专题04 介词-初中英语重要语法精讲精练（江苏专用）.docx

1、专题04 介词介词的基本考点：1. 介词的分类2. 介词固定搭配一）、介词的分类1. 表示时间的介词 （1）表示“在之时”的介词in, on, at in 表示某年、某季节、某月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如： in summer 在夏天 in January 在一月 in 2012 在2012年 in the morning 在上午on 表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。如： on August 8th 在8月8日 on Monday 在星期一 on New Years Day 在元旦 on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨 on Sunday afternoon 在周日

2、下午at 表示某一时刻或比较短暂的时间。如： at 5:10 在5点10分 at the beginning of 在的开端 at the end of 在的末尾 at the age of 在岁时 at night 在晚上 at noon 在正午 at the same time 与此同时 注意：在this, that, last, next, every 等词之前一律不能直接加介词。如：I went to Hangzhou last Sunday.我在上周日去了杭州。 （2）表示“在之后”的介词after, in after接时间段，只能用于过去式；接时间点，可以用于将来时。in 接时间段

3、，用于将来时。He came back after three days.三天后他回来了。He will come here after four.4点后他要来这里。He will come back in a week.他会在一周以后回来。（3）表示一段时间的介词for, since, by, from to, until/tillfor 表示一段时间。可以指过去、现在或将来，着重说明“多久（how long）”。如： My uncle has lived in Washington for more than two years.我的叔叔在华盛顿住了两年多。since 意为“自起”。多与完

4、成时态连用，其后跟表示时间点的词。如： Paul has worked in the capital since he was eighteen.保罗自18岁以来一直都在首都工作。by意为“到为止“。表示时间上的界限，常与完成时和将来时连用。如： a. We had learnt 2,000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末，我们已学了2000个单词。 b. It is said that there will be nine billion people in the world by the year 2050.据说到2050年世界人口将达到90亿。f

5、romto表示从某一时间点到另一时间点的一段时间。如：My brother worked in this factory from 2004 to 2009.从2004年到2009年我哥哥在这家工厂工作。until/till 表示某动作或状态延续到某一时间。如：My brother came to this factory in 2004 and worked there until 2009.2. 表示工具、手段、方法的介词（1）by表示“以的方法、手段或泛指用某种交通工具“。如：Why dont we go there by bus instead?我们为什么不坐公交车去那里呢？He ma

6、kes a living by selling newspapers.他以卖报为生。He studies English by reading English books every day.他通过每天读英语书来学习英语。（2）with表示“用工具”。如：He wrote the letter with a pen.他用钢笔写那封信。How amazing! The boy can write with his two hands at the same time.多令人惊讶啊！这个男孩能同时用两只手写字。（3）in表示“以方式；用语言（语调、笔墨、颜色）”。如：Say it in Engli

7、sh.用英语说。He told me the news in a low voice.他低声告诉我那个消息。3. 表示地点、位置的介词（1）表示“在”的介词at, in, on, to at 接小地点表示“在附近；在里面” in 接大地点表示“在范围之内”。 on表示接壤。 to表示“在范围之外”，并不接壤。如：He arrived at school at eight oclock.他八点钟到达学校。He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday.他昨天到达温州。Zhejiang is in the east of China.浙江在中国的东部。Russia is on th

8、e north of China.俄罗斯在中国的北面。Zhejiang is to the south of Shandong Province. 浙江在山东省的南面。（2）表示“在上方”的介词above, over, on; 表示“在下方”的介词below, under above 指“在上方”，不强调是否垂直，与below相对；below表示“在下方”，不一定在正下方。 over指垂直的上方，但与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触，与under相对；under表示“在正下方”。on表示在某物体上面并与之接触。 如：The bird is flying above my head.这只鸟正在我的头

9、上空飞翔。There is a bridge over the river.河面上有一座桥。There is a dog under the desk.在课桌下有一只狗。Please write your name below the line.请下这条线下方写下你的名字。There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。（3）表示“在前”的介词短语in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面（范围之外）”。in the front of 表示“在某一物体或空间范围的前部（范围之内）”。如：The teacher

10、s desk is in front of the blackboard.讲台在黑板前。I was sitting in the front of the cinema but then someone sat in front of me.我坐在电影院的前排，但是后来又有人坐在了我的前面。4. 表示运动方向和位置的介词（1）表示“通过；穿过”的介词across, over, through across表示“横穿“，表示从一边到另一边，与on有关。 over表示“越过“，表示夸过一段距离。 through 表示“穿过”,表示通过一个空间，与in有关。如：He swam across the

11、river.他游过河。The Great Wall runs over many mountains.长城穿过崇山峻岭。I like exciting trips. Id love to travel through the jungle next summer, because its a good place to explore.我喜欢令人振奋的旅行。我想明年夏天去穿越丛林，因为那是个探险的好去处。（2）表示“在之间”的介词between, amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间；among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。如：Our school is between the

12、 hospital and the bookstore.我们学校在医院和书店之间。Mike is sitting among the students, so its not easy to find him.麦克坐在同学之间，所以要找到他真是不容易。（3）表示“在里面”的介词in, intoin表示“在里面”，用于表示静止的位置。into表示“进入里面”，用于表示有特定重点的运动方向，经常与表示动作的动词连用，如come, go, run, rush等。与into相对的介词短语有out of（从里出来），也表示有一定的运动方向。如：Her mother works in the cinema

13、.她的妈妈在电影院工作。The child ran into his mothers arms.这个孩子跑进他妈妈的怀抱。All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.当铃声响起，所有的孩子都冲出了教室。二）、介词与其他词类的固定搭配 1. 形容词与介词的固定搭配有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with。（1）形容词+about be careful about小心 be worried about担心如：Mother is wo

14、rried about his healthy.母亲为他的健康担心。（2）形容词+at be good at 擅长 be mad at对发怒/恼火 be surprised at 对感到惊奇如： We were much surprised at the news that he was out of the 110m hurdles race.听到他推出110m跨栏比赛的消息，我们都很惊讶。（3）形容词+for be famous for 因出名 get/be ready for 为准备好 be sorry for后悔 be late for 迟到；没赶上如：The farmers are

15、getting ready for the next years farming.农民们正为明年的农作做准备。（4）形容词+from be different from 与不同 如：City life is different from country life.城市生活与乡村生活不同。（5）形容词+inbe interested in 对感兴趣如：Many foreigners are interested in many Chinese traditional things like paper-cut.许多外国人对像剪纸之类的中国传统的东西很感兴趣。（6）形容词+ofbe tired o

16、f 厌倦be afraid of 害怕如：Im tired of the same breakfast every morning.我对每天吃同样的早餐感到厌烦。（7）形容词+withbe busy with 忙于如：His parents were both busy with their work.他的父母都忙于他们的工作。2. 名词与介词的固定搭配 有的名词后面要求跟固定的介词，常见的有：（1）名词+inhave difficulty in 有困难如：They have some difficulties in taking care of themselves because of t

17、he earthquake.由于地震，他们连照顾好自己也有困难。（2）名词+tothe answer to的答案/回答the key to答案；钥匙；关键如：Who knows the answer to the question?谁知道这个问题的答案？（3）名词+withhave a talk with 与谈话have a word with 与说话如：I had a talk with Mike this morning,今天早上我和麦克谈话了。3. 副词与介词的搭配instead of代替away from离开next to紧挨着far from 远离4. 动词和介词的搭配laugh a

18、t嘲笑take part in 参加catch up with赶上talk about 谈论hear from 收到的来信pay for支付；付钱stop (sb.) from doing (sth.) 阻止（某人）做（某事）spend on花费get up 起床turn off关上help with在方面帮忙三）、常考动词词组辨析1.break vt. 打破短语：break into 闯入（有被动） break down 坏了，抛锚（没有被动） break out 爆发（没有被动）2.cheer vi. 欢呼短语：cheer for 为加油 cheer up 使振奋e on 得了吧，快点，加

19、油（表鼓励，催促等语气）come其他短语总结：come up with 想出，提起 come down 崩塌 come out 出版 4.cut vt. 剪下，切下 cut-cut-cut短语：cut down 砍树 cut out 剪下 cut into 切成 cut in 打断，插嘴 cut.short 缩短5.die vi. 死短语：die of 死于（疾病） die from 死于（天灾人祸）6.famous adj. 出名的，著名的短语：be famous for 因出名 be famous as 作为出名 7.短语：notice sb. do sth. 注意到某人经常做某事/注意到

20、某人做了某事的全过程 notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事8.短语：let off 放（烟花） have XX days off 放天假 take off 起飞，脱掉 get off 下车 turn off 关掉（电器） put off 推迟 fall off （从某地）掉下来9.get on 上车 get up 起床 get away 逃脱，离开10.give up 放弃 give out=hand out 分发 go wrong 弄错，出错go over 复习 go on 继续 go by （时光）流逝 go for 去从事 go into hiding 躲起来

21、11.hand in 上交 hand out 分发 by hand 手工的12.hear of/about 听说 hear from 收到某人的来信13.keep sb. doing keep (on) doing keep sb./sth. adj. keep sb. from doingkeep . in order keep silent keep off 避开 keep . away from 使远离keep in touch 保持联系 keep sb. from sth. 保护，使免受 vt. 保守，保存keep a secret keep . to oneself 把藏在心中 14

22、.knock on(at) the door knock into sb. 撞上某人 .knock sth. off (the desk) 把从撞下来 know over sth. 撞翻某物15.lead sb. to . 把某人带入 take the lead n. 主角 play the lead role of16.leave sp. 离开某地 leave for sp. 动身去某地 leave sp. for sp. 离开某地去某地 leave a message 留一个字条 leave the light on/off leave the door open/closed leave

23、 me alone 让我一个人待着 leave the tap running 让水龙头一直流17.look for 寻找 look up 查（字典） look after 照顾 look around 环顾四周look over 检查（作业） look through 浏览 look at 看着 look out at 看着外面的look out of 看着的外面 look out 小心 look into 调查18. make friends be made of+看得出的材料 be made from + 看不出的原材料 be made in + 产地 be made by + 生产者

24、make. out of 用（材料）制作 make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 Sb. be made to do 某人被让做某事 make sb./sth. adj. 让某物/某人怎么样make a fire 生火 make a mess 搞得一团糟 make mistakes 犯错误make up 编造 make up of 组成 make a difference to 对产生影响make ones mind 下定决心 manage to do 设法做某事19.move to 搬到 move into 搬进 move away 搬离 move out of 搬出20.out a

25、dv. （从里）出来，向外，外出短语： go out 出去 work out 解出，解决 give out 分发 turn out 结果是，原来是 put out 扑灭 find out 查明 look out 小心 look out of 看着的外面 look out at 看着外面的 21.put短语总结：put in 安装 put on 张贴 put away 收好 put out 扑灭put off 推迟 put down 放下22.Take 的短语take off 起飞，脱掉 take on 承担 take away 带走take in 吸收 take out 取出，拿出 take

26、notice of 注意，察觉23.think的短语和句型：think twice (about sth.) 三思而后行 think of 想起，想出think about 考虑 think it adj. to do sth. 认为做某事是怎样的24.through 短语：look through 浏览 put.through 给接通电话（注意被动语态）25.time短语：have a good time=have fun=enjoy oneself+doing sth. 玩得开心 at a time 一次，每次 at times 有时候 at all times 总是 at differe

27、nt times 在不同的时代 on time 准时 in time 及时 from time to time 时不时，偶尔26.try短语总结：try out for 参加的选拔 try ones best to do 尽力做某事try on 试穿 27.turn out 结果是，原来是turn的短语总结：turn off 关闭（电器） turn on 打开（电器） turn up 调高 turn down 调低 turn.into 把变成28.up短语：take up 占据（时间，空间） put up 张贴 set up 建立，设立 turn up 调高音量 give up 放弃 get

28、up 起来eat up 吃光 use up 用光 tidy up 清理干净clean up 打扫干净 come up with 提出，想出【例题精讲】类型一、词义辨析【例1】The “teacherfree exam” means that students take their exams_teachersStudents must be more honest.Awithout Bagainst Cthrough D. with【答案】A【例2】They went climbing the morning of May I and came back the afternoon Aon；o

29、n Bin；in Con；in Din；on【答案】C类型二、固定搭配【例3】We must be strict _ ourselves. I think so. A. with B. on C. in D. by【答案】A类型三、介词短语辨析【例4】Mr. Wu is standing _ the classroom. There is a teachers desk_ him.A. in front of; in front of B. in the front of; in the front ofC. in front of; in the front of D. in the fro

30、nt of; in front of【答案】D【综合练习】1. Dont stay inside _such a sunny morning. Lets go out to enjoy the gentle wind and the sweet flowers.A. on B. in C. from【答案】A2.Tim is going to give his father a surprise _ Fathers Day.A. inB. atC. onD. by【答案】C3. Nobody could solve this difficult problem alone_ others he

31、lp.A. with B. for C. without D. from【答案】C4. We should be kind to the old and take care them in daily life. A. of B. for C. with D. about 【答案】A5. Our reading club shares ideas with each other _ one hour every Tuesday. A. toB. onC. atD. for【答案】D6.-His mother. Shes been in hospital for a few days.A. fo

32、r B. after C. at D. up【答案】B7. The 31st Olympic Games will take place _ August, 2016.A.in B. on C. At【答案】A8. Jim lives _ a small village and the air there is very fresh. A. on B. in C. under D. from【答案】B9. - -As a nurse， her work goes_ taking care of her patients. -Yes， she always thinks of others. A

33、. beyond B. beside C. behind D. between【答案】A10. Xiaogan is well known _ the culture of “Xiao”.A. inB. forC. at D. on【答案】B链接中考：（2022扬州中考）2. Place names often have interesting connections _ the local landscape and people.A. inB. onC. atD. to【答案】D【解析】句意：地名通常与当地景观和人有着有趣的联系。考查介词辨析。in在里；on在上；at在；to到。根据“Pl

34、ace names often have interesting connections.the local landscape and people”可知地名和当地景观和人有联系，have connections to.“和有联系”。故选D。（2022年宿迁市中考）2. _ spring, the days are often windy and bright. Its a perfect time to fly a kite.A. onB. InC. AtD. With【答案】B【解析】句意：春天，白天经常刮风，阳光明媚。这是放风筝的最佳时机。考查介词辨析。on用于具体的某一天前，或具体某

35、一天的上/下午/晚上前；in用于年、月、季节等泛指的时间前；at用于具体的钟点前；with和一起；根据“spring”可知，季节前用介词in，故选B。（2022年连云港市中考）3. The traffic light is green. Let s go the road.A. against B. among C. across D. above【答案】C【解析】考查介词之间的词义辨析。go across the road是固定搭配，意思是“穿过马路”。（2022年无锡市中考）1. Our English teacher came into the classroom _ a smile o

36、n her face.A. in B. over C. with D. against【答案】C【解析】考查介词辨析。这句话的意思是“我们的英语老师走进教室，她的脸上带着微笑”，哲理的“面带微笑”用介词with表示。（2022年泰州市中考）1. 200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year, and 15 families from Taizhou were _ them.A. amongB. betweenC. overD. on【答案】A【解析】句意：200个家庭获得了2021年江苏省最美家庭奖，其中有15个来自泰州的家庭。 考查介词辨析。among（三者及以上）之间；between（两者）之间；over超过；on在上。根据“200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year, and 15 families from Taizhou were.them.”可知，200个家庭中，15个来自泰州，用among表示“在之间”。故选A。