2021届高考英语一轮复习 考点10 完成体和完成进行体考点归纳.docx
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1、考点10 完成体和完成进行体高考频度: 【命题解读】动词的时态已经成为语篇型填空和短文改错的必考点。高考对谓语动词的考查一时态为住,语态为辅。对于时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时,一般过去时、现在完成时等等常见时态。此外在考查物动词的同时还考查主谓一致问题。【命题预测】预计2021年时态仍将是高考的重点和难点所在。高考主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式考查,动词的时态在语法填空和短文改错中既是必考点又是热点。高考在考查时态的同时,仍然以最基本的时态(一般现在时,一般过去时、现在完成时)为主,但是也会兼顾其他语法内容的考查,比如各种从句、强调句、倒装句等,其交叉式和复合式的特点尤为明显。【复习建议】
2、1.了解并能正确运用必考的10种时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时);2. 熟练运用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等高考高频时态;3. 掌握几种易混时态的区别,如现在完成时和一般过去时等。完成体考向一、 现在完成时1. 现在完成时结构:主语 + 助动词have(has) + 动词过去分词否定句:have/has后加not, havent/hasnt一般疑问句:have/has提前2. 现在完成时的用法:(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个结果或影响,常与yet,a
3、lready,just,before,lately等时间状语连用。Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗?Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的,我刚吃过。(现在我不饿了。)I have already posted the photos. 我已经寄过这些照片了。(这些照片已不在我这里了。)have(has) gone to,have(has) been to和have(has) been in的区别1. have (has) gone to表示已经去某地了,不能与for+一段时间连用。She has gone to Shang
4、hai.(她可能已在去上海的路上,或已到上海,总之现在不在这里。)2. have (has) been to表示曾经去过某地,不能与for+一段时间连用。She has been to Shanghai three times.(她已经不在上海,只说明她曾经去过。)3. have (has) been in/at表示一直待在某地,常与时间段搭配,指待了很久。(2)过去发生的事情,一直持续到现在(其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词)。I havent seen her these days. 近来我一直没见过他。Ive known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李雷已
5、经三年了。They have lived here since 1996. 他们自从1996年就住在这儿。She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来这所学校,她就教我。3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用:(1)用于过去发生的事,对现在造成的影响或结果的时间状语有:already用于肯定句,可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前,也可放在句末。yet用在疑问句中意为已经,用在否定句中表示还,常放在句末。ever意为曾经,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。never意为从来都没有,常和before连用,多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
6、before意为以前,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。(2)用于过去发生的事,一直延续到现在的时间状语有:for + 时间段 for two years since + 时间点 since 2008since thensince he came hereso far 目前;迄今为止 up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止;直到现在all the time 总是;一直 recently/lately 最近these days 近几天by the end of.到末/结束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末duri
7、ng /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中 (3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.(4)非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。I havent recei
8、ved his letter for almost a month. (5)since与for用法比较用法例句since用来说明动作起始时间I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这里。My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. 我姑姑从1949年开始一直在一个小诊所工作。for用来说明动作延续时间长度I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我在这里住了二十多年了。3. 现在完成时的常用固定句型(1)That/This/It is the first (
9、second, third . ) time. (that) .句型中,从句要用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。 It is the third time that the boy has been late. 这是这个男生第三次迟到了。 (2)That/This/It is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + (that)从句中,that 从句要用现在完成时。 This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影。 (3)
10、在It is/has been + 一段时间 + since . 句型中,主句常用现在完成时或一般现在时,从句用一般过去时。It has been/ Its 5 years since we last met. 自从上一次我们见面到现在已经是五年了。 Its / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3个月了。 (4)一段时间+ 完成时结构+ since 引导的时间状语从句 Two years has passed since I came here. 我来这儿已经两年了。误区提醒(1)并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I w
11、orked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作)(2)短暂性动词和延续性动词用于完成时的区别:延续性动词表示经验、经历; 短暂性动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 He has completed the work. (表结果) Ive known him since then.(表经历)(3)短暂性动词和延续性动词用于till / until从句的差异 延续性动词用于肯定句,表示做直到;短暂性动词用于否定句,表示到才He didn
12、t come back until ten oclock. 直到十点钟他才回来。He slept until ten oclock. 他睡到十点钟。【疑难辨析】1.(2020天津卷单项填空)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and _ around that level since.Aare remainingBhave remainedCis remainingDhas remained【答案】D【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:20世纪90年代初,医学院的数量达到了18所,此后一直保持在这个水平。ever
13、 since“从那以后”作时间状语,句子用现在完成时态。主语为the number of medical schools,the number of表示“的数目”,中心词是number,所以是单数,作主语时,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。综上,故选D。2.(2019新课标II卷语法填空)I dont see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I _66_(make) over the years【答案】have made【解析】考查动词的时态。根据该定语
14、从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知,此处用现在完成时态,句意:我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。3.(2018北京卷单项填空)Chinas high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意:在过去的几年里,中国的高速铁路已经从9,000公里增长到25,000公里。该句时间状语为in the pa
15、st few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况,故该句应用现在完成时态。B选项正确。考向二、 过去完成时1. 基本结构:肯定句:主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他.否定句:主语 + had + not + 过去分词 + 其他.一般疑问句:Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组 + 一般疑问句(Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他)?2. 基本用法(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即过去的过去。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状
16、语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候,我在车站已经等了20分钟。He said he had w
17、orked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,
18、如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。(5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我
19、一星期前就把信寄出去了。(6)状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在前,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的从句。When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后
20、顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。(7)动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and s
21、ee you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly.when.,no sooner. than.,It was the first (second, etc) time (that).等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work
22、that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。3. 过去完成时的语法判定(1)由时间状语来判定一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:by + 过去的时间点I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.by the end of + 过去的时间点We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.before + 过去的时间点They had planted six hundred trees befor
23、e last Wednesday.(2)由过去的过去来判定过去完成时表示过去的过去,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。如told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said that she had seen the film before.状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。Afte
24、r he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意:before,after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。After he closed the door, he left the classroom.表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示原本,未能。We had hoped that you would come, but you did
25、nt.(3)根据上、下文来判定I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.【巧学妙记】过去完成时记忆口诀Had 加上过去分,构成过去完成时。过去完成的意义,也表完成或延续。若有主、从两个句,先后动作分别叙。哪个在先哪完成,哪个在后哪过去。1. (2020江苏卷单项填空)Instead of getting down to a new task as I _, he examined the previous work again.A. had expected
26、B. have expectedC. would expectD. expect【答案】A【解析】考查动词时态。句意:他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作,而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。此处描述的动作发生在examined之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。故选A。2.(2019天津卷单项填空)I _ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldnt manage it.A. had hopedB. am hopingC. have hopedD. would hope【答案】A【解析】考查过去完成
27、时。句意:我本来计划在Peter结婚时送他一个礼物的,可是我没有做到。第二个分句中“couldnt”用的是一般过去时,它之前的动作用过去完成时。故选A。3. (2018天津卷单项填空) If we _the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beachA. had caught B. caughtC. have caught D. would catch【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话,现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知,从句表示与过去事实相反,故用
28、had + v-ed。故选A。考向三、将来完成时1. 将来完成时的构成:will/shall + have + 过去分词。Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大学生活之后我能变成熟。Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 仅短短 5 年时间后,你的钱就会增多 94,000 美元。He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll publi
29、shed yesterday. 他会为昨天公布的电话民意调查结果感到鼓舞。2. 将来完成的用法(1)表示将来完成:即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。When we get there, shell have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已经上班去了。I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我预料到明天你就会改变主意了。(2)表示持续:即表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日
30、我们俩就结婚满1年了。By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻,我就已经为该公司工作24年了。(3)表示推测:即表示根据某情况作出的推测。That will have been Roland. He said hed be back at 7. 准是罗兰。他说他7点钟回来。There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定会有结果。1.(2019江苏卷单项填空)They are trying
31、to make sure that 5G terminals_ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.A. will installB. will have been installedC. are installedD. have been installed【答案】B【解析】考查时态和语态。句意:他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作,用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系,用被动语态,故选B。2.Its reported that by the end of the mont
32、h, the output of cement in the factory_by about 10%.A. will have risenB. will be risingC. has risenD. has been rising【答案】A【解析】考查时态。由时间状语by the end of the month可知此处表示在将来某时已经完成的动作,因此用将来完成时。3.You neednt hurry her. It_by her by the time you are ready.A.will have been finishingB.has finishedC.will have b
33、een finishedD.will be finished【答案】C【解析】考查时态和语态。by the time you are ready表示将来的某个时间,此处表示将来完成的动作,故应使用将来完成时,根据句意,事情应该被完成,所以C项正确。完成进行体考向一 现在完成进行时1. 现在完成进行时的定义现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去。We have been waiting for him for two hours.2. 现在完成进行时的结构have/has been + doing3. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语this month/w
34、eek/year,these days,recently/lately,in the past few+时间段,since +时间点,for+时间段。They have been building the bridge for two months.They have been planting trees this month. 这个月他们在植树。4. 现在完成进行时的用法(1)表示动作的延续The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2,000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)I have been learn
35、ing English since three years ago. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作)We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了。(动作不再继续下去) 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。I have been working here for
36、five years.I have worked here for five years. 我在这里已经工作两年了。大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book. 我一直在写一本书。(动作还将继续下去)I have written a book. 我已经写了一本书。(动作已经完成)They have been building a bridge. 他们一直在造一座桥。They have built a bridge. 他们造了一座桥。表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years. 我认识他
37、已经好几年了。I have been knowing.() 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌等。常见考法:1. 现在完成进行时的基本用法;2. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别;3. 现在完成进行时和其他时态的搭配。误区提醒:1. 现在完成进行时的构成记忆不清;2. 不能准确区分现在完成进行和现在完成时的区别;3. 时态搭配上出现错误。【疑难辨析】现在完成进行时和现在完成时的辨析:(1)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,而现在完成时一般不表示重复性Have you been meeting him recently?你最近常和他见面吗?Have yo
38、u met him recently?你最近见到过他吗?(2)现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩,而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)(3)现在完成进行时强调动作,而现在完成时强调结果Who has been eating the oranges?谁一直在吃这些桔子呀?(还剩余一些)Who has eaten the oranges?谁把桔子吃光了?(强调吃得一个不剩)1(2020天
39、津卷单项填空)You are a great swimmer.Thanks. Its because I _ a lot these days.Ahave been practisingBwas practisingCwould practiseDhad practised【答案】A【解析】考查时态。句意:你游泳很棒。谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。根据时间状语these days(这些天)可知,“练习游泳”从数天前开始,一直持续到现在,因此该句应用现在完成进行时态。故选A。2.(2016北京卷单项填空)Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?T
40、he new Star Wars. We _ here for more than two hours.A. waitedB. waitC. would be waitingD. have been waiting【答案】D 【解析】考查时态。句意:打扰了,你们在等哪一部电影?星球大战,我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。for+时间段与完成时连用,根据语境可知,说话的时候仍然在等,因此用现在完成进行时,故选D。【名师点睛】英语中的时态主要由动词的形式决定,因此在学习英语时态时,要注意分析动词形式及具体语境,想象在那个特定的时间动作所发生的背景,这个动作是经常性动作、一般性动作、进行性动作、完成性
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