2020-2022年新高考英语真题汇编专题08阅读理解长难句（Word版附解析）.docx

1、专题08 阅读理解长难句2022年新高考卷I1.Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes（ from the previous class lecture/discussion,）介词短语作定语 so it is important to take careful notes during class. 结果状语从

2、句，it作形式主语，to take是真正的主语。2.Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work （to be completed in class ）or short assignments （to be completed at home）, 此处为不定式作后置定语表示将来的被动。（both of which will be graded.）。此处为定语从句 3.An essay（ not submitted in class）（过去分词作后置定语） on the due date will lose a letter g

3、rade for each class period it is late.原文AGrading Policies for Introduction to LiteratureGrading Scale90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E. Essays (60%)Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%;

4、Essay 4 = 20%.Group Assignments (30%)Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system. Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Ho

5、mework (10%)Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to

6、 time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded. Late WorkAn essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due

7、date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.B1.Producing food （that no one eats）此处为定语从句 wastes the water, fuel, and other resources（ used to grow it.）此处 为过去分词作后置定语。2.“Everyone can pl

8、ay a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or （whetheror并列两个方式状语）by asking restaurants to not include the side dish （you wont eat）此处为定语从句,” Curtin says.原文Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was

9、 to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads

10、with what I threw out.In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this months cover story. Its jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by groc

11、ers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest

12、producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”If thats hard to understand, lets keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time but for him, its more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Centra

13、l Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and fre

14、eze or dry them for use in meals down the road.Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just dont think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you wont eat,” Curt

15、in says.C1.The elderly residents (居民)（ in care homes in London ）介词短语作定语are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. 此处是目的状语。2.Among those （taking part in the project ）现在分词作后置定语is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier.原文The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to l

16、ook after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use o

17、f medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning

18、letting the hens out and down there again at night to see theyve gone to bed.”“Its good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. Im enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done someth

19、ing useful.”There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really w

20、elcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shar

21、ed interest and creative activities.”D1. A ground-breaking, five-year study shows （that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds ）此处为宾语从句（that are now found in half the worlds languages. ）此处为定语从句修饰sounds.2. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted (that speech sou

22、nds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies (that ate softer foods.) 第一处that引导宾语从句，第二处引导定语从句。3.They discovered （that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐),）此处为宾语从句 making it hard to produce labiodentals,（现在分词作结果状语）

23、which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.（此处为定语从句） 原文Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study

24、shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softe

25、r foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching

26、 the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone

27、didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are

28、 still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of h

29、uman beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.2022 年新高考卷IIB1.We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new

30、 multimedia tools.（介词短语作定语）2. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer（介词短语作状语） which was loaded with colorful pictures(定语从句) that come alive(定语从句) when you poke them.（时间状语）原文BWe journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people dont

31、even realize its new. For them, its just normal.This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a childrens book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures a perfect match for his age. Picture this: my grandson sitti

32、ng on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.Whats up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confu

33、sed: Is there something wrong with this kid? Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that. Sorry,

34、kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. Its an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but Im not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. Ive even built websites. Theres one notable gap in m

35、y new-media experience, however: Ive spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didnt stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province. Anyway, grandpa is now

36、 an internet star two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.C1. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else（宾语从句） that is not allowed（定语从句） under New Yorks hands-fre

37、e driving laws. 2.We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,（定语从句修饰books）” said Flix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the states 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.（定语从句）原文Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tri

38、ed a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fal

39、len for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was only increasing, unfortunately.Big change requires big ideas. he said in a speech last month, refe

40、rring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new

41、device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done any

42、thing else that is not allowed under New Yorks hands-free driving laws. We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,” said Flix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the states 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, people are going to be more a

43、fraid to put their hands on the cell phone.D1.As we age（状语从句）, even if were healthy,（状语从句） the heart just isnt as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be.（asas像一样）2. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64（形容词短语作定语） who did not exercise much but were otherwise

44、 healthy.（定语从句）3. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.（不定式作目的状语）原文As we age, even if were healthy, the heart just isnt as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to b

45、e. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who dont exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a

46、 heart specialist at the University of Texas. Thats what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged bet

47、ween 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercisebalance training and weight trainingthree times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise u

48、nder the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was

49、that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didnt change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you havent already, is in late middle age when the heart still has f

50、lexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levines findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated wi

51、th far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.2021年新高考卷I B1.He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.（分词短语作定语修饰those）2. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “

52、nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.（定语从句）原文By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova not as a musician but as her page turner. “Im not a trained musician, but Ive learnt to read music so I can help Mari

53、a in her performance.”Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the groups official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesnt have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he be

54、came just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you dont turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.Being a page turner requires p

55、lenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.B

56、ut like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”Most page turners are pian

57、o students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.“My husband is the worst page turner,” she laughed. “Hes interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: Turn, turn! “Robert is the best page turner Ive had in my e

58、ntire life.”C1. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades（定语从句） to decimate a large part of these resources.（it takes to do sth做某事花费某人）2. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl

59、 habitat.(分词短语作结果状语)3. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System（不定式作目的状语） a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all ge

60、nerations to come.（作fact的同位语从句）原文When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the set

61、tlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly re

62、ducing waterfowl habitat.In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age

63、and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters

64、willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this la

65、nd will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever

66、initiated.D1. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test,（定语从句） such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”2. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence

67、 as(describeas把描述为) a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.（定语从句修饰skills）3. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence（介词短语作定语） run far ahead of what research can reasonably support,（what引导宾语从句） the overall effects of the publicity have been more ben

68、eficial than harmful.4. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being.（形容词短语作定语） 原文 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感) intelli

69、gence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to

70、some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor

71、to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall ef

72、fects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both

73、the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study o

74、f emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.2021 年新高考卷IIC1. A British woman who wo

75、n a S1 million prize after she was named the Worlds Best Teacher（定语从句） will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools. 2. What will remain of us（主语从句） when artificial intelligence takes over（时间状语从句） will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of fresh

76、ness,that has been our strength for centuries.（it is that强调句）原文A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the Worlds Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools. Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring a

77、bout a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“Ive started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.” The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movi

78、e star - into schools to work with and inspire children. Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “Ive seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,”

79、she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools. Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andrias brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools. It was a mistake to see the art

80、s as unnecessary, he added. Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intellig

81、ence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries.D1. An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle（目的状语）, a development that could bring big changes to a profession

82、（ 定语从句）thats relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades（定语从句） but is facing a labor shortage. 2. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, its increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle.（it is adj to do 做怎么样）（find +o+oc发现怎么样）An Australian professor is developing a robot to mon

83、itor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession thats relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He i

84、s building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland wi

85、ll be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of

86、cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, its increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesnt believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him tha

87、t the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice pre

88、sident of the Oklahoma Cattlemens Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.2020 年新高考卷IB1. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and

89、to be able to better support her family（目的状语） while doing（省略句） something she loves（定语从句）: nursing.原文Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-

90、Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelors degree.Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical colle

91、ge, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her ca

92、reer and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Josephs Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to he

93、lp with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Je

94、nnifer sacrificed(牺牲)to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers, she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their m

95、other earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family-and thats pretty powerful.2020 年新高考卷IICBy the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load（宾语从句） it had ev

96、er been asked to carry.（定语从句）原文In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time

97、250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way b

98、ack to land. A disaster was avoided. The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss

99、of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic. Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in whi

100、ch such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore. Rea

101、ders will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.Success is success but that is all that it is, Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure tha

102、t brings improvement.DThe humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.（定语从句）原文Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon m

103、ay have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the worlds oxygen. Rainforests have their own p

104、erfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds. Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branc

105、hes, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the ga

106、ps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life. They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 in

107、ches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it wont keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.