天的开花时间，即在更凉爽的时间开花，故选A。64.解析：由第三段第二句可知，大米喜阴，故A错。由第二段可知，全球变暖严重影响农业及畜牧业，可能带来粮食危机，故B错。由第二段第三句可知，大米价格飞涨，故C错。由第三段最后一句可知全球变暖还会影响降雨量，故选D。65.解析：文中并未提及澳大利亚是全球最大的水稻生产国，故A错。第四段第二句指出仅一些专家对农民们的灵活性持积极态度，故B错。由第四段第二句可知，温室气体有助于水稻生长，故C错。由第五段第一句可知葡萄种植正取代水稻种植，故选D。66.解析：本

60、题是一道综合概括题，由全文内容可知，本文核心内容为全球变暖给水稻种植带来的影响，故选C。 (2)(C)Sunny countries are often poor. A shame, then, that solar power is still quite expensive. Eight19, a British company by Cambridge University, has, however, invented a novel way to get round this. In return for a deposit of around10 it is supplying p

61、oor Kenyan families with a solar cell able to generate 2.5 watts of electricity, a battery that can deliver a three amp (安培) current to store this electricity, and a lamp whose bulb is a lightemitting diode (二极管). The firm thinks that this system, once the battery is fully charged, is enough to ligh

62、t two small rooms and to power a mobilephone charger for seven hours. Then, next day, it can be put outside and charged back up again.The trick is that, to be able to use the electricity, the systems keeper must buy a scratch card for as little as a dollar on which is printed a reference number. The

63、 keeper sends this reference, plus the serial number of the household solar unit, by SMS to Eight19. The companys server will respond automatically with an access code to the unit.Users may consider that they are paying an hourly rate for their electricity. In fact, they are paying off the cost of t

64、he unit. After buying around80 worth of scratch cards which Eight19 expects would take the average family around 18 months the user will own it. He will then have the option of continuing to use it for nothing, or of trading it in for a bigger one, perhaps driven by a 10watt solar cell.In that case,

65、 he would go then through the same process again, paying off the additional cost of the upgraded kit at a slightly higher rate. Users would therefore increase their electricity supply steadily and affordably.According to Eight19s figures, this looks like a good deal for customers. The firm believes

66、the average energystarved Kenyan spends around10 a month on oil enough to fuel a couple of smoky lamps plus2 on charging his mobile phone in the marketplace. Regular users of one of Eight19s basic solar units will spend around half that, before owning it completely. Meanwhile, as the cost of solar t

67、echnology falls, it should get even cheaper.43. The underlined word “get round” in the first paragraph can be replaced by “_”.A. make use ofB. come up withC. look intoD. deal with44. What should the user do when the electricity in the battery is used up?A. Buy a scratch card.B. Recharge it outside.C

68、. Buy another solar cell.D. Return it to the company.45. How much would users pay for the cell and scratch cards before they own a 2.5watt solar cell?A. Around10.B. Around80.C. Around90.D. Around180.46. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .A. Kenyan families would find it difficult to af

69、ford the solar cellB. using the solar cell would help Kenyan families save moneyC. few Kenyan families use mobile phones for lack of electricityD. the company will make a great profit from selling solar cells【答案】43. D 44. B 45. C 46. B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍的是英国的一家公司对太阳能的一种新的运作的方法。【43题详解】词义猜测题。根据第一

70、段中的Sunny countries are often poor. A shame, then, that solar power is still quite expensive. Eight19, a British company by Cambridge University, has, however, invented a novel way to get round this.可知，阳光充足的国家往往很贫穷。遗憾的是，太阳能仍然非常昂贵。不过，剑桥大学旗下的英国公司Eight19发明了一种新奇的方法来get round这个问题。由此推知，英国的这家公司找到一个方法来处理这一问题

71、。由此可知，get round意为“处理，解决”。故选D。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的The firm thinks that this system, once the battery is fully charged, is enough to light two small rooms and to power a mobilephone charger for seven hours. Then, next day, it can be put outside and charged back up again.可知，该公司认为，一旦电池充满电，这个系统足够点亮两个小房间，

72、并为手机充电器供电7个小时。然后，第二天，它可以放在外面，再次充电。由此可知，当电池里的电用完的时候，用户可以在外面充电。故选B。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据一段中的In return for a deposit of around10 it is supplying poor Kenyan families with a solar cell able to generate 2.5 watts of electricity,(作为大约10英镑押金的回报，该公司为贫穷的肯尼亚家庭提供了一种太阳能电池，这种电池可以产生2.5瓦的电力)和第三段中的After buying around80 w

73、orth of scratch cards which Eight19 expects would take the average family around 18 months the user will own it.(在购买了价值约80英镑的刮刮卡之后Eight19预计将占用平均每个家庭大约18个月的时间用户将拥有它)可知，用户在拥有2.5瓦的太阳能电池之前，需要支付电池费用和刮刮卡的费用约为80+10=90。故选C。【46题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的According to Eight19s figures, this looks like a good deal for c

74、ustomers. The firm believes the average energystarved Kenyan spends around10 a month on oil enough to fuel a couple of smoky lamps plus2 on charging his mobile phone in the marketplace. Regular users of one of Eight19s basic solar units will spend around half that, before owning it completely. Meanw

75、hile, as the cost of solar technology falls, it should get even cheaper.可知，根据Eight19的数据，这对客户来说似乎是一笔不错的交易。该公司认为，每个月平均缺乏能源的肯尼亚人每月花10英镑买油这足以为几盏冒烟的灯添上燃料还要花2英镑在市场上给他的手机充电。普通用户使用Eight19的一种基本太阳能设备的花费大约是这个的一半，然后才能完全拥有它。与此同时，随着太阳能技术的成本下降，它应该会变得更便宜。由此可知，使用太阳能电池将帮助肯尼亚家庭节省资金。故选B。【点睛】做阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目

76、有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案。如第3小题，How much would users pay for the cell and scratch cards before they own a 2.5watt solar cell?要求计算出用户在拥有2.5瓦的太阳能电池之前，需要支付电池费用和刮刮卡的费用为多少。根据一段中的In return for a deposit of around10 it is supplying poor Kenyan families with a solar cell able to generate 2.5 watts of ele

77、ctricity,(作为大约10英镑押金的回报，该公司为贫穷的肯尼亚家庭提供了一种太阳能电池，这种电池可以产生2.5瓦的电力)和第三段中的After buying around80 worth of scratch cards which Eight19 expects would take the average family around 18 months the user will own it.(在购买了价值约80英镑的刮刮卡之后Eight19预计将占用平均每个家庭大约18个月的时间用户将拥有它)可知，用户在拥有2.5瓦的太阳能电池之前，需要支付电池费用和刮刮卡的费用约为80+10=

78、90。故选C。 (3)(C)Some years ago a young man applied to a large United States optical firm for a job as a lens designer. He apologized for lack of training, but on announcing that he owned two copies of the classic Conradys Applied Optics and Optical Design, one for his office and a second for his bedsi

79、de table, he was hired on the spot. Perhaps the story will be repeated some day with Buchdahls Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics as a similar certificate of qualification.Hamiltonian theory describes with powerful generality the overall properties of optical systems considered as black boxes, altho

80、ugh it does not describe the detailed structure needed to construct the systems and achieve these properties. Buchdahls book is therefore on the subject of geometrical optics, but it is not about how to design lenses. It is, however a compact comprehensive account of the fundamentals of the theory w

81、ritten with the lens designers needs very much in mind. Every lens designer worth his salt has at some time in his career attempted to apply the broad concepts of Hamiltonian optics to the solutions of practical problems. Success has been sufficiently rare that the theory, as such, has made little d

82、irect contribution to techniques for optical instrument design. The failures have been frustrating because of the obvious fundamental power of the theory and because of its conceptual elegance. The indirect effects have been large, however, both in contributing to an understanding of fundamental pri

83、nciples that govern the overall behavior of optical systems and in pointing the way to other, more practical, theoretical approaches.Buchdahl approaches the subject not only as a capable mathematical physicist, but as one who with a knowledge of practical optics has made a significant contribution t

84、o geometrical optical theory. Buchdahls approach has, over the last decade, had a major impact on modern lens design with computers. Thus, he brings to this exposition of Hamiltonian optics a familiarity with practical optics not usually found in authors on this subject.The author claims his book to

85、 be non-mathematical, and indeed it might be so viewed by a professional mathematician. From the point of view of many physicists and engineers, it will appear to be quite mathematical. Moreover, this is a tightly written book. The subject matter is developed with precision, and the author expects t

86、he reader, at very point, to be master of the preceding exposition.43. Hamiltonian theory met with failures as a result of _.A. newer finding related to the wave particle nature of lightB. very complicated concepts too difficult to understand by most lens designersC. too much mathematical detail in

87、the theoryD. not enough practical information offered by the theory to allow for use by lens crafters44. The author of this passage implies that Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics is necessary to _.A. the students who are major in mathematical geometryB. those who want to grasp the basic principles

88、of optical systemsC. the lens designers who look for instructions on practical designsD. those who are interested in physics45. The article points out that the great benefits of Hamiltonian optics have been found is _.A. indirect ways of learning mathematicsB. a fundamental power within the theoryC.

89、 the conceptual elegance of the theoryD. the practical applications of the theory in finding new approaches to old problems46. This passage is probably excerpted from _.A. a review of a bookB. a chemistry textbookC. an opticians essayD. a general science text【答案】43. D 44. B 45. D 46. A【解析】【分析】这一篇科普说

90、明文，介绍了哈密顿理论，其以强大的通用性描述了被认为是“黑盒子”的光学系统的总体性质，尽管它没有描述构建系统和实现这些性质所需的详细结构。【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Hamiltonian theory describes with powerful generality the overall properties of optical systems considered as black boxes, although it does not describe the detailed structure needed to construct the systems and

91、 achieve these properties. Buchdahls book is therefore on the subject of geometrical optics, but it is not about how to design lenses. （哈密顿理论以强大的通用性描述了被认为是“黑盒子”的光学系统的总体性质，尽管它没有描述构建系统和实现这些性质所需的详细结构。因此，布奇达尔的书是关于几何光学的，而不是关于如何设计透镜）”和“ Every lens designer worth his salt has at some time in his career att

92、empted to apply the broad concepts of Hamiltonian optics to the solutions of practical problems. Success has been sufficiently rare that the theory, ”（ 一个紧凑的全面的帐户的基本理论写与镜头设计师的需要非常清楚。每一个称职的镜头设计师在他的职业生涯中都曾试图将哈密顿光学的广泛概念应用于解决实际问题。成功的案例非常少）可知，这一理论遭遇失败的原因是：该理论提供的实际信息不足，无法供透镜工匠使用。故选择D。【44题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“So

93、me years ago a young man applied to a large United States optical firm for a job as a lens designer. He apologized for lack of training, but on announcing that he owned two copies of he was hired on the spot. Perhaps the story will be repeated some day with Buchdahls Introduction to Hamiltonian Opti

94、cs as a similar certificate of qualification.”(几年前，一个年轻人向美国一家大型光学公司申请镜头设计师的工作。他为缺乏培训而道歉，但当他宣布自己拥有时，他当场就被聘用了，一本放在他的办公室，另一本放在他的床头柜上。也许有一天，布赫达尔的汉米尔顿光学导论也会成为类似的证书，重演这个故事)这个故事推知，这本书适合想要掌握光学系统基本原理者，故选择B。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段末尾“The indirect effects have been large, however, both in contributing to an understa

95、nding of fundamental principles that govern the overall behavior of optical systems and in pointing the way to other, more practical, theoretical approaches.”（然而，间接影响是巨大的，这有助于理解支配光学系统整体行为的基本原理，并为其他更实际的理论方法指明了方向）可知，这一理论在找到新方法解决老问题的实际应用上有很大益处。故选择D。【46题详解】文章出处题。根据最后一段“The subject matter is developed with precision, and the author expects the reader, at very point, to be master of the preceding exposition.”（ 此外，这是一本精雕细琢的书。主题的发展是精确的，作者希望读者在任何时候都能掌握前面的阐述。没有足够的实际信息提供的理论，以允许镜头的工匠使用）尤其“作者希望”推知，这篇文章来自书评，故选择A。