专题二　第1讲　名词.docx

1、第1讲名词Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies.He works seven days a week and 12 months a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches.He likes eating tomatoes but he doesnt eat vegetables with leaves.He has two pet horses and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Bla

2、cks farm because he thinks the scenery of the farm is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his，who raises some cows and goats.规则感悟1.可数名词变复数以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。以-th结尾的名词加-s。以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他

3、多直接加-s。以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。大部分可数名词直接加-s。2名词的所有格有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-。无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。双重所有格的构成形式为“名词of名词所有格”或者“名词of名词性物主代词”。1不规则变化的名词复数(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：footfeet脚goosegeese鹅toothteeth牙齿mousemice老鼠manmen男人womanwomen女人(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。

4、如：sheepsheep绵羊deerdeer鹿ChineseChinese中国人JapaneseJapanese日本人meansmeans方法seriesseries系列speciesspecies物种crossroadscrossroads 十字路口spacecraftspacecraft航天器(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：childchildren 孩子oxoxen 公牛(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：gentlemangentlemen绅士EnglishmanEnglishmen英国男子policeman

5、policemen男警察chairwomanchairwomen女主席businessmanbusinessmen商人craftsmancraftsmen工匠，手艺人注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：analysisanalyses分析basisbases基础crisiscrises危机thesistheses论文mediummedia媒介物phenomenonphenomena现象2复合名词的单复数变化(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：birthdaybirthdays生日blackb

6、oardblackboards黑板bookshelfbookshelves书架gentlemangentlemen绅士(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：book wormbook wormsson-in-lawsons-in-lawlooker-onlookers-onpasser-bypassers-bystory-tellerstory-tellers(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-upgrown-upsstandbystandbys(4)“man/woman名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。wo

7、men singers女歌手men servants 男仆人(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，ta

8、ke pains to do等。3名词所有格的特殊形式(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-s。如：Kate and Marys room凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kates and Marys rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：at the doctors (office)在(医生的)诊所里at the barbers (shop)在理发店at Mr Greens (house)在格林先生家对点练习1The team who won t

9、he three world _(championship) would always get this cup.2During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful _(activity)3The best solution might be to find the _(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthe

10、n them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.4Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on _(passer-by)5We usually expect Hollywood _(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.6He goes to the _(barber) to have his hair cut every month.

11、To learn more knowledge，I have to do lots of homework every day and have no time to have fun or do housework.Last week we had an exam but I didnt perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress.So this exam is not a failure.On the contrary，it is a success in a way.规则感悟不可数名词没有复数形式

12、，也不能与不定冠词连用。fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。抽象名词具体化：表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。表示“一”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。1.不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：fun乐趣homework作业bread面包wealth

13、财富progress进步equipment设备room空间weather天气work工作music音乐news新闻meat肉word消息traffic交通luck运气housework家务milk牛奶advice建议man人类orange橙汁knowledge知识furniture家具baggage/luggage行李information信息2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。It is a waste of

14、 time reading such a novel.读这种小说就是浪费时间。She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。3有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。对点练习1The fa

15、r side of the moon is of particular _(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.(2020全国)2Filled with _(curious) and hope for the future，the young man packed his bags and left for a big city.1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-alapprove赞成approval 赞成 survive 幸存

16、survival 幸存arrive到达arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝refusal 拒绝propose提议proposal 提议；建议-ance/-enceappear出现appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演performance 表演 guide 指引guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠dependence 依赖；依靠-ion/-tion/-ationdirect指挥；指导direction 方

17、向；指导 expect 期待expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决solution 解决 compete 竞争competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述description 描写 repeat 重复repetition 重复 explain 解释explanation 解释 pronounce 发音pronunciation 发音-s(s)iondiscuss讨论discussion 讨论 admit 承认admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定decision 决定-inghear听hearin

18、g 听力；听觉 listen 听listening 听；听力-mentachieve达到；完成achievement 成就 develop 发展development 发展 argue争论argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚punishment 惩罚-ure/-turefail失败failure 失败 press 压；挤pressure 压力 mix 混合mixture 混合物 expose 暴露exposure 面临；暴露-yrecover恢复recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现discovery 发现-er/-orteach教teacher 老师announce播

19、报announcer 播音员conduct指导，指挥conductor 指挥；售票员其他常见变化choose选择choice 选择 vary 相异variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长growth 生长 marry 结婚marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)package 包；盒2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-cyfluent流利的fluency 流利；流畅 accurate 准确的accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的efficiency 效率-domfree自由的fre

20、edom 自由 wise 明智的wisdom 智慧-nessdark黑的darkness黑暗 weak虚弱的weakness虚弱 kind友好的kindness善良 cold寒冷的coldness冷淡；冷漠 aware知道的；意识到的awareness知道；意识-thwarm温暖的warmth 温暖 true 真的truth 真相 deep 深的depth 深(度) strong 强壮的strength 力量 long 长的length 长度 wide 宽的width 宽度-y/-ty/-itydifficult困难的difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的honesty 诚实 saf

21、e 安全的safety 安全 cruel 残忍的cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的responsibility责任-cedifferent不同的difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的patience 耐心 absent 缺席的absence 缺席 present 出席的presence 出席 confident 自信的confidence 信心 convenient 方便的convenience 便利 important 重要的importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的s

22、ignificance重要性，重大意义对点练习1When the answer was no，she declined the _(invite)(2022浙江1月)2China has a _(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022全国乙)3In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their _(marr

23、y) ceremony in 1842.(2021浙江6月)4Historical _(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020新高考全国)5My teacher tells me that the key to success is _(honest)6Shes a great _(perform) and she always performs great.1Also，technological know-how has become a _(require) for most jobs in an increasingly

24、digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most _(profession)(2020新高考全国)2This switch has decreased _(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a _(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.4Other American studies showed no _(connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019浙江)