专题06简单句、句子成分和基本句型（讲义）（原卷版）.docx

1、专题06 简单句、句子成分和基本句型(讲义)目 录考点 简单句、句子成分和基本句型 -1页 -1页 -1页【真题研析规律探寻】-2页考向1考查写作中的高级句式-2页考向2考查句子成分-2页考向3考查句子结构类型-3页考向4考查阅读理解中的长难句的理解-3页【核心提炼考向探究】-4页1掌握八大句子成分-4页2句子的基本构型八大基本句型-5页3突破长难句提高阅读速度-7页4写作中常用的高级句式-10页【题型特训命题预测】-12页预测考向1 考查阅读理解中分析长难句-12页预测考向2 在语法填空中考查句子成分-12页预测考向3 在写作中考查高级句式-13页考点 简单句、句子成分和基本句型考情分析：分

2、析2021-2023年新高考有关句法的考向分布。题型语法填空阅读理解应用文写作和读后续写考点句子成分长难句高级句式和特殊句式新高考卷三年高考准确进行句子成分的分析，才能明确所填词的准确形式近年来，阅读理解中出现的长难句比较多，解决不了长难句问题，就无法理解文章大意。高考写作中的评分标准要求要有高级句式和普通句式相结合。要清晰表达自己的意思，就必须掌握句子成分及基本句式和复杂句式。总结高考考点，探究构词法的规律。近年来，高考对句子的考查越来越多，准确掌握句子的相关知识，才能解析长难句和写出高级句式。考点要求考题统计考情分析阅读理解长难句3年多考【命题规律】根据新高考三年的考情分析，阅读理解中长难

3、句出现的几率也越来越多，分析长难句仍然是重点。写作中的高级句式要求一直较高。语法填空分析句子成分是关键。【命题预测】通过2023年高考试题的分析，未来高考试题中有关句式的知识，将会频繁出现并且要求越来越高。写作3年多考语法填空3年多考考向1 考查写作中的高级句式（完成句子）1.(2023全国乙卷)_（尽管几个小时练习之后我的手指疼痛）, I felt satisfied if I could play a music piece completely.2.(2023全国甲卷) Confucius traveled throughout the country, imparting his wi

4、sdom to countless disciples and_（给中国社会留下了深远的影响）.3.(2023年1月浙江卷) The activity began with a lecture by a local botanist, _（教我们）about the different characteristics and uses of various plant species.4. (2023新高考全国卷) My suggestion is _（根据学生们的语言能力分组）or to let students choose their own partners.考向2 考查句子成分（写出

5、下列句子中划线部分的成分）1(2023山西省运城市高三检测)Exercise can improve deep sleep, and sleeping better enhances the ability to exercise the next day._2(2023浙江省杭州市高三适应性测试)If you have difficult memories, though, it is important to talk about them._3(2023云南师大附中高三阶段检测)We can develop the potential of our store space to help

6、 people be better connected to the communities they live and work in._4(2022北京市十一校高三三模)Norah asked her mom to take a picture of her with her new friend. _5(2023河南省洛阳市高三摸底考试)The exhibition was held on Friday afternoon and lasted two hours in the city cultural hall._6(2022山东省济南市高三模拟)Emma Jones threeye

7、arold son, Eric, was sharing a hot dog on the deck overlooking her friend Sarah Roths swimming pool._7(2023河北省保定市部分学校高三考试)The attractive advice given in this book is perfect for teens going off to college or beginning a new stage of independence. _8(2023海南省琼海市嘉积中学高三月考)In a way, knowing different lan

8、guages can provide people with a variety of views through which to see the world._考向3 考查句子结构类型（写出下列句子结构类型）1(2023重庆市育才中学高三检测)She was outspoken and fashionable._2(2023山东省泰安市高三期中考试)Its also protected under the law._3(2022广东省广州市第六中学高三三模)The professor offered us his answers to the questions._4(2023河南省洛阳市

9、高三摸底考试)There are more than 144 islands on the bay._5(2023江西省高三第一次联考)Novi Sads unique architecture and history have made it a major destination._6(2023河北省沧州市高三摸底考试)I won the gold medal in the long jump._7(2023浙江浙里卷天下高三百校联考)The trip has provided the children with unforgettable visual experiences. _考向4

10、 考查阅读理解中的长难句的理解（分析长难句）1. (2023新高考全国卷)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems.2. (2023新高考全国卷)A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.3. (2023新高考全国卷)

11、 When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.4. (2023新高考全国卷) The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt t

12、his philosophy if you decide its right for you.5. (2023新高考全国卷) In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many peoples digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of

13、the digital minimalism philosophy.6. (2023新高考全国卷)The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.【归纳总结】Tips：

14、找谓语，定主语，定主干，去枝叶；找连词，定逻辑。依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类，按照上述方法，即可抽丝剥茧，简化复杂的句式为简单句，然后依据词义和词性进行理解即可。构词法考点的必备知识：1掌握八大句子成分主语可以作主语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、疑问词不定式等。it可以作形式主语。It is important to make use of the time in class.充分利用课堂上的时间很重要。谓语不及物动词后不能直接接宾语，不能用于被动语态，及物动词后可直接接宾语，可用于被动语态；还要注意谓语动词的时态。Besides, I was previously trained

15、 in a sports training center, which makes me strong enough to be a volunteer. 此外，我以前在体育中心受过培训，这使得我身体足够强壮可以当志愿者。 宾语可以作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、疑问词不定式等。it可以作形式宾语。动词和介词后都可以接宾语。All of the students were absorbed in what the teacher said and took notes carefully during the class.课上，所有的学生都认真听讲并且做笔记。表语放在系动词之后；可

16、以作表语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、从句、疑问词不定式。Im sociable, easygoing and good at communicating with others.我喜欢交际、为人随和、善于与人交流。【易错提醒】常见系动词有：be, become, get, grow, turn, go, sound, taste, look, feel, smell, stay, keep, remain, seem, appear等。定语可以作定语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语从句等。With their heavy burdens removed, student

17、s can then keep in normal mental health.去除繁重的负担，学生才可以保持正常的心理健康。状语可以作状语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、状语从句。状语可以表示原因、让步、条件、目的、结果、伴随、方式、时间、地点、比较等。To make our city green, we decided to plant more trees and protect them.为了绿化城市，我们决定多植树并保护它们。宾语补足语说明宾语的性质、特征等。可以作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、非谓语动词等。Sports teach us to be considerate,

18、cooperative and optimistic.运动教会了我们体谅、合作和乐观。同位语当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，它们被称为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。He told me that his brother John is a worldfamous doctor.(同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时，不用逗号隔开)他告诉我，他哥哥约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。

19、Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr James. (同位语只起补充解释作用时，同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗号隔开)昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。He is interested in sports, especially ball games. (同位语表示其同位成分的部分意义)他喜欢运动，特别是球类运动。2句子的基本构型八大基本句型句型1 主语谓语(S V)归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需接宾语。The rain stopped.雨停了。句型2 主语谓语状语(S V Ad)归纳：谓语动词是不及物动词。状语

20、一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。The time passed quickly.时间过得很快。句型3 主语系动词表语(S V P)归纳：系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，后面必须加上一个表明主语身份、特征、性质、状态等的表语。My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是个护士。温馨提示系动词除了be动词之外，还有：表示感官的动词：feel, look, smell, taste, sound等；表示似乎、好像的动词：seem, appear等；表示状态延续的动词：remain, stay, keep等；表示转变、变化

21、的动词：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等；表示终止性结果的动词：prove, turn out。I feel quite happy.我感觉很开心。句型4 主语谓语宾语(S V O)归纳：谓语动词是及物动词，表达的意思不完整，其后必须要接一个宾语，即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、疑问词不定式、宾语从句等。I love these types of books. 我爱读这些种类的书籍。I know how to solve the problem.我知道如何解决这个问题。句型5 主语谓语宾语状语(S V O A

22、d)归纳：有时宾语后会接副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等作状语。I like to stay at home on Sundays.星期天我喜欢待在家里。He turned his head around to look at the child.他扭头看向那个孩子。句型6 主语谓语间宾直宾(S V IO DO)归纳：谓语动词后接有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，其前通常需要加介词for或to。I gave him a birthday gift. 我送给他一个生日礼物。He bought a new coat f

23、or me.他给我买了一件新外套。温馨提示宾语较长时，常跟双宾语的动词：需借助于to的动词：bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write等；需借助于for的动词：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。句型7 主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(S V O C)归纳：谓语动词后虽然已有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须再加上另外一个成分(即宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作

24、宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、疑问词不定式等。The news made us very excited.那个消息令我们非常兴奋。The teacher asked us to answer the question.老师叫我们回答那个问题。【易错提醒】宾语较长时，用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的结构。即：“主语谓语it宾补真正的宾语”。it作形式宾语，通常和下列动词连用：consider, think, make, find, believe, feel, guess, imagine, judge, prove, se

25、e, suppose, take等。I think it hard to get along with her.我觉得很难和她相处。句型8 There be结构【归纳总结】There be . 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。There be . 属于倒装结构，后面的名词是句子的主语。There be中的be有时可以用lie, exist, stand, happen to be, used to be, seem to be, appear to be等代替。There are two people waiting outside.有两个人正在外面等候。There ha

26、ppened to be nobody around.碰巧周围没有人。3突破长难句提高阅读速度快速理解长难句英语的长难句之所以长，是因为含有较多较长的修饰成分，或是包含多个并列句或从句。近年来高考在题目设置上增加了句式结构的复杂性和干扰性，突出考查考生在准确理解语境的基础上正确分析句子结构的能力，这无疑对考生的句式分析能力提出了更高的要求。理解句子结构的障碍主要来自三个方面：非简单句、非谓语动词和非正常语序。(一)并列句和复合句使句子变长变难简单句只含有一套主谓结构且句子中各成分都只由单词或短语构成。任何复杂或高级的句式都是由简单句的五大基本句型中的一个或几个组成的，简单句组合成非简单句必须借

27、助于连接词，非简单句包括并列句和主从复合句。1并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的句子连在一起构成的句子就是并列句。破解并列句的关键是先找并列连词，再分析并列分句。【典例1】(2022新高考卷阅读D)The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex int

28、erplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution .【解析】本句的主干为but连接的并列结构。在第一个分句中，we use是定语从句，修饰先行词The set of speech sounds; since the appearance of human beings作时间状语。在第二个分句中，that we find today是定语从句，修饰先行词the huge variety of speech sounds。【句意】自从人类出现以来，我们使用的这些语音并不一定保持稳定。相反，我们今天发现的多种多样的语音正是多

29、种事物如生物变化和文化进化相互交织、相互作用的产物2主从复合句主从复合句中的三大从句：定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。破解主从复合句要先找从属连词，知晓从句类型，再分析主从复合句。【典例2】(2022新高考卷阅读D)Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during

30、the last few thousand years.【解析】本句的主干为主从复合句：Analyses confirmed that there was a change。that引导的宾语从句作confirmed的宾语；介词短语of a language database作后置定语，修饰名词Analyses; with复合结构在句中作状语，其中 increasing的逻辑主语为 the use of “f” and “v”。【句意】对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，世界语言的语音发生了全球性的变化，“f”和“v”的使用在过去几千年里显著增加。【典例3】(2022新高考卷阅读B)It

31、s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.【解析】本句的主干为一个主语从句：Its jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away。过去分词短语rejected by grocers和thr

32、own into restaurant garbage cans作后置定语，分别修饰“ugly” vegetables和large amounts of uneaten dishes。【句意】令人瞠目结舌的是，有多少完美的食物被扔掉了从“丑陋”(但还可以吃)的蔬菜被食品商拒绝，到大量没吃完的菜被扔进餐馆的垃圾桶。（二）非谓语动词短语使句子变长变难非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。此处重点关注非谓语动词在句子中充当以下句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。1非谓语动词(过去分词除外)充当主语、宾语和表语【典例4】Being liked creates opport

33、unities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage.【解析】Being liked充当句子的主语，此处是动词-ing 形式的被动式作主语。【句意】被人喜欢会为学习和各种新的人生体验创造机会，这有助于一个人获得优势。【典例5】As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more acce

34、ssible, and preserve its history and culture.【解析】to widen .; make .; and preserve .三个动词不定式短语充当hopes的宾语，make和preserve前省略了动词不定式符号to。【句意】作为肯尼迪中心的爵士乐艺术顾问，Moran希望能扩大爵士乐的听众，使这种音乐更易于被人接受，并保护它的历史和文化。2非谓语动词充当定语【典例6】(2022新高考卷阅读A)An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each

35、 class period it is late.【解析】过去分词短语not submitted in class on the due date作后置定语；it is late 为省略了关系词when的定语从句，修饰先行词 each class period。【句意】没有如期在课堂上提交论文，每迟交一节课，分数就降一个等级。3非谓语动词充当状语【典例7】(2022新高考卷阅读D)They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it ha

36、rd to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.【解析】making .labiodentals为动词-ing 短语作状语；that在句中引导宾语从句，作动词 discovered的宾语； which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词labiodentals。【句意】他们发现古代成年人的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这使得发出唇齿音很困难，因为唇齿音是下唇与上牙齿接触发出的。(三) 非正常语序使句子变难非正常语序是指为了强调句子的某个成分而使句子的正常顺序发生了变化，主要

37、包括倒装句和强调句。1倒装句在英语中，主语和谓语倒置的语序称为倒装。倒装句分为完全倒装句和部分倒装句。(1)完全倒装。定义：全部谓语置于主语之前，称为完全倒装；识别方法：表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词；主系表结构中表语置于句首，且谓语动词是be动词。【典例8】(2022新高考卷阅读C)Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier.【解析】此句是完全倒装句，主语是80-year-old Ruth Xavier; Among those taking part in the proje

38、ct是介词短语作表语，其中taking part in the project是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰those。【句意】80岁的Ruth Xavier是该项目的参与者之一。(2)部分倒装。定义：谓语的一部分(助动词、系动词或情态动词)置于主语之前，称为部分倒装；识别方法：助动词、系动词或情态动词出现在名词或代词前可推断为部分倒装。【典例9】Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.【解析】Only at dinnertime

39、 are we eating .使用了“Only介词短语be主语”的语序，谓语动词are eating的一部分are被置于主语we之前，因此是部分倒装。【句意】根据这份报告的统计数据，我们中74%的人只有在晚饭时间才会在一起吃饭。2强调句强调句型“It is/was .that/who .”通常用来对句中的某个成分进行强调，从而起到修饰的作用。(1)结构：It is/was被强调成分(谓语动词除外)that/who其他成分。(2)注意事项：对发生在现在的事进行强调用is，对发生在过去的事进行强调用was；被强调部分是事或物时用that，被强调部分是人时用that或who均可。(3)识别方法：去

40、掉It is/was和that/who后，将被强调部分还原到句中，如果语意通畅，句子结构也完整，可判定是强调句；反之，则不是。【典例10】It was not until I became involved in student government that I gained the confidence to handle projects that I created with the help of ASUCR Office of the President.【解析】not until I became involved in student government是被强调成分，为not

41、 until引导的时间状语从句。【句意】直到我参与了学生会的工作，我才拥有了自信去管理我在加利福尼亚大学(ASUCR)学生会主席办公室的帮助下创立的项目。4写作中常用的高级句式1It goes without saying that .“毫无疑问/不言而喻”It goes without saying that a good campus environment is of great importance to our growth.不言而喻，一个良好的校园环境对我们的成长非常重要。2There is no denying that .“不可否认”There is no denying th

42、at I am capable of helping foreigners learn about Chinese culture better.不可否认，我有能力帮助外国人更好地了解中国文化。3As the old saying goes, .“常言道，”As the old saying goes，“One tree doesnt make a forest.” Our success is based on cooperating with others.常言道，“独木难成林。”我们的成功是建立在与别人合作的基础上的。4There is no doubt that .“毫无疑问”To b

43、e honest, I have just won the first prize in the Spoken English Competition, so there is no doubt that there is not any problem for me to communicate with foreigners.实话说，在英语口语比赛中我获得了一等奖，因此毫无疑问，与外国人交流对我来说没有困难。5There is a famous saying that .“有句名言说”There is a famous saying that “Good habits lead to go

44、od endings.”， which shows the importance of habits.有句名言说：“好习惯带来好结果。”，这表明了习惯的重要性。6No one can deny the fact that .“没有人能否认的事实”No one can deny the fact that exercising regularly is of great benefit to us, so we should change our minds and spend some time exercising every day.没有人能否认这个事实，定期锻炼对我们有很大的好处，所以我

45、们应该改变我们的想法，每天花一些时间锻炼。7It is (high/about) time that主语did/should do sth“该是做某事的时候了”It is time that we human beings took/should take proper steps/measures to keep the balance of nature.该是我们人类采取适当的措施来维护生态平衡的时候了。8It is strongly recommended that .“强烈建议”It is strongly recommended that the school should give

46、 students more free time to take part in sports activities.强烈建议学校给学生们更多的自由时间来参加体育活动。9I sincerely hope that .“我真诚地希望”I sincerely hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you.如果方便的话，我真诚地希望您能接受我们的邀请。10What impresses/excites/disappoints . me most is (that) .最令我印象深刻/兴奋/失望的是What im

47、presses me most is that the water in the river is clear enough to see the bottom.最令我印象深刻的是河里的水清澈地可以看见河底。11What I want to tell you is that .我想告诉你的是What I want to tell you is that the weather there is changeable and youd better take more clothes.我想告诉你的是那儿的天气变化无常，你最好多带些衣服。12What I learnt from . is that

48、 .我从学到的是What I learnt from this experience is that it is our duty to protect our community.我从这次经历中学到的是，保护我们的社区是我们的责任。13强调句型It is with a sincere heart that I hope everyone can give a helping hand at this critical moment.我是怀着一颗真诚的心，希望每个人都能在这关键时刻伸出援助之手。14not only . but also .引起的倒装结构Not only did it offe

49、r me a precious chance to get close to nature but also gave me relaxation from heavy school work.它不仅为我提供了一个接近自然的宝贵机会，而且也使我从繁重的学业中得到放松。15as引导倒装句，意为“尽管”Tiring and laborious as the work is, I find the value of labor and the joy of working.虽然工作很累，很辛苦，但我发现了劳动的价值和工作的乐趣。16only置于句首的倒装结构Only by making greate

50、r efforts can he make greater progress in his career.只有通过更加努力，他才能在事业中取得更大的进步。17without引导虚拟语气Without their help and encouragement, I couldnt have overcome so many difficulties.如果没有他们的帮助和鼓励，我不可能克服这么多的困难。句法考点的关键能力：1根据句子成分及复合句的相关知识，快速准确分析长难句，进而提高阅读理解的速度。2熟练掌握句子的基本成分和基本句型以及复杂句式，提高应用文和读后续写的写作水平。3准确判断不同词汇在

51、句子中所作的成分，从而准确确定语法填空中的用词准确性。【2024年高考命题预测】根据高考考情分析2024年高考将：（1）在阅读理解中考查长难句是常态，并且难度有所增加；（2）在写作中熟练运用高级句式是考生追求的志高目标；（3）准确分析句子成分，迅速解决语法填空中词的正确形式问题。预测考向1 考查阅读理解中分析长难句1. (2023新高考全国卷) Urban Sprouts classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-a

52、nd-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden.2. (2023新高考全国卷) More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks - transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculpture

53、s.3. (2023新高考全国卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summaryonline of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.预测考向2 在语法填空中考查句子成分1.(2024江苏省镇江市丹阳市期中) “Fosse presents everyday situations that are instantly recognizable in our own lives,” the comm

54、ittee said. “His reduction of language and dramatic action expresses the most powerful human emotions of (anxious)and powerlessness in the simplest terms.”2.(2024江苏省镇江市丹阳市期中) Male writers have also (historical)dominated the award: Of the 120 laureates in literature, only 17 have been women.3.(2024江苏

55、省无锡市期中教学质量调研测试) But they should never miss the (taste) dishes in Wuzhen.4.Besides this, Al has also been successfully used elsewhere. It has been used to 42 (automatic) identify and analyze the tracks of snow leopards from 100,000 photos taken every three months in national parks, increasing the 43

56、(accurate) of identification to 98 percent and 44 (strength) the efficiency of protection measures.预测考向3 在写作中考查高级句式（完成句子）1.（2024吉林省长春市高三上学期质量监测（一）Nowadays, fast food is very popular in China, especially children and young people _.如今，快餐在中国很流行，尤其是非常喜欢吃快餐的儿童和年轻人。2.（2024福建省福州市八县一中期中）_ is that they were written in the spoken language of their times. 这些小说的共同之处在于它们是用那个时代的口语写的。3.（2024福建省福州市八县一中期中）_, dont hesitate to ask me.如果你对这些小说有任何疑问，请不要犹豫地问我。