高中英语句子成份讲解.ppt

1、1英语句子成份2请看下列句子，有什么错误吗？1.The canteen very clean.The rice very delicious.But also has some problems.2.Such as,the price of the food is a little expensive.3.But there are many things make us unhappy.4.I hope these problems can solve as soon as possible.3改错或选择正确答案My daughter,got engaged to a young docto

2、r two years ago,will get married next year.Just putting away the dishes,the door bell rang.I never dreamt of there _such a quiet place in the noisy city.A.was B.had been C.being D.to be4._with her sons progress in his studies,Mrs.Brown promised him a new CD the next day.A.satisfying B.to satisfy C.s

3、atisfied D.She was satisfied4主语主语是句子陈述的主体对象。主语告诉我们某句话说的是谁、什么东西、或者是什么事情等。例如：1.Mary is a secretary.She is young and beautiful.She works in a company.Last year she worked in a factory.She was head of a workshop.2.Our son is flying his kite on the square.The kite was bought in town yesterday.Webought it

4、 as a present for his birthday.3.My camera fell of the table onto the floor yesterday.It is still being repaired in town.5注意：主语是句子的基本成份。正常情况下，句子不能缺少主语。（祈使句例外）句子主语主要是名词和代词充当。人称代词充当主语要用主格：I,we,you,he,she,it,they。其他结构如非谓语动词和从句等也可以充当主语。看下面例子的主语分别由什么充当？1.The war made little difference to his scientific r

5、esearch.2.Winning that Olympic gold medal made little difference to his life.6我叫张民，今年三十八岁。一九八五年大学毕业，先到一家银行工，八年后离开银行，创办了自己的公司，现在是该公司的经理。I am Zhangming.thirty-eight years old.Graduated from university in 1985.First worked at a bank,After eight years left bank.Set up own company.Now is manager of compa

6、ny.这个短文有什么错误？7主语的位置通常情况下，主语出现在句首。但是，由于状语需要提前，主语就要向后移，有时候甚至移到谓语后面。1.I met an old friend in town last Saturday.2.Last Saturday I met an old friend in town.下列的句子对吗？为什么？3.To the east of the lake lies two factories.4.Two factories lie to the east of the lake.8谓语谓语是说明主语有关情况的部分。谓语提供主语的某种信息，例如，主语的身份、特征、状态或所

7、作的行为等等。谓语是句子不可缺少的另一个成份。谓语要由动词来构成。下面的句子对吗？1.Yesterdays examination very difficult.2.A young woman carried a baby in her arms got on the bus.91.This book written last year.2.The students having a picnic by the river.3.President Hu Jintao to return from the USA tomorrow.上述句子 有错误吗？10 Mary is a secretary

8、.She is young and beautiful.She works in a company.Last year she worked in a factory.At that time She washead of a workshop.谓语结构的构成不是固定不变的，有很多因素影响谓语动词的结构 时态，语态，主语的人称和数。上述例子的works与worked有何不同？如果主语换成第一人称“I”后，谓语有什么变化？11由于不同的时态有不同的构成要求，谓语结构可能含有多个动词，它们的顺序是：（情态动词+）助动词+主要动词（即实义动词）1.They often talk about the

9、se things in their office.2.They are talking about the holidays.3.They have been talking about these problems these days.4.They must have been talking about me.121.Our son is flying his kite on the square.The kite was bought in town yesterday.We bought it as a present for his birthday.句中的bought用法一样吗

10、？2.Tom is writing his composition.It should have been written last week.上面例子的谓语结构分别包括几个动词？13谓语的特点1.可能有人称和数的变化，也就是说谓语的形式可能要随着主语人称和数的变化而变化。2.谓语动词有时态变化，其实，我们所学过的各种过去时、现在时、将来时，都是通过谓语的动词来体现的。时态不同，谓语的构成形式也不同。3.谓语可能有语态变化，句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者，谓语用主动结构；句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者，即“主语被”，则用被动结构。14谓语的位置：在正常的语序中，主语在前谓语在后。因此，构成谓语结构

11、的所有动词都应该出现在主语的后面，这种顺序叫做陈述语序。1.Our son is flying his kite on the square.2.My camera is still being repairedin town.15主谓语序颠倒现象：谓语的一部分出现在主语之前。这种语序叫做倒装语序。1.Our son is flying his kite on the square.2.Is our son flying his kite on the square？3.They have returned from Europe.4.Have they returned from Europ

12、e?5.Foreign tourists can enter this area.6.Can foreign tourists enter this area?16倒装的方式：1.部分倒装谓语结构的某个动词（系动词be的is/are/am/was/were，助动词 will/would,shall/should,have/has/had，do/does/did,以及情态动词can/could,may/might,must等等）提到主语前面。这意味着谓语有一部分放到主语前面。2.全部倒装（略）17 记住：系动词beis/are/am/was/were,助动词 will/would,shall/s

13、hould,have/has/had,do/does/did 以及情态动词can/could,may/might,must这些动词都是用来构成句子的谓语的，它们是谓语的一部分，不能单独做谓语。18部分倒装语序主要用于构成疑问句，但也有用于语法修饰。例如，某些原本位于句中或句末的单词或短语，出于修饰等需要提到句首后，主谓语序就需要某些改变。看下面两个例子：1.He did not get home until midnight.2.Not until midnight did he get home.3.I will never believe him again.4.Never will I

14、believe him again.19记住：主语和谓语是英语句子不可缺少的成份。没有这两个成份，句子就可能是错误的。谓语部分通常只包括一个行为，但是如果要在一个句子中同时讲到一个主语先后作了多个不同的动作，可以考虑使用并列谓语。并列谓语之间要用并列连词，如and。例如：1.A young man got out of a blue car.2.A young man got out of a blue car and went into the hotel.20宾语1.不及物动词：英语有些动词可以单独表达比较完整的意思，它们不用带宾语，这种动词叫做不及物动词，例如：walk,stand,sl

15、eep。2.及物动词：有些动词后面必须出现行为作用的对象才能表达完整的意思，例如make a kite，buy a book。动作的对象就是该动词的宾语，带宾语的动词叫做及物动词。21英语的宾语指的是两种情况：动词的宾语和介词的宾语。请看下面例子：1.Jack sits behind me in class.He often helps me.2.Our son is flying a kite on the square.介词（in,at,on,with,about等等）是不能单独起某个语法作用的，介词要和后面的宾语构成介词短语，介词短语在句子中可以充当定语，状语，表语以及宾语补足语。3.T

16、he boy behind me is Jack.4.Our son is on the square.22充当宾语的主要是名词和代词。人称代词充当宾语时，要用宾格：me,us,you,him,her,it,them。1.They invited my parents and I to join in their picnic.上面的例子有什么错误吗？其他结构如非谓语动词和从句等也可以充当宾语。2.Tom is practising using chopsticks for eating.23间接宾语与直接宾语通常情况下，一个动词只带一个宾语，但有的动词有时候需要跟两个宾语：间接宾语与直接宾语

17、。一般来说，间接宾语放在前面，它表示动作是对谁做或者是为谁做的。直接宾语放在间接宾语后面，它主要是说明有关动作涉及到的东西，例如：1.We sent him a present yesterday.2.Stay here.I will make you a cup of tea.24也可以把间接宾语放到后面，但要用to/for 引导，例如：1.We sent him a present yesterday.2.We sent a present to him yesterday.3.Stay here.I will make you a cup of tea.4.Stay here.I wil

18、l make a cup of teafor you.25 英语宾语的概念 英语的宾语指两种情况：动词的宾语和介词的宾语。动词的宾语不仅仅是指谓语动词的宾语，也可能是非谓语动词的宾语。由于任何及物动词都可以带宾语，非谓语动词结构也一样可以有自己的宾语。1.Tom can use chopsticks for eating.2.Using chopsticks for eating is our custom.第二句的主语是哪一部分？它是怎么构成的？26注意：在主动结构中，及物动词后面一定要带宾语。省略及物动词的宾语，这是汉语常见的现象，但英语的宾语不能省略。请看下面例子：1.这些苹果有灰尘，吃

19、之前你们最好洗一下。（dusty,had better,wash）2.我刚才把钱包放在抽屉里了，但现在找不见了。(a moment ago,leave,wallet,drawer,cant find）271.These apples are dusty.You had better wash before eat.2.I left my wallet in the drawer a moment ago,but cant find now.这些句子仅仅缺少宾语吗？句子最基本的成分呢？281.所有邀请函我都已准备好了，下午就寄出去.(letter of invitation,get ready,

20、send out)2.他忘记带笔了，只好跟我借了。（forget,bring,so,have to,borrow from）3.桌子上有一台电脑，我昨天才买的。(computer,buy,yesterday)291.I have got all the letters of invitation ready.Send out this afternoon.2.He forgot bring his pen along.So had to borrow from me.3.Have one computer on the desk.I bought yesterday.这些句子都对吗？为什么？3

21、0为什么有些及物动词后面没有宾语？我们先看下面两个句子。1.The police arrested(逮捕)that man.2.That man was attested by the police.表面上看，第二句的arrested后面并没有宾语，为什么？仔细一看，这两个句子一个是主动结构，一个是被动结构。被动结构的主语在主动句中充当什么成分？311.The police arrested(逮捕)that man.还记得把主动语态变成被动语态的步骤吗？第一步：把主动句中谓语动词的宾语提到前面来，也就是把原来主动句的宾语变成主语。第二步：把主动结构变成被动结构。第三步：把主动结构主语变成介词b

22、y的宾语。2.That man was attested by the police.想一想：不及物动词可以用于被动结构吗？为什么？32被动句就是把原来动词后面的宾语提到了该动词前面。也就是把动宾两个部分倒过来了。因此，如果某个及物动词后面没有宾语的话，那可能是什么情况了？那应该就是宾语已被提到前面了，并可能充当句子的主语。这种情况就应该考虑使用被动语态了(定语从句也有这种现象）。看下面例子：1.This gentlemans son _ _(杀死)during the war.2.The cruel man_(杀死)the passer-by in order to shut him up(

23、灭口).33从上面例子可以看到一个规律：主动结构中的及物动词后面必须带宾语，倒过来说，如果某个及物动词后面有宾语，该及物动词不应该使用被动结构。但是，如果及物动词后面没有宾语，那就要考虑该动词的宾语是否已经提到前面做了主语，如果这样的话，使用被动的条件已经具备了，因为这种情况就是“主语被”。再看下面例子。1.I _（给）lots of present on my last birthday.2.Scores of guests_（邀请invite）to the couples wedding.34句子主语的选择与谓语的语态。通常可以选择不同的对象作主语。但是一般只有两种情况。1.选择谓语动作的

24、执行者。谓语结构使用主动语态。2.选择谓语动作的承受者。谓语结构使用被动语态。动作的承受者就是动词的宾语。例：这个问题(我们/他们)昨天讨论过了。1.We discussed this problem yesterday.2.This problem was discussed yesterday.35当我们知道行为的执行者，并且要强调动作的执行者使之当作陈述的主题对象时，我们往往选择行为执行者作主语，然后，谓语结构使用主动语态。当我们不知道行为的执行者，或者要强调动作的承受者使之当作陈述的主题对象时，我们往往选择行为承受者作主语，然后，谓语结构使用被动语态，表示“主语被”36下面这些句子英语

25、怎么表达比较好？1.去年生产了两百万吨钢。million,ton,produce,steel2.这里能够看到迎龙山公园。3.南方不种小麦。south,wheat4.学校后面在修一条高速公路。freeway5.昨晚广场放了很多焰火。square,light,firework6.很久没有收到她的来信了。hear from371.Two million tons of steel was produced last year.2.The Yinglongshan Park can be seen here.3.Wheat is not grown in the south.4.A freeway i

26、s being built behind our school.5.Lots of firework was lighted on the square last night.6.She hasnt been heard from for ages.381.我们学校位于右江河边，建于2000年，占地138亩，是一所美丽的现代化学校。（lie on/build/cover an area of/beautiful modern）2.明天就是我的生日，但是不打算过了。（tomorrow/birthday/be going to celebrate）3.很久没有收到她的来信了。（hear from/

27、for a long time)391.Our school is lie on the Youjiang River.Was built in 2000.covering an area of 138 mu.Is a beautiful modern school.2.Tomorrow is my birthday,but is not going to celebrate.3.Long time not hear from her letter.401.I_(更喜欢)this material.It_(抚摸起来feel)very soft.2.The serious situation_

28、(需要require)an immediate decision.3.Get down to work now,Tom.You_（要require）to finish this task today.4.I_(去)to see my boss this morning.I_(允诺promise)a pay rise next year.41宾语补足语 有些动词除了带宾语之外，还需要在宾语后面加上一部分，进一步补充说明宾语的有关情况，整个句子的意思才能完整。这一部分叫做宾语补足语。宾语补足语提供宾语的有关信息，说明宾语的身份，特征，状态或所作的行为等等。比较下面例子：1.Jack made a

29、kite yesterday.2.We made Li Ming monitor of our class.3.Jack made his parents angry.4.Jack made his brother tidy up their bed room.421.Jack made a kite yesterday.2.We made Li Ming monitor of our class.3.Jack made his parents angry.4.Jack made his brother tidy up their bed room.可以充当宾补的主要有名词，形容词，介词短语以

30、及非谓语动词等。通常情况下，我们将宾语和宾语补足语合起来叫做复合宾语。43系表结构有些句子只有一个动词beis/are/am/was/were，该动词叫做系动词。其后面的成份叫做表语。充当表语的主要是名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词结构或从句等。严格说，系动词不能单独作谓语，但它和表语一起构成复合谓语。1.Her brother is in our department.He is an engineer.He is pretty handsome.2.You are to finish this task within three days.44 其他系动词 按照 意义可分为两大类1

31、）表示主语的某种相对固定的状态或特点，例如：look,appear(好像),seem,sound,smell,taste,feel,keep,stay,remain,prove等；2）表示主语状态或特点的变化，即“变成”，例如：become,fall,get,go,grow,turn等。451.The music sounds beautiful.2.He remained silent all through the meeting.3.Their daughter fell ill yesterday.4.The food soon went bad because of the heat

32、.5.This medicine tastes bitter.6.The mother tasted the mushroom before she gave it to the baby.46系动词后面的成份叫做表语而不是宾语。因此系动词没有被动结构。由于不用副词作表语，因此不能说:The music sounds beautifully.注意：有些系动词也可以当作一般的行为动词，表示主语所作的某一行为。要注意这种变化，比较下列句子：1.He looked sad this morning.2.He looked at me sadly.3.This food tastes bitter.4

33、.The food must be tasted before the baby eat it.(这句跟例3 有何不同？)47判断某个动词是不是系动词的最简便办法是将该动词换成大家最熟悉的系动词be-is/are/am/was/were。如果变换后，句子依然成立，意思没多大变化，说明被换掉的是系动词。如果是一般的行为动词就不能换。上面的例子15 都可以这么换。但是，例6就不可以，大家看看，为什么？1.The music sounds beautiful.2.The music is beautiful.3.Their daughter fell ill yesterday.4.Their da

34、ughter was ill yesterday.48状语状语主要是修饰动词，对有关动作的情况进行说明，说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、条件、方式(即动作是如何发生的)、结果等等。充当状语的主要是副词和介词短语，此外还有非谓语动词结构和从句等。1.I met an old friend in town by chance last Saturday 2.The policeman examined the case carefully.491.I met an old friend in town by chance last Saturday 2.The teacher spoke slow

35、ly so that the students could follow him.3.He agreed to our plan willingly.以上例子都有对动作发生的有关情况进行说明描述的状语。例1的“在城里碰到，偶然碰到，上周碰到”。例2的“慢慢地讲”。例3 则是“欣然地答应”。50状语还可以修饰形容词或副词，主要是说明其程度，例如：1.Good heavens!She is extremelybeautiful.2.I am terribly sorry for this mistake.此外，有些状语修饰说明整个句子，例如：3.In my opinion,he is the be

36、st basketballer in China at present.4.Personally,I dont agree with him.51状语的特点：状语通常出现在主谓（宾）结构之后。但是为了强调状语的内容，可以改变状语的位置，如将状语提到句首。有些状语，特别是充当状语的副词可以放在三个不同的位置：句首，句中，句末。位置相对灵活，这是状语的一大特点。1.Suddenly he drove off.2.He suddenly drove off.3.He drove off suddenly.4.I met Mr.Smith in town last Saturday.5.Last Sa

37、turday I met Mr.Smith in town.52 状语通常要放在所修饰的动词结构后面，就近修饰说明该动作的情况。但是，如果句子有多个动词，就得考虑调整状语的位置。1.I went to the library to borrow the book which was written by Li Bin last week.该句容易给人理解成“李宾上周写的书”。但是，如果想明确表示“我上周去图书馆借”，最好还是把last week 提到句首。这样一来，按照就近修饰原则，就不容易产生歧义。2.Last week I went to the library to borrow the

38、 book which was written by Li Bin.53下面句子中 when引导的从句作用都一样吗？We will go to the airport to meet him when the manager will come back from abroad The problem is when the manager will come back from abroad.54有些充当状语的副词，例如also,often,seldom,never,only,particularly,probably,certainly,nearly,almost,hardly等 不能放在

39、句末，只能放在句中，例如：1.Our boss is never satisfied with our work.2.She nearly fell off her bike.3.Tom has probably taken my bag by mistake.551.He also can play the piano.2.The boy only is interested in cartoons.以上的句子对吗?注意：位于句中的状语一般放在动词beis/are/am was/were或者助动词/情态动词的后面，主要动词前面。通常放在句中的这些副词有些也可以提到句首，但主谓语序要发生变化，

40、例如：3.Our boss is never satisfied with our work4.Never is our boss satisfied with our work.5.I have often warned him about this.6.Often have I warned him about this.56定语定语修饰名词或者代词，对名词或代词进行描述限定，使我们得以辨别所说的是哪个人或哪个东西。能充当定语的主要是形容词。但是，名词，数词，代词，介词短语，非谓语动词结构，从句等也都可以充当定语。1.our new flat 2.three girl students 3

41、.a shoe shop 4.four women lawyers注意：名词作定语通常要用单数，但个别名词例外：man,woman.57 定语的位置有两种：前置和后置1.The old house near the church was built five year ago.2.I have important news to announce.3.I have something important to announce.58由于名词或代词可能有定语修饰，如果主语的定语需放在后面，后置定语就会使句子的谓语向后推移，这种情况就造成了主谓分离。1.Waste water from these

42、 factories is polluting this lake.2.The effect of the poisonous milk on the babies who have taken it is still under observation.例2 的主语和谓语分别是哪个部分？The vacation were looking forward to_ at last.A.came B.coming C.comes 59总结:常见的后置定语:介词短语,非谓语动词 to do,doing,done以及定语从句 主语后面有定语时要先找出句子的谓语(主句的谓语).60同位语 某个名词或代词

43、后面有时可以跟这么一个成份（通常都有逗号隔开），对前面的名词或代词做进一步的说明，前后两部分所指的其实是同一个人或同一样东西。后面这一成份叫做同位语。1.This is Mr.Green,director of our department.2.Hu Jintao,President of China,is in the USA on a state visit.3.You two,Jack and Tom,must tidy up your room today.61 动词作谓语的时候，我们要考虑用什么时态现在时，过去时还是将来时，还考虑用什么语态主动还是被动，此外，还要考虑主谓一致的问题。

44、非谓语用法指的是动词短语充当谓语之外的某个成份主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等。动词非谓语用法有三种形式：to do,doing,done(即过去分词)。因此，在非谓语用法中，我们首先要考虑的是加to，还是加ing或者是加ed,即用过去分词。621.She wants some money.2.She wants to work as a secretary in our company.上面两个句子都有相同的谓语want，后面的宾语说明所想要的东西，例2想要的东西是“一点钱”，而例3中作用相当于“一点钱”这一部分的是一个由to开头的动词短语，这个短语同样是表示主语“她”想要的东西，因此这一部份

45、也是做了宾语，只不过是这个宾语使用一个特别的动词结构充当的。所谓特别指的是前面加to。其实，要判断一个动词结构是否是充当宾语，办法很简单，如果把动词短语换成名词或代词，句子依然成立，那这个动词短语就是做宾语。63并列成分与and的用法。无论什么成份，都可能出现并列情况，要记住的重要一点是，并列成份之间一般要有并列连词，如果并列部分超过两项，则在最后两项之间使用并列连词。最常见的并列连词是and。and在并列用法中最常见的意义是“和，并且，然后”。1.Our son and his cousin(表哥)are flying a kite on the square.2.Our waiters a

46、re always patient,helpful,friendly and polite.641.He ordered one sandwich and one Coke.2.She answered the teachers question loudly and clearly.由于并列起来的部分的作用相同，我们会看到and 前后往往出现一种对等平行现象，即前后是多个充当相同成份的名词或代词，或者是形容词，或者是ing动词形式等。并列平衡结构的特点:并列平衡结构的前后部分要求时态,结构,词性都相同.65 弄明白and的平行结构对理解句子是非常重要的。请看下面例子：These new sp

47、orts are called“extreme sports(极限运动)”and all center on the“X-factor”the pure(单纯的)joy of doing something that you did not think you could do and overcoming your fear.例中有两个and，大家利用它的并列特点找出其并列部分，看看它们都有什么作用？66 多个形容词并列充当定语时，一般都把and省略掉。请比较下面例子：Her boy friend is tall,dark handsome and young.A tall dark han

48、dsome young man got out of the car and went into the hotel.67在并列谓语中and 常见的意思是“然后”，这时候，它表示主语先后完成的不同动作。如果and前后并列的是相同的动词，则表示持续不断地做同一行为，例如：1.The man stood up,walked across the room and sat down beside me.2.We waited and waited,but nobody turned up.68并列多个成份，除了使用and,还有其它的并列连词(but,or,bothand,eitheror,neith

49、ernor,not onlybut also)，他们的并列特点和and 基本一样，只是意思有了变化，例如：1.Our waiters are always not onlypatient,helpful,friendly but alsopolite.2.She answered the teachers question neither loudly nor clearly.69动词的过去式与过去分词I bought a kite for my son yesterday.The kite bought yesterday flies very well.We discussed this

50、problem at the meeting.The problem discussed at the meeting has been solved.过去式只有一种用法：构成谓语，用于一般过去时，往往表示主语过去某时所作的动作。因此，过去式表达的是主动动作。70 过去分词是一种非谓语动词，不能单独充当谓语，但是，可以和某个助动词一起构成谓语。例如，与have/has/had构成完成时态；与be(is/are am/was/were)构成谓语的被动语态。1.I have checked all the reports.2.The train had left when I got to the

51、 station.3.A lot of tobacco is produced in China every year.4.This problem must be dealt with right away.过去分词可以直接充当某个非谓语成份。71 形容词主要是充当定语，表语和宾补。描述说明名词或代词，告诉我们某人或某物是什么样子或像什么样子。1.We need an honest and reliable man for this job.2.He is honest and reliable.3.We consider him honest and reliable.4.He lives

52、 in a tidy room.5.His room is tidy.6.He always keep his room tidy.特点：形容词位置相对固定。72 副词主要是做状语，对行为进行的情况进行说明描述。The policeman searched the house carefully.Carefully the policeman searched the house.副词通常要放在动宾结构之后，而不能插入动词和宾语的中间。由于状语的位置比较灵活，副词还有可能放到句首或句中的谓语动词前面(具体情况请看“状语”部分)。副词做状语位置相对灵活这一特点，形容词是没有的。因此，这可以成为选

53、择用形容词还是副词的根据。73英语中有不少动词可以当作名词使用，然后在名词前面加上表示进行这一动作的动词do，have,make或者take。1.We must study his report carefully.2.We must make a careful study of his report.上述两个例子的意思并没有多大差别，但是，由于例2 的study变成名词，因此修饰语的形式有了变化，这一点要特别注意。其实一个动词当作名词使用后有很多提示的信息，例如前面有限定名词的冠词a,an,the和代词this,that my,our,your,his,her,its,their等。74选

54、择填空1.We must make(full/fully)use of this chance.2.We must(full/fully)use this chance.3.Please give your exercise another(careful/carefully)check.4.Please check your exercise(careful/carefully)for a second time.5.He was rather surprised by my(sudden/suddenly)return.751.What he had seen made him_,and he was _describing the _ event to his classmate.(exciting,excited,excitedly,excitingly)2.Most peoples income has been increasing_,and this _increase has enabled many people to travel abroad.(rapid,rapidly)3.He tasted the soup_(doubtfully,doubtful),and found it tasted _(delicious,deliciously).