专题12阅读理解说明文-学易金卷：五年（2019-2023）高考英语真题分项汇编（原卷版）.docx

1、五年（2019-2023）年高考英语真题分项汇编专题12 阅读理解说明文 （原卷版）2023年高考真题题组【2023新高考I卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide its right for you.To do so, I divided

2、the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many peoples digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part

3、 one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities th

4、at you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one, Ill guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, Ill draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. Youll hear thes

5、e participants stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issue

6、s such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these pra

7、ctices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.8. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems.D. Promoting the use of a digital de

8、vice.9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D. Take-over.10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.11. What does the author suggest reade

9、rs do with the practices offered in part two?A. Use them as needed.B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.【2023新高考I卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdo

10、m of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to over

11、estimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crow

12、ds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was t

13、hat when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was s

14、ignificantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their es

15、timates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in er

16、ror. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of pe

17、oples errors.D. The design of Galtons experiment.13. Navajas study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _.A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up st

18、udy focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.15. What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.【2023新高考II卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday

19、object the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity

20、that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations

21、. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonst

22、rate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks tr

23、ansforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any b

24、attery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked

25、, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.8. Where is the text most probably taken from?A. An introduction to a book.B. An essay on the art of writing.C. A guidebook to a museum.D. A review of modern paintings.9. What are the selected artworks about?A. Wealth

26、and intellect.B. Home and school.C. Books and reading.D. Work and leisure.10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Understand.B. Paint.C. Seize.D. Transform.11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?A. The printed book is not totally out of date.B. Te

27、chnology has changed the way we read.C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.D. People now rarely have the patience to read.【2023新高考II卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If youre lucky, there might be a pocket park nea

28、r where you live, but its unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban p

29、ark. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participants experience of

30、“We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categori

31、es were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying

32、and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.

33、 “Were trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the be

34、ginning of the text?A. Pocket parks are now popular.B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.C. Many cities are overpopulated.D. People enjoy living close to nature.13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?A. To compare different types of park-goers.B. To explain why

35、the park attracts tourists.C. To analyze the main features of the park.D. To find patterns in the visitors summaries.14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.C. The same nature

36、 experience takes different forms.D. The nature language enhances work performance.15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?A. Language study.B. Environmental conservation.C. Public education.D. Intercultural communication.【2023全国甲卷】I was about 13 when an uncle ga

37、ve me a copy of Jostein Gaarders Sophies World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philo

38、sophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you and then try to explain them.Eric weiners The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to th

39、ink and experience philosophy.Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosophers work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like S

40、chopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.

41、Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and

42、 gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. Its worth your time, even if time is something we dont have a lot of.28. Who opened the door

43、 to philosophy for the author?A. Foucault.B. Eric Weiner.C. Jostein Gaarder.D. A college teacher.29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?A. To compare Weiner with them.B. To give examples of great works.C. To praise their writing skills.D. To help readers understand Weiners bo

44、ok.30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?A. Its views on history are well-presented.B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.C. It includes comments from readers.D. It leaves an open ending.31. What does the author think of Weiners book?A. Objective and plain.B. Daring and ambiti

45、ous.C. Serious and hard to follow.D. Humorous and straightforward.【2023全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world t

46、hat flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they havent been seen

47、in a century or more, theyre increasingly being sighted by humans.The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 8

48、00 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has tw

49、ice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.Obviously, if precautions (预防) arent taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing

50、 farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlie

51、s away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?A. They cause mixed feelings in people.B. They should be kept i

52、n national parks.C. They are of high scientific value.D. They are a symbol of American culture.33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?A. The European settlers behavior.B. The expansion of bears range.C. The protection by law since 1975.D. The support of Native Americans.34. What

53、has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies?A. The opposition of conservation groups.B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.C. The voice of the biologists.D. The local farmers advocates.35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Food should be provided for griz

54、zlies.B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.【2023全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is B

55、ritish food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.Its thanks to these TV chefs rather than any ad

56、vertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britains consumers would like to c

57、hange or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that

58、 watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them mu

59、ch more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UKs obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an in

60、creasing number of male chefs on TV, its no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.28. What do people usually think of British food?A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutrition.C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputation.29. Which best describes cookery programme on Briti

61、sh TV?A. Authoritative.B. Creative.C. Profitable.D. Influential.30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.31. What might the author continue talking about?A. The art of cooking in other countries.B. Male chefs on TV programmes.C. Table m

62、anners in the UK.D. Studies of big eaters.【2023浙江1月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though

63、more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they havent given much thought to what they put under them. Often, theyll end up filling the area with small s

64、tones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Enviro

65、nment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest

66、 low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t

67、o pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, citiesand now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under the

68、ir solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything thats going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32. What do solar developers often ignore?A. The declin

69、e in the demand for solar energy.B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D. The most recent advances in solar technology.33. What does InSPIRE aim to do?A. Improve the productivity of local farms.B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C

70、. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A. To conserve pollinators.B. To restrict solar development.C. To diversify the economy.D. To ensure the supply of energy.35. Which of the fol

71、lowing is the best title for the text?A. Pollinators: To Leave or to StayB. Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Solar Farms: A New Development2022年高考真题题组【2022新高考I卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them fe

72、eling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are

73、 in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and

74、down there again at night to see theyve gone to bed.”“Its good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. Im enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”There are now

75、 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the pr

76、oject and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative

77、activities.”28. What is the purpose of the project?A. To ensure harmony in care homes.B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.C. To raise money for medical research.D. To promote the elderly peoples welfare.29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has

78、gained a sense of achievement.C. She has recovered her memory.D. She has developed a strong personality.30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?A. Improve.B. Oppose.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?A. It is well receiv

79、ed.B. It needs to be more creative.C. It is highly profitable.D. It takes ages to see the results.【2022新高考I卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others?

80、A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the la

81、nguages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiode

82、ntals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier

83、to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last f

84、ew thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remain

85、ed stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound

86、does Damin Blasis research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not

87、 conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research p

88、rocess.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.【2022新高考II卷】Over the last seven years, most states have ban

89、ned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using soc

90、ial networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was only increasing, unfortunately.Big ch

91、ange requires big ideas. he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea

92、 from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could de

93、termine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New Yorks hands-free driving laws. We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,” said Flix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the states 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textal

94、yzer bill becomes law, he said, people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers texting in the US?A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.C. Inconsistent.D. Unfair.29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?A.

95、 Where a driver came from.B. Whether a driver used their phone.C. How fast a driver was going.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.30. What does the underlined word something in the last paragraph refer to?A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.31. What is a suitable title for the text?A. To Drive or N

96、ot to Drive? Think Before You StartB. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the TextalyzerC. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.【2022新高考II卷】As we age, even if were healthy, the heart just isnt as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to b

97、e. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who dont exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a

98、 heart specialist at the University of Texas. Thats what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged bet

99、ween 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercisebalance training and weight trainingthree times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise u

100、nder the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was

101、that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didnt change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you havent already, is in late middle age when the heart still has f

102、lexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levines findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated wi

103、th far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging process

104、 of the heart.33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.34. What does Levines research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exercise i

105、s more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clarifying

106、 the purpose of the study.【2022全国甲卷】Goffins cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a

107、recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.In humans, babies can put a round sh

108、ape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”.

109、 In the experiment, Goffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffins cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of re

110、ference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from

111、the box in the experiment?A. By following instructions.B. By using a tool.C. By turning the box around.D. By removing the lid.25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A. Using a key to unlock a door.B. Telling parrots from other birds.C. Putting a ball into a

112、 round hole.D. Grouping toys of different shapes.26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A. How far they are able to see.B. How they track moving objects.C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.27. Which can be a suitable

113、 title for the text?A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersB. Cockatoos: Independent LearnersC. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters【2022全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. Thes

114、e gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she r

115、etired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she c

116、ould get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what Id find there and I wasnt nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do i

117、t alone as I always prefer it that way.”In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers shed never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place h

118、as,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by hum

119、ans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.C. Bring back lost memories.D. Stick to a promise.29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?A. Lovely p

120、enguins.B. Beautiful scenery.C. A discount fare.D. A friends invitation.30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?A. It could be a home for her.B. It should be easily accessible.C. It should be well preserved.D. It needs to be fully introduced.31. What is the text mainly about?A.

121、A childhood dream.B. An unforgettable experience.C. Sailing around the world.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.【2022全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very li

122、kely future of applying todays “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same th

123、ing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations

124、would be more efficient(高效)across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at nigh

125、t, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they ca

126、n cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail dont need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced se

127、nsors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on

128、 power lines.B. Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.D. Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction o

129、f infrastructure.30. What function is expected of the rail drones?A . To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C. To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB. How Produ

130、ction of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways【2022全国乙卷】The Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has s

131、hown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that todays children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a hi

132、gher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate 240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports. It

133、 comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drin

134、ks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content. However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juic

135、es, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Todays figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）an

136、d healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?A. To collect money for schools.B. To improve the quality of drinks.C. To protect childrens health.D. T

137、o encourage research in education.13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A. They turned to overseas markets.B. They raised the prices of their products.C. They cut down on their production.D. They reduced their products sugar content.14. From which of the following is the sugar t

138、ax collected?A. Most alcoholic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Coke.15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?A. It is a short-sighted decision.B. It is a success story.C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets customers.【2022北京卷】 “What would the worl

139、d be if there were no hunger?” Its a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isnt part of real lifeand learning how to make it realis a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less oft

140、en to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The resultan approach known as systems thinkingis now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires

141、 considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food systemor any other networkrequires three things to happen. Fi

142、rst, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on globa

143、l food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using

144、machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicalsand that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to i

145、dentify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more un

146、iversities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone dont produ

147、ce results, but concluded that “well never produce results that we cant envision”.28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to _.A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an opinionC. introduce the topicD. predict the ending29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?A. The fi

148、rst objective of systems thinking hasnt been achieved.B. The relationships among players have been clarified.C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?A. It may be used to justify

149、 power imbalance.B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.D. It goes beyond human imagination.【2022浙江6月卷】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land acro

150、ss towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packag

151、es. Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the N

152、etherlands. So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We

153、 see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree speci

154、es (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. Its also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as

155、 well as improving the mental health of those living locally.24. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success.B. It is led by number of schools.C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.D. It will spread to the countryside.25. What is the purpose of the project led by H

156、artley in the UK?A. To promote eco-tourism.B. To improve forestry research.C. To popularise gardening.D. To get people close to nature.26. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.C. They are foreign species.D. They are heavily fertilised

157、.【2022浙江6月卷】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job. In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects

158、 who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to l

159、ower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesnt pay to be a perfectionist. How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who

160、chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Soci

161、al interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the

162、 moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”27. What

163、does Ellen Langers study show?A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionistB. Translation makes people knowledgeable.C. Simpler jobs require greater caution.D. Moderate effort produces the best result.28. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_.A. is good at handling pressu

164、reB. works hard to become successfulC. a has a natural talent for his job.D. gets on well with his co-workers29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind

165、.D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.30. What does the text seem to advocate?A. Middle-of-the-road work habits.B. Balance between work and family.C. Long-standing cultural traditions.D. Harmony in the work environment.【2022浙江1月卷】The United States rose to global power on the strength of it

166、s technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier. It is cu

167、rious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions. writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel. T

168、he story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected the machine that changed the world. Klein writes, America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century

169、, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly, Edison realized

170、that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouses firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery. To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to

171、the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one mans lifetime. Its a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.24. What is Kleins understanding of the age of electricity?A. It is closely linked to the steam age.B. It began earlier than

172、 proper thought.C. It is a little-studied period of history.D. It will come to an end sooner or later.25. What can be inferred about Ned?A. He was born in New York City.B. He wrote many increasing stories,C. He created an electricity company.D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.26. What is the tex

173、t?A. A biography.B. A book review.C. A short story. D. A science report.【2022浙江1月卷】The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but theres a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely

174、to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: These findings are exciting because its possible that improving peoples cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age

175、 could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the

176、 criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or oth

177、er cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of th

178、e women with low fitness. However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a

179、 high fitness level is most important. She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?A. Positive effects of doing exerc

180、ises.B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.C. Experimental studies on diseases.D. Advantages of sporty woman over man28. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?A. To predict their maximum heart rate.B. To assess their cardiovascular capacityC. To change their habits of work

181、ing outD. To detect their potential health problems29. What do we know about Dr Horders study?A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.B. Data collection was a lengthy process.C. Some participants withdrew from it.D. The results were far from satisfactory.30. Which of the following is the best title

182、for the text?A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent DementiaB. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More ExerciseC. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop DementiaD. Biking Improves Womens Cardiovascular Fitness【2022天津卷】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our bo

183、dy? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the bod

184、y shapes the mind in equal measure.If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They dont have emotions so much as needsthe

185、y dont feel sad, theyre just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when theyre cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.Understandably, theorists have been a

186、rguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processin

187、g everything and forming your reactions.Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. A

188、nd it works the other way too; in another study, subjects fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and

189、sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not

190、use it? If youre having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know youre physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in _.A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psyc

191、hologyB. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognitionC. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brainD. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition47. Where does the new borns understanding of their surroundings start from?A. Their personal looks.B. Their mental needs.C. T

192、heir inner emotions.D. Their physical feelings.48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove_.A. environment impacts how we judge othersB. how body temperature is related to healthC. the mind and the body influence each otherD. how humans interact with their surroundings49. What does th

193、e author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5?A. Human speech is alive with metaphors.B. Human senses have effects on thinking.C. Human language is shaped by visual images.D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.50. What is the authors purpose in writing the last

194、paragraph?A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.D. To deepen the readers understanding of EC.2021年高考真题题组【2021新高考I卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of No

195、rth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions

196、 of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stam

197、p Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal

198、 Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98

199、cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than

200、 half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?A.

201、Loss of wetlands.B. Popularity of water sports.C. Pollution of rivers.D. Arrival of other wild animals.29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A. Acquire.B. Export.C. Destroy.D. Distribute.30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?A. The stamp price has g

202、one down.B. The migratory birds have flown away.C. The hunters have stopped hunting.D. The government has collected money.31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB. The National Wildlife Refuge SystemC. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History

203、 of Migratory Bird Hunting【2021新高考II卷】An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession thats relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor

204、 at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Ra

205、dio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken

206、over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, its increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesnt believe a robot is right for the job. Years of e

207、xperience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal i

208、s getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemens Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them app

209、ealing targets.32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?A. Soil pollution.B. Lack of workers.C. Aging machines.D. Low profitability.33. What will Sukkariehs robot be able to do?A. Monitor the quality of grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.C. Move cattle to another field.D. Predict weathe

210、r changes.34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?A. He wants to help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can do the job better.C. He is inexperienced in using robots.D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?

211、A. Increase the value of cattle.B. Bring down the cost of labor.C. Make the job more appealing.D. Keep cattle from being stolen.【2021全国甲卷】Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 3

212、1, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously were all absolutely de

213、lighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. Shes healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. Its still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no

214、 doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be

215、 born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the

216、 rhinos a “critically endangered” status.4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?A. Costly.B. Controversial.C. Ambitious.D. Successful.5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?A. She loves staying with her mother.B. She dislikes outdoor activities.C. She is in good

217、 conditionD. She is sensitive to heat.6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?A. They had their first born in January.B. They enjoyed exploring new placesC. They lived with their grandmothers.D. They were brought to the reserve young7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?A. Th

218、e rhino section will be open to the public.B. It aims to control the number of the animals.C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.【2021全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian ho

219、mes still paying for a landline(座机)?These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australia

220、ns have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security blanket 19 percent say they never use it wh

221、ile a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor(因素) only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 per

222、cent of Baby Boomers whove perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isnt the only factor; Id say its also to do with the makeup of your household. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone

223、 for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it). How attached are you to your landline? H

224、ow long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?A. Their target users.B. Their wide popularity.C. Their major functions.D. Their complex design.25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?A

225、. Admit. B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?A. They like smartphone games.B. They enjoy guessing callers identity.C. They keep using landline phones.D. They are attached to their family.27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?A. It remai

226、ns a family necessity.B. It will fall out of use some day.C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as important as the gas light.【2021全国乙卷】Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup reall

227、y make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair o

228、f 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are b

229、y no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for

230、 only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group o

231、f volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28. What are Von Wongs artworks intended for?A. Be

232、autifying the city he lives in.B. Introducing eco-friendly products.C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.B. To explain why they are useful.C. To voice h

233、is views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?A. Calming. B. Disturbing.C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists Opinions on Plastic SafetyB. Media Interest in Contemp

234、orary ArtC. Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【2021全国乙卷】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰)in his open office, he said, “Thats why I have a members

235、hip at the coworking space across the street so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout(布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works. The researchers examined various levels of noise on particip

236、ants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分贝), 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; howe

237、ver, the participants in the 70 decibels group those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silenc

238、e and 85 decibels of background noise. But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise not too loud and not total silence may actually improve ones creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our

239、 normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks. So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that in our offices, we c

240、ant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others conversations while were trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing fr

241、eedom from interruptions.32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?A. It helps him concentrate.B. It blocks out background noise.C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?A. Total s

242、ilence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?A. Personal privacy unprotected.B. Limited working space.C. Restrictions on group discussion.D. Constant interruptions.35. What can we infer about the author from the text? A. Hes a news report

243、er.B. Hes an office manager.C. Hes a professional designer.D. Hes a published writer.【2021北京卷】Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Re

244、searchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well unde

245、rway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the worlds most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets

246、would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars warning letter doesnt say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilizatio

247、n. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen

248、 in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming distu

249、rbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)In the incurable form of hope.The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Lets look directly into the issue of co

250、llapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Scientific.B. Credible.C. Original.D. Relevant.29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the

251、 author is_.A. worriedB. puzzledC. surprisedD. scared30. What can we learn from this passage?A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits.B. The author agrees with the message of the poem.C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized.D. The global collapse is well underway.【2021天津卷】A trial p

252、roject by the Montreal Childrens Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.“During the examination children dont move. It

253、 works perfectly. Its amazing,“ said Johanne LEcuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）.A French medical-imaging technologist-also

254、 a hypnotist was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the childrens hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is

255、 rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified statean imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.“The technologist must build up a story with the patient, Ms. LEcuyer said. The patient is left

256、with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure.Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insec

257、t; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patients body with what the patient sees in his head, Ms. LEcuyer said. It requires creativity

258、on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness.The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists, Ms. LEcuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at

259、her door wanting to take the training.45. One of the results produced by the trial project is _ .A. a better understanding of childrenB. less use of certain medicinesC. new medical-imaging technologyD. an improved reputation of the hospital46. The French technologist came to the childrens hospital t

260、o _.A. assist in treating a patientB. carry out hypnosis trainingC. start up a new departmentD. learn about the procedure47. According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by _.A. creating a perfect world for patientsB. forcing patients into a state of deep sleepC. putting patients into an unconscious sta

261、teD. leading patients consciousness away from reality48. What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?A. It should keep pace with the procedure.B. It reflects the patients creativity.C. It is selected by the technologist.D. It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.49. The procedure

262、was received among the staff with _.A. uncertaintyB. enthusiasmC. worryD. criticism50. What is the passage mainly about?A. An easy way to communicate with patients.B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis.C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology.D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging

263、 procedures.【2021浙江6月卷】If you ever get the impression that your dog can tell whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish betw

264、een images（图像）of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the persons face. The researchers then tested the dogs ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other hal

265、f of the persons face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. The study showed the animals had figured out

266、 how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, said study author Corsin Muller. Instead, our results suggest that the success

267、ful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.”With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions, Muller told Live

268、Science. At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions,

269、 and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 28. The new study focused on whether dogs can_.A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human facesC. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other29. What can we learn about the study from p

270、aragraph 2?A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order. B. Diverse methods were adopted during training. C. Pictures used in the two stages were differentD. The dogs were photographed before the test. 30. What is the last paragraph mainly about?A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible re

271、ason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method. 2020年高考真题题组【2020新高考卷】According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to

272、 existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women

273、 were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the

274、 cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thi

275、n.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that

276、the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “Ill have what shes having” effect. However, well adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I

277、 see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I?32. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in pa

278、ragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.34. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why

279、she could keep her weight down.35. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.【2020全国I卷】Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child

280、, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to b

281、e a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between

282、26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact

283、with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to pla

284、y with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidenc

285、e. B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?A. Parents age. B. Childrens imagination.C. Parents education. D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle pl

286、ay?A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologist.D. A teaching progr

287、am.【2020全国I卷】Returning to a book youve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. Theres a welcome familiarity but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books dont change, people do. And thats what makes the act of rereading so

288、 rich and transformative.The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. Its true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, its all about the present. Its about the now and what one contributes to the now, becaus

289、e reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingways A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, its his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost i

290、ntoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillards Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazars Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar. While I tend t

291、o buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as ti

292、me passes. But remember, its you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.24. Why does the author like rereading?A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.B. Its a window to a whole new world.C. Its a substitute for drinking with a friend.D. It extends the

293、 understanding of oneself.25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?A. Its a brief account of a trip.B. Its about Hemingways life as a young man.C. Its a record of a historic event.D. Its about Hemingways friends in Paris.26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to

294、?A. Debt.B. Reward.C. Allowance.D. Face value.27. What can we infer about the author from the text?A. He loves poetry. . Hes an editor.C. Hes very ambitious. D. He teaches reading.【2020全国I卷】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewe

295、r injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight t

296、hrough most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.Like running, ra

297、ce walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn abou

298、t 1,000 or more calories per hour.However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 t

299、imes their body weight with each step.As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to

300、 be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?A. They must run long distances.B. They are qualified f

301、or the marathon.C. They have to follow special rules.D. They are good at swinging their legs.29. What advantage does race walking have over running?A. Its more popular at the Olympics.B. Its less challenging physically.C. Its more effective in body building.D. Its less likely to cause knee injuries.

302、30. What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking?A. Getting experts opinions.B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced coach.D. Doing regular exercises.31. Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?A. Skeptical.B. Objective. C. Tolerant.D. Conservat

303、ive.【2020全国I卷】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown t

304、o be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants

305、that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical eng

306、ineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technolog

307、y, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps. In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime. The engineers are also

308、trying to develop an on and offswitchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwa

309、y-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants

310、.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants lack of water. B. To change compositions of plants. C. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed u

311、p energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption. D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could

312、glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【2020全国II卷】When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market

313、 for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project di

314、rector of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there c

315、ant handle this non-native species(物种). Its destroying the environment. Its them or us. says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond M

316、outon runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says its not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is trying to promote fur.Then theres Righteous Fur and its un

317、usual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on themI think thats going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for

318、 her creations is morally acceptable. She is trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D. To

319、celebrate a winter holiday. 29.Why are scientists concernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B. Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C. Nutria hurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D. Nutriaareillegally hunted.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature. C.Rema

320、inedstable. D.Crashed.31.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.Itsformal.B.Itsrisky.C.Itsharmful.D.Itstraditional.【2020全国III卷】We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are find

321、ing examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published

322、 in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Phil

323、ippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, theyve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land, said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing u

324、p on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders, Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate

325、student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population, said Dr. Il

326、ardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B. New knowledge of human evolution.C. Recent findings of human origin.D. Significance of food

327、selection.33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the coast.34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?A. They could walk on stilts all day.B. They had a superb way of fishing.C. They could stay long underwater.D. They lived on both l

328、and and water.35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaB. Highlanders Survival SkillsC. Basic Methods of Genetic ResearchD. The Worlds Best Divers【2020江苏卷】For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eatin

329、g first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They fir

330、st found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.Then, on two separate morning v

331、isits to the scientists lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On

332、the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the mens blood and fat tissue.Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the me

333、n displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, du

334、ring the workout after breakfast than after fasting.But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins

335、(蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.The implication of these results is that to gain t

336、he greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.61. The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”.A. digest the meal easilyB. manage without breakfastC. decide wisely what to eatD. eat whatever is offered62. Why were the 10 people chosen

337、 for the experiment?A. Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B. Their lack of exercise led to overweight.C. They could walk at an average speed.D. They had slow metabolic rates.63. What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?A. They successfully lost weight.B. They consumed a

338、 bit more calories.C. They burned more fat on average.D. They displayed higher insulin levels.64. What could be learned from the research?A. A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.B. Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.C. Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.D. Ph

339、ysical exercise before breakfast is better for health.【2020浙江6月卷】The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally dont flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:3

340、3am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around th

341、e US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being

342、addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.For all of Bellevues success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularl

343、y beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “Its not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has b

344、een a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Departments traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets

345、 run smarter instead of just making them bigger.25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Increased length of green lights.B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.26. What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive

346、 signals?A. They work better on broad roads.B. They should be used in other cities.C. They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.D. They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.27. What can we learn from Bellevues success?A. It is rewarding to try new things.B. The old methods still work toda

347、y.C. I pays to put theory into practice.D. The simplest way is the best way.【2020浙江6月卷】Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.Researche

348、rs from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take th

349、e same sorts of tests.Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scien

350、tists accounted for the participants overall health status.“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like youre in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can h

351、elp your brain stay healthy. ”Its not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiters job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family hous

352、ehold requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Sti

353、ll, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?A. To assess their health status.B. To evaluate their work habits.C. To analyze their personality.D. To measure their mental ability.29. How does Fra

354、ncisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?A. By using an experts words.B. By making a comparison.C. By referring to another study.D. By introducing a concept.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsB. Old People Should Take Challenging

355、 JobsC. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpD. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age2019年高考真题题组【2019全国I卷】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, th

356、ese technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. T

357、he keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the comput

358、er its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type th

359、e word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexp

360、ensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the in

361、vention of the smart keyboard possible? A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A. Itll be environment-fr

362、iendly. B. Itll reach consumers soon. C. Itll be made of plastics. D. Itll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B.A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.【2019全国I卷】During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed

363、me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-ex

364、plored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early,

365、 are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high scho

366、ol, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究

367、). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found tha

368、t the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive l

369、ife outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage ” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C.

370、Generous. D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeare

371、d to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Beer C. Be the Best-You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiv

372、eness【2019全国II卷】Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eat

373、en alone in America. More than half（53 percent）have breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？”Bechtel said,

374、 looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today,

375、 I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）

376、. “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “Its a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a

377、table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 ab

378、out?A. Food variety.B. Eating habits.C. Table manners. D. Restaurant service.29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?A. To meet with her coworkers.B. To catch up with her work.C. To have some time on her own.D. To collect data for her report.30. What do we know about Mazoleny?A. He makes vid

379、eos for the bar.B. Hes fond of the food at the bar.C. He interviews customers at the bar.D. Hes familiar with the barkeeper.31. What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of self-reflection.C. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless techn

380、ology.【2019全国II卷】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物）from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch

381、 of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years

382、, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no gra

383、ded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at time. Its a hard business review o

384、f your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the pr

385、oblem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32.What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear different forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To

386、strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education.34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designsC.

387、Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.【2019全国III卷】Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscr

388、iptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that w

389、ould appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the penny paper-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps

390、more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to purchase

391、 a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents.

392、But the phrase penny paper caught the publics fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for the man on the street did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were

393、owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D. Confidential.29. What did stree

394、t sales mean to newspapers?A. They would be priced higher.B. They would disappear from cities.C. They could have more readers.D. They could regain public trust.30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A. Local politicians.B. Common people.C. Young publishers.D. Rich businessmen.31. W

395、hat can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A. It was a difficult process.B. It was a temporary success.C. It was a robbery of the poor.D. It was a disaster for printers.【2019全国III卷】Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clear

396、ly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the e

397、xperiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys

398、 touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values mor

399、e than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single symbol when the two wer

400、e close in valuesometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number to it.This indicates that there is a certai

401、n way quantity is represented in their brains, Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?A. They fed them.B. They named them.C. They trained them.D

402、. They measured them.33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?A. By drawing a circle.B. By touching a screen.C. By watching videos.D. By mixing two drinks.34. What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys?A. They could perform basic addition.B. They could understand simple word

403、s.C. They could memorize numbers easily.D. They could hold their attention for long.35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Education.D. Science.【2019北京卷】By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a war

404、ming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on

405、the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxy

406、gen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only

407、 sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans

408、 would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the

409、ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phyto

410、plankton.43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnoticeable44. What can we learn from the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystemB. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changesC.

411、Phytoplankton have been used to control global climateD. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45. What is the main purpose of the passage？A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changesB. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC. To explain the effects of climate change

412、 on oceansD. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【2019天津卷】How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting w

413、ho eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species

414、 are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them. And if a predator

415、 can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small chan

416、ges of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human acti

417、vities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built an

418、early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass th

419、eir tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?A. The living habits of species in food webs.B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C. The approaches to studying the species in the

420、 ecosystems.D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator _.A. has a wide food choiceB. can easily find new preyC. sticks to one prey speciesD. can quickly move to another place48. What will happen if the populations of t

421、op predators in a food web greatly decline?A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.

422、49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.50. How does a

423、n early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?A. By getting illegal practices under controlB. By stopping us from killing large predators.C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.【2019浙江卷】California has los

424、t half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was sp

425、ared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed t

426、o the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).But in co

427、mparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas wh

428、ere trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing

429、 of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the seco

430、nd paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad fo

431、r big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California