2012高考二轮专题辅导与测试之语法第二部分 专题一 第八讲 定语从句和名词性从句.ppt

1、1.定语从句是近五年来高考考查的热点，主要考查非限制性定语从句(特别是先行词是整个句子时)；“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，分隔式定语从句。2名词性从句主要考查内容：语序问题、连接词的选用。2011年高考中关于名词性从句的考查全部是连接词的选用。在连接词的选用中关于what的用法的考查，占考查名词性从句总量的42%。讲高频考点提综合能力练专题语法1.whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语。链高考2010北京Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮

2、食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。链高考2010陕西The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.在暴风雨中房顶严重受损的庙宇正在维修。2who,whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。链高考2010湖南Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到

3、的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。3which,that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。链高考2011上海Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host family.在公共汽车站你会发现有出租车在那里等，你可以租(一辆)去主人家里。链高考2010全国卷I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.我拒绝因别人的过错而承担责任。4关系副词when,wher

4、e,why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。链高考2010江西The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.小女孩准备在培训中心与她的妹妹一起上钢琴课，在那里她可以呆一小时。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。Remember that there is still one point

5、which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。Shes in a hopeless situation,where we will keep a very close eye on her.她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。5the way后面的定语从句的关系词在定语从句中，the way 是一个比较特殊的先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which,that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。The w

6、ay that/which I thought of to solve this problem proves to be practical.我想到的解决这个问题的方法证明是可行的。(先行词作宾语)I dont like the way(that/in which)you solve the problem.(先行词作方式状语)我不喜欢你解决问题的方法。1The prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination.(2011新课标全国卷)AthatBwhich Cwhose Dwhat解析：考查定语从句。先行词the w

7、riter 与定语从句的主语story之间为所属关系，因此用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。答案：C2Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt,_ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.(2011全国卷)Athis Bthat Cwhat Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，首先排除A和C；根据空前的逗号可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，排除B。该从句应用which 引导，which在从句中作主语，代指前面的整个句子。答案：D3The old

8、 town has narrow streets and small houses_ are built close to each other.(2011山东高考)Athey Bwhere Cwhat Dthat解析：考查定语从句。关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。答案：D4I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.(2011陕西高考)Awhich Bwhere Cwho

9、DThat 解析：考查定语从句。句意：我和我的朋友们走到山顶，在那里我们观赏到湖的美景。句中没有并列连词或从属连词，故逗号后为非限制性定语从句。因从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。答案：B5Between the two parts of the concert is an interval,_the audience can buy icecream.(2011江苏高考)Awhen Bwhere Cthat Dwhich答案：A解析：考查定语从句。本题中interval是先行词，意思是“休息时间”，表示时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语，因此选择关系副词when。1.“介词关系代词”中介词

10、的宾语只能是which或whom。链高考2011湖南Julie was good at German,French and Russian,all of which she spoke fluently.Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，所有的(三门语言)她都说得很流利。In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住

11、在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大树。2介词which/whom不定式结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.那个可怜的人没有房子住。3ofwhich/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。1She showed the visitors around the museum,the construction _had taken

12、 more than three years.(2011江西高考)Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which解析：句意：她带着游客参观这座博物馆花了三年多才建成的建筑。the construction of(的建筑)，which指代 the museum。答案：C2English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of _ uses it somewhat differently.(2011浙江高考)Awhich BwhatCthem Dthose解析：考查定语从句。本句中的先行

13、词是several diverse cultures，先行词在从句中作each of 的宾语，所以应该用关系代词which。答案：A3I found many people,most of _ I didnt know,quarrelling outside.(2011济南第二次教学质量调研)Athat Bwhich Cwhom Dwhat解析：考查定语从句。句意：我发现很多人在外面争吵，他们中的大多数我都不认识。空处所填的关系代词指代的是many people，且在从句中作of的宾语，故用whom。答案：C4The engineer spoke highly of the governmen

14、ts efforts,_ he owed his safe return from Libya.(2011福建质量检测)Athrough which Bto which Cwith whom Dfor whom解析：考查定语从句。先行词为the governments efforts，故应用关系代词which。owe sth.to.“把某事归功于”，故选B项。答案：B5Mother bought many tomatoes from the market two days ago,_ some have gone bad due to the bad weather.(2011宁夏六校联考)A

15、of those Bfrom which Cof which Din which解析：考查定语从句。此处表示“其中的一些西红柿”，故用“of关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句。答案：C 1.as引导的定语从句用在the same.as,such.as,as.as,so.as结构中，as可以作主语、宾语或表语，可以用来代替先行词是表示人或物的名词。They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)These houses are sold at

16、such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。(as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)注意(1)such.as.(定语从句)像那样such.that.(状语从句)如此以至于 This is such an easy question as I can answer.(定语从句)这是一个我能回答的简单问题。This is such an easy question that I can answer it.(状语从句)这是个简单的问题，我能回答。(2)the same.a

17、s.表示相似的东西the same.that.表示同一人或物This is the same knife as I lost.这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。This is the same knife that I lost.这把小刀就是我丢的那一把。2关系代词as，which的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。链高考2010四川After graduating from college,I took some time off to go travelling,which turned out

18、 to be a wise decision.大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(名词性从句)What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round

19、the earth once every month.(名词性从句)众所周知，月球每月绕地球一次。(3)as意为“正如”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等；which意为“这一点”。A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses,as has happened in Libya.战争是如此的残酷以致于总是带来巨大损失，正如利比亚所发生的事情一样。Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.汤姆进步很快

20、，这使我很高兴。1Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others,_，of course,made all the others upset.(2011北京高考)Awho Bwhich Cwhat Dthat解析：考查定语从句。which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句部分的内容。答案：B2Theyve won their last three matches,_ I find a bit surprising actually.(2011南昌高三调研)Athat Bwhen Cwhat DWhich解析：考查定语从句。后半句

21、是非限制性定语从句，which 代指前面整句话的内容，在从句中作find的宾语。答案：D3It is such a difficult problem _ no one can work out.(2011吉林模拟)Aas Bthat Cso Dthus解析：先行词problem被such修饰，且先行词在从句中作宾语，故用as引导定语从句。答案：A定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时候也会被插入语、同位语、状语、谓语或其他定语等成分分隔。如果是隔开了的定语从句，则要先根据句意找到先行词，然后再进行句子结构分析。链高考2009江苏Because of the financial crisis,

22、days are gone when local 5star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.由于金融危机，当地五星级宾馆一晚索价6000元的日子一去不复返了。Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。1The days are gone_ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(2011天津高考)Awhen Bthat Cwhere

23、 Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。句意：体力是谋生所需的一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知此处是when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the days，且when在从句中作时间状语，故选A项。答案：A2Everyone will go through lifes stages of ups and downs,_ selfrespect plays a key role in the maturity of a person.(2011大连市部分中学联考)Awhen Bwhich Cas Dthat解析：考查定语从句。句意：每个人都将经历人生的浮沉阶段，其间，自尊在一个人的成熟过程中起着关键作用。根

24、据句意可知，后半句是定语从句，when在从句中作状语，修饰先行词stages。答案：A3What does the notice say?All the storytellers should meet at the same hall _ won the first three prizes.(2011吉林省部分重点中学检测)Awhat Bas Cwho Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。根据句法，这是个分隔式定语从句，从句“_ won the first three prizes”缺少主语，先行词“All the storytellers”指人，所以用关系代词who或that，且不能省略。答

25、案：C名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。链高考2010全国卷We havent discussed yet where we are going to place our new furniture.我们还没有讨论新家具将放置在什么地方。链高考2010江苏I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.Thats where I dont agree.You should have a more active life.在周日我喜欢把自己关在家里一整天听音乐。那就是我不赞同的地方，

26、你应该拥有更积极性的生活。It matters much whether the headmaster supports our activity.校长是否支持我们的活动很重要。链高考2011辽宁When the news came that the war broke out,he decided to serve in the army.当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定去参军。1 Id like to start my own business thats _Id do if I had the money.(2011陕西高考)Awhy Bwhen Cwhich D what 解析：考查表语

27、从句。句意：我想自己做生意那是我如果有钱就会做的事情。从句中的do 是及物动词，缺少宾语，所以将A 和B 排除，这两个选项在从句中常常作状语。which 引导名词性从句时，意为“哪个，哪些”，一般用于有一定范围可供选择的情况。不合逻辑，故用what。答案：D2It was never clear _the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.(2011江苏高考)Athat Bhow Cwhen Dwhy解析：考查名词性从句。句意：那位男士为什么没有及时举报事故尚不清楚。分析句子成分可知，此处是一个主语从句，再结合句意可知应用why引导。答案：D3His

28、 writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _ it is he is trying to express.(2011安徽高考)Athat Bhow Cwho Dwhat解析：考查句子结构。句意：他的书写如此令人困惑，以至于难以辨认他在试图表达什么。分析句子结构可知，定语从句 he is trying to express 后缺少宾语，因此用what。答案：D4The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _ others

29、 actually understand.(2011上海高考)Awhy Bthat Cwhich Dwhat解析：句意：你想通过话语传达的信息也许正与其他人实际理解的完全相反。介词of后的宾语从句中understand缺少宾语，故用what，D为正确答案。答案：D5_ has been proven to be true that China has made great rapid progress in every field.(2011湖南十二校第一次联考)AWhat BAs CWhich DIt解析：it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的主语从句。如果选择what则需要在t

30、hat前面加is，此时what引导主语从句。如果选择as则应该把that改为逗号，此时as引导非限制性定语从句。答案：D6Is there any possibility_you could pick me up at the airport?No problem.(2009浙江高考)Awhen Bthat Cwhether Dwhat解析：考查同位语从句。此处是由that引导的同位语从句，表示“你有没有可能来机场接我？”。所以这里选B项。答案：Bthat和what的区别引导名词性从句时，that没有词义，在从句中不作任何成分。当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时，往往选用that；而what引导名

31、词性从句时，意为“什么”(有时候可以不译)，在从句中用来作主语、表语或宾语。链高考2008山东What was most important to her，she told me，was her family.(主语从句；what作主语)她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家庭。链高考2010山东Before the sales start,I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.(宾语从句；what作宾语)在商场大减价销售之前，我列了购物单，列出了下一季孩子们所需的物品。链高考2010天津As a new gra

32、duate,he doesnt know what it takes to start a business here.(宾语从句；what作宾语)作为一位新毕业生，他不知道在这儿开始事业需要什么。China is no longer what she used to be.(表语从句；what 作表语)中国再也不是从前的中国了。链高考2010陕西It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.(主语从句)我真想不到你竟然说服了他，使他改变了主意。链高考2011天津Moder

33、n science has given clear evidence that smoking can lead to many diseases.(同位语从句)现代科学已经给出了确凿的证据吸烟能导致很多疾病。链高考2010上海One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.(表语从句)她偏爱城市生活的一个原因就是她可以很容易地进出像商场和饭店这样的地方。1The villagers have already kno

34、wn_well do is to rebuild the bridge.(2011江西高考)Athis Bthat Cwhat Dwhich解析：句意：村民们都已了解到我们要做的事就是重建这座桥。本题中known后跟宾语从句，其中含有主语从句what well do,what在该从句中作do的宾语，表示“的事”。案答：C2_Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.(2011北京高考)AWhich BWhat CThat DWhom解析：考查名词性从句。由句中的is 可知空格处为主语从句的引导词，且该引导词在从句中作of

35、fer 的宾语，故可排除C项；which“哪一个”；whom“谁”。故只有B项正确。答案：B3There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.(2011上海高考)Awhat Bif Chow Dthat解析：考查名词性从句。句意：有确凿的证据表明，所有感觉中最难演绎的是身体上的痛苦。分析句子结构可知空格处引导的是evidence的同位语从句，从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。答案：D4Nowadays more people realize the importa

36、nce of health and _ health is wealth has been accepted by most of us.(2011枣庄高三调研)Ahow Bwhether Cthat Dwhat解析：考查名词性从句。分析句子成分可知，空前的and连接前两个分句，后一分句的主语是_ health is wealth，是个宾语从句，且不缺少任何成分，由此可知应用that引导。答案：C5I persuaded my parents _ we should go to Italy for a holiday rather than Scotland.(2011东城第一学期检测)Awh

37、at Bthat Cwhere Dhow解析：考查名词性从句。分析句式结构可知，这是一个宾语从句，由于从句中不缺少任何成分，因此选that。答案：B whether和if引导名词性从句时，可表示“是否”之意。但是if可用来引导主语从句、宾语从句，不可引导表语从句和同位语从句。whether.or.意为“无论还是”。All people，whether they are old or young，rich or poor，have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster.所有的人，不管他们是老人还是年轻人，富

38、人还是穷人，自从发生灾难以来都尽力帮助那些需要帮助的人。It is not immediately clear whether the financial crisis will soon be over.金融危机是否很快结束还不能立刻明了。链高考2009北京At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if/whether it got any better.起初他讨厌这份工作，但他决定给自己几个月看看情况是否会有好的改变。1It is still under discussion_

39、the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.(2011重庆高考)Awhether Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere解析：考查主语从句的引导词。句意：这个旧汽车站是否应该被一个现代化的旅馆取代还在讨论之中。本句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是从句“whether the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”。whether在句中引导主语从句。答案：A2The problem will appear _ a diffe

40、rent welfare system will be created.(2011吉林省部分重点中学检测)Aunless Bwhether Cuntil Dif解析：考查同位语从句。句意：是否创立一个不同的社会福利体系这个问题将会出现。这是一个分隔式的同位语从句，根据语意可知用whether来引导此同位语从句，表示“是否”。if不引导同位语从句，故排除D项。答案：B3Shall we have a picnic tomorrow?It depends on the weather _ we will go.(2011山西省运城市模拟)Aif Bwhether Cthat Dwhen解析：考查名

41、词性从句。句意：“我们明天去野炊吗？”“我们是否去要看天气而定。”whether引导主语从句，it作形式主语。答案：B4Up to now,I havent got any idea _ we should go on with the project.(2011银川部分重点中学模拟)Athat Bwhether Cwhat Dwhich解析：考查同位语从句。根据句中的“I havent got any idea”可知说话人不知道“是否”应该继续这项工程，故选B，引导同位语从句，解释说明idea的内容。A项只起连接作用，没有任何意义，故排除。答案：B “疑问词ever”与“no matter疑

42、问词”的区别“疑问词ever”与“no matter疑问词”虽然都有“无论”的意思，但是用法有区别：“疑问词ever”既可以引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句，而“no matter疑问词”只能用来引导状语从句。The book can be of great help to whoever wants to do the job.那本书对于想要做这份工作的人很有帮助。Whatever/No matter what you say，I will not believe you.无论你说什么，我都不相信。返回1The panda is very important to the relationsh

43、ip between the two countries.They decided to do _ it takes to save her life.(2011烟台市第二次诊断)Awhichever Bhowever Cwhatever Dwhoever解析：考查名词性从句。句意：这只熊猫对两国之间的关系很重要。他们决定竭尽所能挽救她的生命。第二句的主句中do后面缺少宾语，从句中takes也缺少宾语，故用关系代词whatever。答案：C2Everybody likes to work with _ is reliable and easy to get on with.(2011海淀第二学

44、期期中练习)Awhom Bwho Cwhomever Dwhoever解析：考查名词性从句。句意：每个人都喜欢和值得信任并且容易相处的人一起工作。“whoever is reliable and easy to get on with”是第一个with的宾语，whoever在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。答案：D3_ the reasons,the new cloning technologies have so far caused heated debates among scientists,politicians and the general public.(2011苏锡常镇四市调研)AWhenever BWhatever CHowever DWhichever解析：考查状语从句。该状语从句也是一个省略句，原句为：Whatever the reasons are不管有什么样的原因。句意：不管有什么样的原因，新的克隆技术到目前为止已经引起了科学家、政客和普通民众的激烈争论。答案：B