专题01 构词法-2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全.docx

1、专题01 构词法2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全【考点详解】【命题解读】 分析近三年年高考卷，仅在语法填空中涉及到构词法中的就有两到三个小题。可知，近年高考越来越注重对构词法的考查。通过引导学生掌握构词法，分析词的组成，有助于学生提高词汇的分析能力，扩大词汇量。此外，利用构词法还有助于记住单词的形、义和词性，避免出现拼写的错误，提高综合能力。【考点预测】预计2023年高考将侧重考查词性的转换，命题侧重对名词、形容词、副词的转换的考查。【复习建议】1.掌握派生法、合成法、转化法2.侧重培养通过语境上下文的推理判断词性的能力3.注重词汇积累考点一 （派生法）派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀

2、构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础，而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。（一）形容词的后缀和前缀1. 名词+-cial-形容词benefit-beneficial 有益的 office-official 官方的 face-facial 面部的 race-racial 种族的 finance-financial 金融的 society-social 社会的 【典例剖析】(2022全国卷乙卷) l provide _ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.【答案】financial【解析】设空处后面有名词aid，充当prov

3、ide的宾语，故修饰名词应当使用形容词作定语。2.名词+-al(表示“有属性或者与有关”)-形容词agriculture-agricultural 农业的 nature-national 国家的 education-educational教育的3. 动词/名词+-able/-ible-形容词accept-acceptable 可接受的 value-valuable love-lovable rely-reliable4. 名词+-ful-形容词care-careful 仔细的 beauty-beautiful 漂亮的 use-useful有用的【典例剖析】(2022全国卷II) Branche

4、s of Plum Blossoms: The_(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】本题考查多个形容词修饰名词。表示“漂亮的长长的枝条”。多个形容词修饰名词时，一般描绘性的形容词放在表示大小、形状的形容词前面，容易被误用为副词。5. 名词+-y/-ly-形容词wealth-wealthy 富裕的 friend-friendly 友好的 dead-deadly 致命的 rain-rainy多雨的 noise-noisy 吵闹的 l

5、uck-lucky幸运的 elder-elderly上年纪的 【典例剖析】【2022全国甲卷】 Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _ (day) routines.【答案】watchtowers；daily【解析】句意“人们本该两个小时就绕完城墙，但是我们停在不同的瞭望塔前拍照或者只是为了看看当地人们的

6、生活”。修饰名词routines应当使用形容词，表示“日常生活”。6. 动词+ive-形容词act-active 积极的 create-creative有创造力的7. 名词+-ous-形容词anxiety-anxious 焦急的 variety-various 各种各样的 glory-glorious光荣的8.名词+en(表示材料或质地)-形容词gold-golden 金色的 wood-wooden 木制的9. 动词+ent-形容词diffee-different 不同的 depend-dependent 依赖的 10.名词+less-形容词 home-homeless无家可归的 use-us

7、eless无用的 care-careless粗心的11.以-some结尾的形容词tiresome令人厌烦的 troublesome awesome12.以a-开头的形容词live-alive活着的 wake-awake醒着的 sleep-asleep睡着的 afraid害怕的 alone独自的（二）动词的前缀和后缀 1前缀en-+形容词-动词rich-enrich 使丰富 large-enlarge变大；扩大 2.前缀en-名词-动词 danger-endanger使危险3.形容词/名词+后缀-en-动词short-shorten缩短 sharp-sharpen使尖锐 deep-deepen加

8、深 dark-darken变暗 strength-strengthen加强4.形容词+-ify-动词simple-simplify使简化 beauty-beautify使美化 clear- clarify使净化5.以-ize结尾的动词real-realize意识到 memory-memorize记忆；识记（三）名词的后缀后缀例词-age (状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻-an/ian (人，家)American美国人；musician音乐家-ence/ency (构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率-ance (性质，状态)importance

9、重要性-ant/ent (人)assistant助手；student学生-cion/sion/tion/ation (动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复; expect-expectation 期望 -ee (动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民-er/or (人或物)writer作家；actor演员-ess (女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人-ism (主义，教)communism共产主义-ist (主义者，家)communist共产主义者-ment (行为；结果；状态；性质)

10、argument争论；government政府；development发展-ship (关系，身份)friendship友谊-hood (身份；性质)childhood童年-th (结果，过程)growth成长-ty (状态；性质)anxiety焦虑-ure (结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴-al (动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意【典例剖析】(2022全国卷II) Chinese New Year is a _(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and

11、 the beginning of spring.答案为celebration。【答案】celebration【解析】 主考察的英语构词知识，由动词变为名词的后缀-tion。改词的变形规则是去掉原来动词celebrate 当中不发音的e 字母，再加ion 就成了原动词的名词形式。改句中 意思是“庆祝活动”（英语解释为an accasion or party when you celebrate something ），改空前面已经有了不定冠词a,故填celebration。2.动词+-al-名词arrive-arrival 到达 survive-survival 幸存 approve-appr

12、oval 同意【典例剖析】(2022全国乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the travelerto become _61_ (educate) about the areas - both in terms ofgeographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _62_ (develop) of the local areas

13、.【答案】educated; development【解析】 61空内为动词, 考查词性转换, 谓语或者非谓语形式。此题为固定搭配, become/be + ed + 介词; 故答案为: educated. 拓展此题为常见考法, be interested in, be amazed at, be concerned about 这些词组必须记牢。62空内为动词, 考查词性转换, 设空前为定冠词the后面应当使用名词。此题为 the + 名词 + of 结构, 故填development。（四）副词的后缀1.形容词+-ly-副词（以某种方式）slow-slowly缓慢地 extreme-ext

14、remely极度地 complete-completely完全地2.以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i，加-lyhappy-happily高兴地 merry-merrily快乐地3.去e加-ly true-truly真正地4.以-le结尾的形容词去e加lysimple-simply简单地 gentle-gently温柔地 terrible-terribly糟糕地 possible-possibly可能地（五）表示否定或相反意义的意义1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不，非able-unable不能够 cover-uncover揭露 polite-impolite不礼

15、貌的 honest-dishonest不诚实的 patient-impatient不耐烦的 regular-irregular不规则的 legal-illegal非法的2.mis-错误地lead-mislead误导 take-mistake误会；误解 understand-misunderstand误解3.-less表示否定或相反意义的后缀use-useless无用的 hope-hopeless毫无希望的 home-homeless无家可归的考点二 （合成法） 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词，这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。（一）复合名词的主要构成方式1.名词名词sil

16、kworm蚕 classroom教室 daybreak佛晓 flashlight手电筒 necklace项链 haircut理发2.合成形容词good-looking好看的 hard-working勤奋的 cold-blooded冷血的 newborn新生的 bittersweet苦乐参半的 airsick晕飞机的 homesick想家的 easygoing随和的 3.合成动词名词+动词broadcast播送 babysit看孩子 副词+动词 overcome克服 undergo经历 downfall垮台；outbreak爆发考点三 转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性，称之为转化法

17、。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系，但其拼写形式不变。名词转化为动词face脸face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的deep深深地【牛刀小试】1.Therefore, lets take the _ (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!2.As far as I am concerned, my _ (suggest)

18、 is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.3.My presence is something they can draw real _ (strong) and hope from.4.Life is a _ (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.5.After some time, when both of you have renewed y

19、our _ (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.6.The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and _ (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.7.Many fads are _ (harm). Back in m

20、y day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.8.While your IQ tells you how _ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.9.The old people there were talkative and they told us their _ (person) stories cheerfully.

21、10.My little boy, do you feel more _ (comfort) now than before?答案：1.responsibility2.suggestion3.strength4.mixture5.confidence6.cultural7.harmless 8.intelligent9.personalfortable【真题实战】1(2020北京高考)Oliver says if youre _ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if/whether

22、you can join in when its possible.2(2022全国卷)_ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.3(2022全国卷)Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The _ (beauty) long branches covered with pinkcolored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.4(2020山东高考)Historical _ (accurate) is important but so is enter

23、tainment.5(2022全国卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _ (poor) studied.6(2021全国卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)答案：1.lucky 2.Certainly 3.beautiful 4.accuracy 5.poorly 6.strengthen