专题（04）2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题阅读D剖析整理38个短语 -备战2024年高考英语夯实基础与提升能力训练.docx

1、 专题（04）2023年新高考全国卷英语真题阅读D剖析整理53个短语+备战2024年高考英语夯实基础与提升能力训练 2023年新高考全国卷英语真题阅读D剖析整理53个短语+3个阅读理解+1个七选五+1个作文 建议：借助2023年英语高考真题走进高考，领悟高考，把控高考.英语学习能力的提高离不开语言环境，词汇把握和句子结构的分辨理解。高中生进行英语学习过程中务必借助文章语言环境才能有效地巩固所学词汇，提高句子结构分辨和文章理解能力，进而拓展思维，形成扎实的语言学习能力和答题技巧。通过本组习题训练可以有效夯实基础，巩固并扩大词汇量，熟练语境，提升对英语高考题型的理解力和答题技巧。2023年新高考全

2、国卷英语真题阅读D剖析整理53个短语D1.the English statistician Francis Galton 英国统计学家弗朗西斯加尔顿2.publish a paper 发表论文3.what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect 所谓的“群体智慧”效应4.conducted the experiment of estimation 进行了评价实验5.in some cases, 在某些情况下6.the average of a large number of independent estimates 大量独立

3、估计的平均值7.be quite accurate 非常准确8.This effect capitalizes on the fact 这种效果利用了事实9.tend to overestimate, and to underestimate. 倾向于高估和低估10.be averaged together 一起取平均值11. cancel each other out 相互抵消12.result in a more accurate estimate. 得到更准确的估计13.In more technical terms, 用更专业的术语来说14.the wisdom of crowds 群

4、众的智慧15.If for whatever reasons. 无论出于何种原因16. peoples errors become correlated or dependent 人们的错误变得相互关联或相互依赖17.the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 估计的准确性会下降。18.offered an interesting twist on this classic phenomenon 对这一经典现象提供了一个有趣的转折点19. The key finding of the study 研究的关键发现20. be further divide

5、d into smaller groups 进一步分成更小的小组21.be allowed to have a discussion, 被允许进行讨论22.the averages from these groups were more accurate 这些组的平均值更准确23.an equal number of independent individuals 同等数量的独立个体24.For instance, 例如，譬如25.the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five 从四个五人讨论组

6、的估计中获得的平均值26.be significantly more accurate than the average obtained 明显比获得的平均值更准确27.In a follow-up study with 100 university students 在一项对100名大学生的后续研究中28. get a better sense of what the group members actually did 更好地了解小组成员实际做了什么29. those most confident about their estimates 那些对自己的估价最有信心的人30.follow

7、those least willing to change their minds. 追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人31.the dominant response 主要反应32.Most frequently 最常见33.“shared arguments and reasoned together.” 共同争论，共同推理34.resulted in a global reduction in error. 导致错误在全球范围内减少35.have limitations 有局限性36.remain the potential implications . 一直具有潜在影响37.The meth

8、ods of estimation. 估算方法38. The underlying logic of the effect. 效果的基本逻辑39.The causes of peoples errors. 人们错误的原因。40.The design of Galtons experiment. 高尔顿实验的设计41. the average accuracy could increase 平均精准度可以提高42. be relatively small 相对较小43. occasional underestimates 偶尔低估44.individuals did not communicat

9、e 个人没有交流45. estimates were not fully independent 估算数并非完全独立46. The size of the groups 组的大小50.The dominant members. 占主导地位的成员。51.The discussion process 讨论过程52. Unclear. . Dismissive. 不清楚不允许。53. Doubtful. . Approving. 可疑的 赞成的2023年新高考全国卷英语真题阅读 D On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton p

10、ublished a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make

11、 errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their erro

12、rs wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting

13、 twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the a

14、verage obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their

15、 discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” So

16、mehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The method

17、s of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of peoples errors.D. The design of Galtons experiment.13. Navajas study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _.A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not commun

18、icateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.15. What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.备战20

19、24年高考英语夯实基础与提升能力训练 一完形填空，（注意词汇并做好收集整理工作。） 2023河北省衡水中学一模A few months ago, one of my fellow graduate students was offered an incredible careerbuilding opportunity. His efforts on a studentled campaign to increase federal funding for basic research had _1_ an invitation to speak on a conference panel (

20、专家组). It would look great on his CV(简历). I was happy for him, of course. I had been a(n) _2_ partner in the campaign. I felt that I deserved the same opportunity. Yet I hadnt been _3_ and I wasnt sure why.Growing up, I had been taught that the way to _4_ was to put my head down and work hard. If my

21、work was good enough, it would speak for itself and I would be _5_. This view, coupled with a natural _6_， meant that I _7_ worked up the nerve to put myself forward.However, I decided that I need to _8_ my life againby becoming my own biggest advocate.So, with my heart beating fast, I asked my coll

22、eague to ask the panel organizers to _9_ me. My mind was filled with a list of wellpracticed _10_. Maybe I didnt deserve it. Maybe I was being too ambitious. But my colleague immediately contacted the organizers, who quickly agreed to _11_ me to the panel. Now Ive come to understand that I cant be r

23、ecognized for my word if Im invisible. This isnt a revolutionary idea which many people are unfamiliar with. I know, but as an introvert (内向的人) this is my _12_ Mount Everest (珠穆朗玛峰)I think advocating for myself will always make me a little _13_ . But I do plenty of other uncomfortable things to _14_

24、 Im living my best life, like getting flu shots. I suppose I can do the same for my _15_ .1A.referred to Bled toCturned down Dput forward2A.special BlegalCstrict Dequal3A.informed BpromotedCinvited Dreceived4A.success BpracticeCpower Dreality5A.rewarded BprotectedCattracted Daffected6A.kindness Bpat

25、ienceCshyness Dcourage7A.rarely BfrequentlyCquietly Dcompletely8A.make sense of Bfind fault withCpay attention to Dtake control of9A.benefit BincludeCobserve Dchange10A.agreement BemphasisCinspiration Dselfdoubt11A.track BsendChire Dadd12A.personal BflexibleCsimple Dtraditional13A.unreasonable Bunco

26、mfortableCdishonest Ddiscontent14A.prove BensureCrecord Dpredict15A.health BcolleagueCcareer Deducation 收集整理：（注意划线词汇并做好收集整理工作。） B2023四川省凉山州第三次诊断You go out for a meal and scan a QR code to order the food, but it asks for your phone number. You go back home and are asked to look into a facial recognit

27、ion camera. Data collection is everywhere.However, the personal information collected by companies can be leaked for marketing or used for telecommunication fraud (电信诈骗). According to a survey of 5，458 people by the China Consumers Association, 85.2 percent of people said they had experienced person

28、al information leaks from applications on their smart phones. Most said they got unwanted calls or text messages afterward.On Nov.1, the Personal Information Protection Law came into effect in China. The law has detailed rules to strengthen the protection of personal information.The law defines pers

29、onal information as any kind of information about people who are or can be identified, in electronic or other forms. So a persons name, date of birth, ID number, address and phone number are all personal information.There are also some kinds of personal information that are regarded as “sensitive”，

30、such as fingerprints, faces, religious beliefs, medical health, financial accounts and all data relating to minors under 14.According to the law, activities such as collecting, using, processing and trading of personal information will be strictly regulated. One key rule is that those handling perso

31、nal information should inform users and get permission. For sensitive information, there are stricter rules on related activities. For example, in the case of a minor, approval from their parents is required.Protection of personal information of online platform users is especially stressed. Accordin

32、g to a report released in June on Internet development in China, the country has over 1 billion Internet users and 60 percent of surveyed applications had collected users information illegally. Many apps would collect users information even when the app was not in use. They could access the phoneboo

33、k, photos, turn on the microphone and get the users location.For individuals, its important to raise awareness of protecting personal information. Individuals need to fully understand the requests for personal information. If its not necessary, dont agree. If you find that your personal data has bee

34、n used illegally, you can report to consumer councils or (网络管理机构) with evidence.1The author intends to _ by the first two paragraphs.Atell some unwanted experiencesBinform some personal information leaksCdraw the readers attention to the topicDwarn the public against using applications2Which of the

35、following is not regarded as personal information?AA childs pet name.BAn application users location.CSome old family pictures.DAll data relating to teenagers.3Which of the following is true according to the text?AThe Personal Information Protection Law will become effective in China.BDealing with pe

36、rsonal information without users agreement is illegal.CCollecting and processing personal information should be banned.DFor sensitive information, approval from a persons parents is required.4In the authors opinion, how can you avoid personal information leak?AEnhance your consciousness of personal

37、information and adopt effective measures.BDont use the applications too often that are downloaded on your smart phone.CMake up false personal information in order to protect your true information.DReport to consumer councils or cyberspace administrations with evidence. 收集整理：七选五（注意词汇并做好收集整理工作。）2023唐山

38、市三模Imagine climbing a mountain and getting half way up and saying to yourself, “You know what, Im going to climb back down and finish this later.”_1_ We have projects that sit waiting to be completed. Some people start college but never graduate. We have books that we never finish reading. _2_ Many

39、people are great at beginning things but cant seem to finish strong.Not finishing what we started has been a repeated problem for us. We have to face it._3_ Whenever we delay, or put to the side, the things that will help us accomplish our goals, we stop developing our potential.Not finishing not on

40、ly causes us to stop making progress but also we find it harder whenever we do decide to start again. Consider this: every time I begin a new exercise program my muscles are sore (疼) for a few days. After a few weeks of routine, the muscles get accustomed to the program and grow stronger. Thus, no m

41、ore sore muscles. Well, when I take some time off I fear starting again._4_ Strong finishers are able to focus on getting the best result from anything that they start. So how do we know that we are a strong finisher? Along with the huge feeling of accomplishment, other people will begin to notice t

42、he change. _5_ They will have no choice but to recognize our strong finishing ability. We will be rewarded with more trust from them.AThe list goes on and on.BWe should have the confidence.CWhy dont we have the interest any more?DSounds silly, but that is what we do all of the time.EI know that my m

43、uscles are going to be sore again.FThey will see we are able to climb and conquer the mountain.GNot being a strong finisher can limit our ability to conquer our goals. 收集整理：语法填空（注意词汇并做好收集整理工作。）2023浙江省杭州市一模Three million years may seem like a long time. But when you consider that planet Earth is more

44、than 4.5 billion years old, it is a pretty short period of time.The blue whale, 1._ (weigh) more than even the biggest dinosaurs, is the largest animal that has ever lived. They can grow 2._ 30 meters long and be as heavy as 130，000 kilograms. 3._ for millions of years, they were not nearly that lar

45、ge, scientists say. “All of a suddenboom we see them get very big, ” scientist Nick Pyenson said. He and other 4._ (researcher) recently published an article on whale size. “Its like going from whales 5._ size of minivans (面包车) to longer than two school buses, ” Pyenson added.The scientists believe

46、that a change in the Earths climate caused whales 6._ (get) so large only about 3 million years ago. This change led to food becoming more 7._ (easy) available. An oncoming ice age made the ocean water cold and brought more nutrients, resulting in more food for large whales. Whales 8._ were able to

47、quickly eat a lot of food survived, and got 9._ (large). Over the next three or four million years, the blue whales grew 10 times bigger than they 10._ (be), the scientists say.待续：专题（05）2023年新高考全国卷英语真题七选五剖析整理56个短语+备战2024年高考英语夯实基础与提升能力训练答案及解析2023年新高考全国卷英语真题阅读D【答案】【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D备战2024年高考英

48、语夯实基础与提升能力训练.完形填空【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者讲述了同学获得了更好的职业发展机会，作者认为，自己也应该有同样的机会，但是，因为内向羞怯的性格阻挡了职业发展。因此，作者决心突破自己，参与到竞争中。1答案与解析：B根据该句中的“an invitation to speak on a conference panel”可知，作者的同学因为他在此次运动中的努力使(导致led to)他受邀在专家组会议上发言。故选B项。2答案与解析：D根据下文“I felt that I deserved the same opportunity.”可知，作者认为自己应该得到同样的机会，因此可推

49、知，作者认为自己和同学做出了同等的努力，是平等的(equal)。3答案与解析：C根据上文“His efforts on a studentled campaign to increase federal funding for basic research had _1_ an invitation to speak on a conference panel”可知，作者的同学被邀请发言，而自己没有被邀请(invited)。4答案与解析：A根据下文“If my work was good enough, it would speak for itself and I would be”可知，作

50、者一直被教导只要努力工作，就会成功并有回报。5答案与解析：A根据上文“Growing up, I had been taught that the way to _4_ was to put my head down and work hard.”可知，作者一直被教导努力工作，就会成功并有回报(rewarded)。6答案与解析：C根据下文“worked up the nerve to put myself forward”以及下文“but as an introvert(内向的人)”可知，作者很少鼓起勇气推荐自己，可推知作者是内向羞怯(shyness)的人。7答案与解析：A根据上文“This

51、view, coupled with a natural”以及下文“but as an introvert(内向的人)”可知，作者是一个内向羞怯的人，因此，作者很少(rarely)鼓起勇气提出自己的观点。故选A项。8答案与解析：D根据下文可知，作者让同事询问小组的组织者把他也包括进去，因此可推知作者想克服自己羞怯的性格并掌控(take control of)自己的生活。9答案与解析：B根据上文“However, I decided that I need to _8_ my life againby becoming my own biggest advocate.”可知，作者决定重新掌控自己

52、的生活，参与竞争，因此让同事请小组组织者把他也包括(include)进来。10答案与解析：D根据上文以及下文“Maybe I didnt deserve it. Maybe I was being too ambitious.”可知，作者是一个内向羞怯的人，因此，作者想突破自己加入到竞争行列时，内心充满自我怀疑(selfdoubt)。11答案与解析：D根据上文“So, with my heart beating fast, I asked my colleague to ask the panel organizers to _9_ me.” 可知，作者让同事请小组组织者把自己也包括进来，组织

53、者很快同意作者加入(add)。12答案与解析：A根据上文“I asked my colleague to ask the panel organizers to _9_ me.”以及“but as an introvert(内向的人)”可知，作者作为一个内向的人，挑战自己内向的性格去勇敢地参与竞争，这对本人来说，就像是个人的(personal)珠穆朗玛峰。13答案与解析：B根据下一句“But I do plenty of other uncomfortable things to _14_ Im living my best life”可知，作者做了很多让自己不舒服的事情来保证他的生活，结合上

54、文中作者提到自己是一个羞怯的人，可推知，鼓吹自己令他不舒服(uncomfortable)。14答案与解析：B根据该句中“Im living my best life, like getting flu shots”可知，作者通过做了很多如打疫苗等不舒服的事情来保证(ensure)自己的生活。15答案与解析：C通读全文，尤其是本文第一句“A few months ago, one of my fellow graduate students was offered an incredible careerbuilding opportunity.”及下文可知，作者同学得到了一个令人难以置信的职业

55、发展机会，作者非常羡慕，因此，也想克服自身羞怯，勇敢地参与竞争，也希望自己的职业(career)有所发展。阅读理解【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕保护个人信息展开，阐述了个人信息泄露的普遍现象和信息保护法律条文的具体内容，并提醒人们信息泄露的各种方式和提高保护个人信息的意识。1答案与解析：C推理判断题。一至二段作者提到信息采集无处不在，且个人信息泄露频频发生，是为了引出本文主题：通过立法保护个人信息，公众应该提高个人信息保护意识。因此推断通过前两段内容作者的目的是吸引读者对话题(信息泄露)的注意。2答案与解析：D细节理解题。根据文章第四段和第五段可知，孩子的昵称；应用程序用户的位置；一些

56、旧的家庭照片都是个人信息，所有与14岁以下的青少年有关的数据也是，但选项D没有年龄限制，过于笼统。3答案与解析：B细节理解题。根据文章第六段的“One key rule is that those handling personal information should inform users and get permission.”可知，未经用户同意处理个人信息是非法的。4答案与解析：A推理判断题。 根据文章最后一段中“For individuals, its important to raise awareness of protecting personal information.

57、Individuals need to fully understand the requests for personal information.”可知，作者认为避免个人信息泄露需要增强个人信息意识，采取有效措施。七选五【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析我们生活中常见的半途而废的现象以及带来的影响。1答案与解析：D根据上文可知，作者通过一种调侃的语调描述一种自欺欺人的说法，只是为半途而废找一种借口。实际上不会再回来爬完。所以下句会直接摆明自己的观点，这听起来很蠢，但实际上我们大多数人都这样。选项D符合语境。2答案与解析：A这里举了三个半途而废的例子，下句会以一个概括句的形式进行总结收尾

58、。选项A“这样的例子不胜枚举”符合语境。3答案与解析：G根据可知，这里讲述半途而废是一个反复出现的问题，则下句要解释这一问题有哪些弊端，选项G“不能成为一个强大的终结者会限制我们征服目标的能力”，符合语义，引出下文“每当我们拖延或搁置那些有助于我们实现目标的事情时，我们就会停止开发自己的潜力”讲拖延会停止开发自己的潜力。4答案与解析：E根据上文可知，重新开始意味着新一轮的肌肉酸痛。选项E“我知道我的肌肉又要酸痛了”承接上文。5答案与解析：F根据上文“伴随着巨大的成就感，其他人也会开始注意到这种变化”可知，下句会引出其他人看到的变化内容。选项F“他们将看到我们能够攀登和征服这座山”符合语境。语法

59、填空【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。旨在介绍鲸鱼体积逐渐变大的原因。1答案与解析：weighing考查现在分词。动词weigh“重量为”与主语whales“鲸鱼”为主动关系，且此处为后置定语，故使用现在分词形式。2答案与解析：to考查介词。此处填介词to构成grow to，表示“长到多大多重”。3答案与解析：But/Yet考查连词。根据前文“They can grow to 30 meters long and be as heavy as 130，000 kilograms.”可知，前后两句指出鲸鱼重量不一样，形成了转折，故使用连词But或者Yet。4答案与解析：researchers考查名词

60、复数。名词researcher“研究人员”前未出现表示单数形式的量词和冠词，且有other修饰，故需要使用复数形式。5答案与解析：the考查冠词。空格处需要填写冠词the，构成the size of“的大小”特指鲸鱼相当于后文提出的面包车的大小。6答案与解析：to get考查不定式。cause sb. to do sth.意为“导致某人做某事”。7答案与解析：easily考查副词。形容词easy“容易的”要使用副词形式easily，修饰后面的形容词available“可获得的”。8答案与解析：that/which考查关系词。此处需要填写连词引导定语从句修饰先行词whales“鲨鱼”因为先行词为物，且在从句中作主语，故使用which和that皆可。9答案与解析：larger考查形容词。句意：能够快速吃掉大量食物的鲸鱼幸存下来，体型也变大了。可知，吃得多的鲸鱼存活下来，而且前文一直探讨的是体积的变大，故此处形容词large“大的”应该使用比较级形式。10答案与解析：had been考查时态。此处be“是”使用过去完成时，表示蓝鲸体积变大之前的体型，因为句中已经有一般过去时的谓语动词grew表示过去已经长了十倍；而主语they为复数，故使用had been。