专题06 长难句01：方法讲解-2022年高考英语阅读理解秒杀技巧及真题演练.docx

1、专题06 阅读理解长难句方法Part 1 方法讲解1高考真句12高考真句23高考真句36Part 2 高考长难句分析练习7Part 3 答案解析10Part 1 方法讲解 英语句子是由“主干部分+三长两短一并列”组成的。我们可把这个“三长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子的“组件”。想要快速读懂一个句子，就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件，再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件连接起来。这就是“组件分析三步法”。 Step 1: 做标记 一般主语为名词，后面肯定会有定语从句，介词短语，非谓语等做后置定语，这时要把后置定语括起来，翻译为“.的”。一般句子中隐藏的从句很多，此时应注意只要有主谓就可构成从句，就可括起

2、来。做标记时应按照上文中的方法，给“三长”加括号（或画横线），给并列词加方框，给并列项划下划线。 【例句】 Li is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China. Li is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China). Step 2: 做直译 Li is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of C

3、hina). 翻译时可先处理为：李是个老师。教什么的?教英语。在哪儿教?在北京。哪个北京?是那个首都。谁的首都?中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。 Step 3: 调语序 上面的英语句子可以翻译成：“李是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。”或者“李是个老师，在中国的首都北京教英语。” 真题演练 由于所举例子比较简单，所以上文中的Step2看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在我们来用一些高考题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法，你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举! 高考真句1 The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at deve

4、loping more farmers and at in creasing interest in locally grown food. Step1: 做标记 The Department (of Agriculture) has programs (aimed) (at developing more farmers) and (at increasing interest) (in locally grown food). 实际操作过程如下：括号1：看到of，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词Agriculture结束。 括号2：由于has是谓语动词形式，所以可判定句中第二个出现的动词a

5、imed应为非谓语动词;由于该词后面紧接着出现了介词at，按照“一旦出现下一修饰成分，就果断将上一修饰成分结束掉”的原则，我们将aimed用括号单独括起来。 括号3：看到at，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词farmers结束。 方框1：and是并列词，该并列词的后面紧接着是由at引导的介词短语，为右并列项，因此左并列项应该同为at引导的介词短语at developing more framers。 括号4：看到in，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词food结束。 标记结束后，主干已经非常清晰了，即The Department has programs。 Step2: 做直译 要理解这句话的意

6、思，光知道主干还不够，其他部分代表了关键的细节信息，需要对句子大致进行翻译。根据“组件分析三步法”中所讲解的，要按照句子语序，对被标记后句子的每一小节挨个进行翻译，翻译时利用每小节的头一个单词进行提问和回答。The Department：这个部门;of Agriculture：什么的部门?农业的部门;has programs：有什么?有计划;aimed：针对什么的计划?针对;at developing more farmers：针对发展更多的农民;and：以及什么?at increasing interest：针对提高利润;in locally grown food：哪方面的利润?本土出产的食

7、物的利润。根据提问和回答后，我们大概理解了这句话的意思：农业部有针对发展更多农民和提高本土出产食物的利润的计划。 Step3: 调语序 将句子语序调整后，得到更地道的译文：农业部已经制定了相关计划，以培养更多农民和提高本土出产的食物的利润。 高考真句2 If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are re

8、freshed and ready to go. Step1:做标记 (If you started) (to dry clothes) (in the morning) and forgot (to take them out), you can go (to your phone) and restart your dryer (for the time) (when come home), (so your clothes are refreshed and ready) (to go). 具体标记过程如下： 括号1：If引导了条件状语从句，从if开始做标记。 括号2：to dry cl

9、othes是非谓语中的不定式，故在to之前结束上一修饰成分。 括号3：in引导介词短语，故结束上一修饰成分。该介词短语标记到名词morning结束。 方框1：and为并列连词，紧跟其后的forgot是其右并列项，向前寻找结构相似的左并列项，发现是started。 括号4：看见to，发现to your phone为非谓语中的不定式，标记到名词phone结束。 方框2：and为并列连词。紧跟其后的restart是其右并列项，向前寻找结构相似的左并列项，发现是go。此处为谓语动词并列。 括号5：for the time为介词短语，标记到名词time结束。 括号6：when come home为定语从

10、句，标记到逗号结束。 括号7：so引导结果状语从句。 括号8：to go为不定式。 Step2: 做直译 参照被标记后的句子，按照句子语序一小节、一小节进行提问和回答。If you started：如果什么?如果你开始;to dry clothes：去做什么?烘干衣服;in the morning：在什么时候?在早上;and：而且什么?forgot：而且忘了;to take them out：忘了做什么?把它们拿出来;you can go：你可以去;to your phone：去做什么?去(使用)你的电话;and;并做什么?restart your dryer：并重启你的烘干机;for the

11、 time：为了什么?为了这个时间;when come home：当什么时候?当回家的时候;so your clothes are refreshed and ready 这样就怎么了?这样你的衣服就被重新烘干并且准备好了;to go：准备好去做什么?去走(即已经准备好“出炉”了)。 Step3: 调语序 将译文调整之后为：如果你早上开始烘干衣服并忘了把它们拿出来，那么你可以用手机重新启动烘干机，这样在你回到家的时候，衣服已经重新烘干并可以取出来了。长难句语法：倒装（1） 完全倒装 完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。A. 用于here, there

12、, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中（谓语动词多为be, go, come等）。 eg Then came the order to take off. B以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。eg. Away went the crowd one by one. C 表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。eg. South of the lake lies a big supermarket.D “表语

13、+连系动词+主语”结构。E eg. Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year. F Gone are the days when he was looked down upon. G Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists. H (2)部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，移至主语之前。A. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）

14、放在句首时。eg. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. B. 副词only +状语放在句首时。C. eg. Only then did I see life was not easy. D. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。E. eg. She has been to Tokyo. So have I. F. He can send emails to his former classmat

15、es. So can she.G. Neither/ nor引导的句子用倒装语序，用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。H. eg. She wont go. Neither /nor will I. 她不走，我也不。I. “so.that.和“such.that.”结构中的so或such位于句首时。J. So excited was he that he could not say a word. K. 一些表示频率的副词（如many a time, often等）位于句首时。L. eg. I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time.M.

16、 Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone. N. 表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时。O. eg. Well do I remember the day when I joined the League. 我对入团的那一天还记忆犹新。（比翻译值得借鉴）P. 非谓语动词 + be + 主语。Q. eg Covering much of the earths surface is a blanket of water. Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies.

17、 （3）常见的其他形式的倒装结构A. 宾语位于句首表示强调 eg.The past one can know, but the future one can only feel. 一个人可以明知过去，但只能感悟未来。 What Julia did I cannot imagine. 我想象不出朱莉娅做了什么。B the .more. the more .结构中的倒装C eg.The harder you work, the happier you feel. The more you study, the more you know. D 有时从句倒装，主句不倒装。E eg. I like t

18、he painting better the more I look at it. F As /though 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装G 表语提前，构成倒装。H Though she is very pretty, she is not clever.I Pretty though she is, she is not clever虽然她很漂亮，但是她不聪明。J Although he is a child, he speaks fluent English.K Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. 虽然他是个孩子，但能讲流利的英语。 （名词单数

19、前不用不定冠词a）L Though he is the shortest, he is the richest of the three.M Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最富有的。（形容词最高级前去定冠词the）N 动词提前，构成倒装。O Though they searched, they could not find anything in the house.P Search as they did , they could not find anything in the house.

20、 副词提前，构成倒装。 Though he tried hard, he couldnt pass the exam. Hard as he tried, he couldnt pass the exam. 尽管他努力了，他还没有通过考试。高考真句3 2018-2The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening. 句意为：这次活动为了庆祝它的22周年，展示了

21、最好的园艺，使其成为园艺中最受欢迎的活动之一。making it one of the most popular events in gardening非谓语动词短语作结果状语。Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. 城市在哪落脚通常都是有充分理由的，比如靠近港口或河流。have a good reason for意为“有充分的理由”。句中being where they are作介词for的宾语，where引导的表语从句作being的表语。For many

22、 who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. 然而，对于那些成功到达道森市的人来说，获得的回报很值得这趟艰难的路程。此句包含一个由who引导的定语从句修饰many，many指许多人。make it to意为“成功到达”。Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in arch

23、itecture on February 28. 句意为：在2月28日，49岁的中国建筑师王澍获得了2012年普利兹克建筑奖，该奖项被誉为“建筑界的诺贝尔奖”。句中a 49-year-old Chinese architect是同位语，对Wang Shu 作补充说明；which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture是非限制性定语从句，修饰Pritzker ArchitecturePrize。The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I

24、did how to live more with less. 句意为好消息是我可以帮助我自己的孩子比我更早地学会如何拥有得不多也会更好地生活。that 是表语从句，从句中how to live more with less是learn的宾语。表语从句中又有一个比较级结构earlier than I did。Part 2 高考长难句分析练习1. Returning to a book youve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. 分析：_翻译：_2. And thats what makes the act of

25、rereading so rich and transformative. 分析：_翻译：_3. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingways A Moveable Feast. 分析：_翻译：_4. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. 分析：_翻译：_5. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, howe

26、ver, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. 分析：_翻译：_6. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would bur

27、n walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.分析：_翻译：_7. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times the

28、ir body weight with each step. 分析：_翻译：_8. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. 分析：_翻译：_9. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. 分析：

29、_翻译：_10. In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime. 分析：_翻译：_11. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylig

30、ht. 分析：_翻译：_12. Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? 分析：_翻译：_13. But our insisting its merely a window has kept them from attempting millions of requests to open the door. 分析：_翻译：_14. I have a very strong fear that the lie were telling is do

31、ing spiritual damage to our children.分析：_翻译：_15. Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they wont hesitate to open them and walk through. 分析：_翻译：_全国II卷A篇16. Those viewing the quality of Abbot Halls temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a ci

32、ty gallery. 分析：_翻译：_17. There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun, so theres something for everyone! 翻译：_B篇18. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for differences in parents income, education and the amount of parent t

33、alk, Levine said. 翻译：_19. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. 分析：_翻译：_C篇20. Designer Jennifer Ander

34、son admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. 分析：_翻译：_D篇21. I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. 分析：_翻译：_22. As I grew older and became a mother the library took on a new

35、place and an added meaning in my life. 翻译：_23. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them. 分析：_翻译：_24. Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement o

36、f going to the library lives on from generation to generation. 分析：_翻译：_25. While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve. 分析：_翻译：_全国III卷B篇26. In some cases, its not so much the treatment of

37、 the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; its the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. 分析：_翻译：_C篇27. With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together. 分析：_翻译：_28. Official repo

38、rts suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013. 分析：_翻译：_D篇29. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation that helps them digest milk as adults. 分析：_翻译：_30. In 2015, Melissa Ilardo

39、, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. 分析：_翻译：_31. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. 分析：_翻译：_Part 3 答案解析2020年全国I卷B篇1. returning to a book youve rea

40、d many times为动名词结构作主语，其中包含一个定语从句youve read many times，修饰先行词a book。句意为：重读一本你已读过很多遍的书感觉就像在和老朋友喝酒一样。2. what引导表语从句，what在表语从句中作主语。句意为：而这就是重读的行为具有如此丰富和不同感觉的原因。3. which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the first。句意为：每年春天，我习惯读的第一本书是欧内斯特米勒尔海明威的流动的盛宴。4. that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the ones；as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着”。 句意为：好书就是随着时间的推移，你还想打开再次阅读的书。5.

41、 本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是this strange form。句意为：不过，马萨诸塞州塞勒姆州立大学运动科学副教授贾克琳诺伯格说，正是这种奇怪的形式才让竞走成为了一项如此诱人的活动。6. 本句中moving at a pace of six miles per hour是动词-ing形式作后置定语，修饰race walkers，第一个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰800 calories per hour，第二个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰running。句意为：根据大多数的计算结果，以每小时6英里的速度行走的竞走者，每小时会消耗800卡路里，消耗的热量大约是步行者的两倍，

42、但是比跑步者要少，跑步者每小时大概可以消耗1000卡路里，甚至更多。7. 本句中while连接两个并列句子，表示对比，who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰race walkers。句意为：根据她的研究，跑步者每一步着地时自身承受的重量是其体重的四倍，而竞走者由于每一步都不离开地面，仅承受约自己体重1.4倍的重量。8. 本句主干为These include plants and a plant 。第一个that引导定语从句修饰先行词plants，其中包含一个when引导的宾语从句；第二个that引导定语从句修饰先行词a plant。have sensors printed为使役动词结构have st

43、h done，表示“使 / 让某事被 (别人) 做”。 句意为：这些包括叶面上印有感应器来显示缺水情况的植物，以及能探测地下水中含有害化学物质的植物。9. about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by为同位语，解释说明light。needed to read by为后置定语。句意为：这种光，约为阅读所需光量的千分之一，只是一个开始。10. 本句主干为the team hopes to develop a version of the technology。其中第一个that引导定语从句修饰先行词technology，在从句中作主语；第

44、二个that引导定语从句修饰先行词treatment。句意为：未来，该团队希望能开发出一种可以一次性喷洒到植物树叶上就能延长植物寿命的技术。11. where引导定语从句，修饰先行词switch，关系副词在从句中作地点状语。句意为：工程师们也在尝试开发一种开关，在有阳光时，其光亮度会逐渐减弱。12. that引导宾语从句，该从句中because引导原因状语从句。句意为：你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感到自己更为强大呢？13. our insisting its merely a window为动名词结构作主语。句意为：但我们坚持说这只是一扇窗户，从而阻止了他们无数次想要开门的要求

45、。14. that引导同位语从句，对fear进行解释说明。句意为：我非常担心我们说的谎话会对孩子们造成精神上的伤害。15. be they real or metaphorical为插入语，对other doors进行补充说明；be they real or metaphorical是一个倒装句，结构为be+主语+A or B，意为“无论是A或B”。 句意为：当他们遇到生活中的其他门时，无论是真实的还是比喻的，他们都会毫无顾虑地打开那扇门，走过去。16.句中的viewing the quality of Abbot Halls temporary exhibition现在分词短语作后置定语，修

46、饰those。句意为：那些观赏阿伯特庄园美术馆临时优质展品的人可能会以为自己置身于城市画廊中，这是情有可原的。17. 句意为：有四个奇妙的画廊可以参观，从美术到互动娱乐，所以对每个人来说，都有令其感兴趣的东西！18. 句意为：莱文说，在考虑到家长们的收入、受教育程度以及与孩子说话的量的差异后，研究人员发现玩拼图游戏可以有效地预测认知。19. when assessed at 54 months of age是省略句，原句为when children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age are assessed at 54

47、months of age。句意为：研究人员分析了53对孩子与父母在家日常活动的录像，并对54个月大的孩子进行了评定。结果发现，在26个月到46个月大时玩过拼图游戏的孩子的空间技能更好。20. 句子的主干是Designer Jennifer Anderson admits（that），it took her 是宾语从句，其中it作形式主语，to come around to the opinion 是真正的主语。宾语从句中又包含一个由that引导的同位语从句，对opinion作进一步解释说明。句意为：设计师詹妮弗安德森承认，她花了一段时间才接受了这个观点，即用海狸鼠毛皮制作自己的作品在道德上是

48、可以接受的。21. 第二句是省略句，完整的句子应该是：I have (had a special place in my heart for libraries) for as long as I can remember. 句意为：图书馆在我心中有特殊的地位。从我记事起就有。22. 句意为：随着我慢慢长大，成为了一位妈妈，图书馆在我的生活中呈现出新的一面和新的意义。23. It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to load up and go to the local library；where my kids . read to them是where引导的非限制性定语从句，进一

49、步说明library。句意为：对我们来说，装好东西然后去当地的图书馆是件大事。在图书馆里，我的孩子可以选出自己想看的书，或者选出他们想让我读给他们听的书。24. 本句中and连接两个并列的句子，后面的句子中that引导的句子作love的宾语。句意为：如今，我看到我的孩子们带着他们自己的孩子去图书馆，我喜欢这种去图书馆的快乐代代传承。25. 本句是一个主从复合句，状语从句由while引导，主句是it may feel like a learning curve。used to working with traditional tools like email是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰those

50、。句意为：虽然年轻一代更喜欢可视化交流，但对于那些习惯使用电子邮件等传统工具工作的人来说，这可能需要一个学习过程。26. 本句包含两个强调句，其中第一个强调句的正常语序为：The treatment of the animals on set in the studio doesnt have activists worried. 句意为：在某些情况下，让动物保护主义者担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇；而是拍摄场外的训练和生存条件引起了人们的担忧。27. with the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of i

51、solation 为复合结构：with + 宾语 + adj，在句中作状语，表示原因。句意为：由于年轻人无力承担离开家的费用以及老年人面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。28. with three generations living together为复合结构：with + 宾语 + v-ing，在句中作定语，修饰前面的households。句意为：官方报告表明，三代人同住的家庭数量已经从2001年的32.5万户增长到2013的41.9万户。29. that引导定语从句修饰先行词mutation。句意为：东非和北欧的畜牧民族已经发生了某种基因突变，这有助于他们成年后对牛奶的消化吸收。30. then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen作主语Melissa Ilardo的同位语，对其进行解释说明。句意为：2015年，当时是哥本哈根大学遗传学研究生的Melissa Ilardo，听说了有关巴瑶人的事情。31. if引导宾语从句作wondered的宾语，that引导定语从句修饰先行词physical characteristics。句意为：她想知道，几个世纪以来一直从事潜水活动，是否导致了他们的身体特征发生变化，从而使潜水变得更加容易。