[32084022]【寒假特训】04 从容掌控概要写作之议论文-2022年高二英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、04 从容掌控概要写作之议论文【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 概要写作之议论文（一）概要写作的语言微技巧1. 要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2. 要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写

2、作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3. 要点衔接。 概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下： 1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfor

3、tunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, notbut等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, sothat, suchthat, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, beca

4、use of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustr

5、ate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, whats worse, even worse等。（二）议论文概要写作技巧 议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的

6、首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。（三）议论文概要写作模板 议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 课堂典例Summary 1Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possib

7、le.Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life. However, social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys on this topi

8、c suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly- protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.However, greater parental involvement does n

9、ot necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children. In the context（情境）of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents5 involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in tou

10、ch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents todays grandparentswould have called the

11、ir children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier. Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new

12、; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind

13、that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.参考范文：Technological change affects peoples behavior, but not their own attitude changes.(要点 1) For example, todays parents are considered to be overly-protective or involve

14、too much in their childrens life,（要点 2) but the studies show that parents of both today and the past are eager to communicatewith their children frequently if the means and cost allowed and college students, financial dependence also accounted for their more frequent communication.(要点 3) In a word,

15、advanced technology explains greater parental involvement,not the attitude.(要点 4)【写作指导】1.核心内容本文是一篇议论文,全文共分四段。第一段主要提出了自己的观点：科技带来的社会变化被误认为是人们态度的改变。第二段以调查为例,说明现在的父母比上一代人更多地干预孩子的生活。第三段 通过对现在的父母干预孩子大学生活的原因的描述,证明现在的父母会更多地干预孩子的生活是科技变化的结果而非父母本身态度的改变。第四段,再一次总结观点科技的进步导致了父母在孩子生活中角色的变化。2.写作思路(1)理清文章脉络,概括段落大意。理清

16、文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础,同学们可以通过 找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络,概括大意。该文第一段提出了总论点“social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes”；第二段是以 “the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college”为例,说明人们误认为的观点。第三段主题句是段落的首句,并以父母较多干预大学生生活的原因为分论点来支

17、持主题句, 说明上一代人也同样会渴望与孩子多联系,而且现代父母与孩子交流的主要话题还是孩子生活上的经 济问题,而非父母的过多主观干预。(2)确定表达要点,灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。本文的 摘要要把全文第一句作为t总论点,把“social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes”这句话进行同义替换（paraphrase)并对相关内容进行整合。要点3, 作者提出了不同的观点,因此用but连接要点2,与要点2整合。要点4是总结,是对论点

18、的再述,用“in a word”与要点3连接。Summary 2Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixe

19、d about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the Frenc

20、h king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poo r in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, t

21、o avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are p

22、ractical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has t he hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitude

23、s to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously tr y to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong

24、immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.【写作指导】(一) 要点分析1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.

25、 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。2第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease ，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century. 可知，直到18世

26、纪之前，人们都认为dirt 是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。3. 第三段用Though 引出人们对dirt 观点的转变“since the 18th century. Scientific ally speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.

27、”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea可得出要点3“However, people began to change their a attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt 的态度还是有所不同，On the contra ry 引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt 有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得

28、了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。(二) 要点连接文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However 恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However 。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless 可以避免三句

29、话内出现两次However 。(三) 关键词汇第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (之后；立即) 第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基

30、础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。【参考范文】People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their

31、attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4)Summary 3Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words th

32、e main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence. “In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of

33、violence.” Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students beg

34、in with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflic

35、t resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.Af

36、ter that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the

37、 speakers position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesnt mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply bec

38、omes smaller. (280 words) 【写作指导】首段引用了一个关于年轻人暴力的报告，那么该报告的内容和启发应该是这段的重点，即暴力问题是对儿童和青少年最大的威胁，学生要学会解决冲突。第二段的重点信息是前两句，论述了冲突不可避免，一个小的冒犯动作就能引发暴力行为。 而“For example”后面是针对“小的冒犯动作”举的例子，应相应舍去。接下来的三段分别介绍了解决冲突的几个步骤冷静下来、相互倾听、思考听到的内容。考生在字数允许的情况下可以再概括性补充一些细节。即面对冲突先冷静下来避免使用攻击性词汇，然后相互倾听增进了解，最后反思事件以降低冲突。 【参考范文】Conflict c

39、an lead to violence, so students should be taught how to handle it. Conflict is inevitable and minor insults may cause it. Staying calm, avoiding aggressive words is the priority. To promote mutual understanding, they should listen to each other and ask question. Finally, thinking about what they ar

40、e hearing can help minimize misunderstanding. (55 words) 实战演练1Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.Are you a textaholic?Do you spend over an hour each day texting your frien

41、ds? Do you frequently neglect work study and leisure activities to check your phone for text message? Are you moody and emotional if you are separated from your mobile phone? Do you hardly ever use your phone to talk any more, and do your thumbs from texting too much?If you answered Yes to any of th

42、e above questions, then the chances are that you are a textaholic.A textaholic can be defined as someone who is addicted to sending and receiving text messages.The main symptoms are strong will to text which takes precedence over (优先于) everything else, and withdrawal symptoms (戒断症状)if messages fail

43、to come in, leading to anger, depression and a lack of self-respect.Other problems include sleeplessness, eye strain, and repetitive strain injury due to constant messaging, not to mention expensive phone bills.The root of the problem, as with many addictions, is the desire to escape from emotional

44、difficulties such as stress, anxiety and relationship problems.Experts warn that text addiction is likely to become the most common form of addiction in the future, especially among the young.So what can you do if you think you may be textaholic? The key is to get your life back in balance.Make sure

45、 you resist the urge to answer every message you receive, and consider leaving your mobile phone behind occasionally when you go out.Most importantly, make a point of spending quality time with friends and family, and make time to re learn the art of face-to-face conversation instead of conducting y

46、our relationships by means of text messages.Not only will you save time and money, but you may also rediscover the pleasure of true communication._【答案】Textaholics are those who cant live without text messages, without which health problems may arise physically and mentally. （要点1）The problem is cause

47、d by mental trouble a person has in life.（要点2）To solve it, one should try to live a balanced life, getting isolated from the mobile phone and having more personal communication with family and friends.（要点3）【解析】这是一篇议论文，通读全文可以从以下三方面进行概括：要点一：短信狂是指那些生活中离不开短信的人，没有短信就可能出现身体和精神上的健康问题。可用到的词汇有：arise, physica

48、lly and mentally, health problem等要点二：这个问题是由生活中的精神问题引起的。可用到的词汇有：cause, metal trouble等。要点三：为了解决这个问题，一个人应该尝试过一种平衡的生活，远离手机，与家人和朋友有更多的私人交流。可用到的词汇有：solve， try to do sth., a balanced life, isolated, personal communication等。本篇以一般现在时为主。 2Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.

49、 Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day. Nowadays, people still hold the same view. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and

50、 people are usually in the best conditions. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.In addition, if we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, without doubt

51、we can build our bodies and become much healthier. That is why many people getting up early do physical exercise year after year.Also, we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we will probably have to do ev

52、erything in a great hurry, making it in a mess.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it._【答案】The passage tells us that getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will ben

53、efit us a lot. Firstly, our brain works faster and more correctly. Whats more, we can be increasingly healthy by doing some morning exercise or taking a short walk. Lastly, it enables us to make a good preparation for the day.【解析】【分析】这是一篇概要写作。【详解】根据文本内容，这是一篇讲早起是一个好习惯，这将使我们受益匪浅的说明文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们必须

54、首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。第一段开头第一句话“Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.”是段落的中心句，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面分条说明了早睡早起的好处。第二段主要讲的是早晨是一天中最好的时间。第三段主要在讲，此外，如果我们早起做一些晨练或只在早上散步，毫无疑问，我们可以强壮我们的身体，变得更健康，其中第一句“In addition, if we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk

55、in the morning, without doubt we can build our bodies and become much healthier.是段落的中心句。第四段主要讲了此外，如果我们早起，我们将有足够的时间来制定一个计划，为我们一天的工作或学习做好准备。弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可。3These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used

56、 to being in a hurry. However, its better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.The main reason that convinces us to be against doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in

57、 a hurry, they cant make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their li

58、fe better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a

59、 hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives.Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But

60、being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally (精神上). According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.In short, working qu

61、ickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress cant bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace._【答案】Despite being accusto

62、med to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life. (要点一) Firstly, slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors by comprehensive thinking. (要点二) Secondly, more opportunities to enjoy life are allowed by a slower pace. (要点三) Lastly, better health conditio

63、n physically and mentally is also what a slower life brings. (要点四) Therefore, lets take a slower life from now on.【解析】【分析】本文为概括写作。主要考查学生的对主旨大意的阅读概括能力和准确获取关键词的能力。首先考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力以及对文章整体结构的能力。进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具体有概括功能的词或句子表述出来。【详解】本文是概要写作，其写作步骤如下： 1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段

64、的大意。2）弄清要求。是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。 3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。同时能正确地使用连词firstly，secondly，lastly.把文章有机地联合起来。作者抓住了关键词，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，用简洁的语言概括了文章重要信息即可。【点睛】文章涵盖了全部要点，在写作中注意使用非谓语，句式简单明了， 文章中多处运用了非谓语。如动词的ing形式作状语：Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern

65、society, people are recommended to lead a slower life；动词的ing形式作主语: slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors by comprehensive thinking；表语从句：better health condition physically and mentally is also what a slower life brings和祈使句：lets take a slower life from now on 4Pushing Back School St

66、arting TimesIts January. The outdoor temperature has fallen below 5C in the morning. Have you ever complained that you still have to get up at 6 a. m. and arrive at school before 7 am? Do you wish you could have a long nice lie-in?You are not alone if your answer is Yes! In the United States, many h

67、igh school students are unhappy with their school starting times, too.That may soon change. Last October, Gavin Newsom, Californias governor, signed a law that sets a limit on starting times of half-past eight for high-schoolers and eight oclock for middle schoolers, hoping students will benefit for

68、m their extra time in bed.Sleep deprivation is associated with problems in attention, behavior and learning. A research review by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(C.D.C.)finds that later school starting times can lead to less falling asleep in class. The change can also help impr

69、ove students attendance and grades.Many parents, however, are strongly opposed to such changes. Those who cannot start work later say they wont be able to drop their children off at school before they go to work. They also fear that later starting times will mean later ending times, resulting in few

70、er opportunities for their children to take part in after-school activities, hold part-time jobs and care for younger siblings.Supporters argue that there really is no significant reason not to do this. Anthony Portantino, the California senator who introduced the law, believes evidence of the chang

71、es benefits will soon win over opponents. He says, I only see an overwhelming resistance to the change from adultssomething many teenagers will be familiar with._【答案】School starting times will be delayed in the US to benefit students in several ways such as improving attendance, grades and class per

72、formance. While many parents oppose to it for fear of the delayed pickup time, less after-school activities and no time to care for younger children, supporters, however, still hold that benefits outweigh the drawbacks.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，为了保证学生充足睡眠，上课时的注意力，学生成绩，课堂表现，将推迟上学时间。一些家长持否定态度，认为如果实行，那么就没

73、时间接送孩子上下学，孩子也没时间参加课余活动了。但也有家长支持这项决定，认为利大于弊。【详解】1.要点摘录Californias governor, signed a law that sets a limit on starting times. Students will benefit form their extra time in bedThe change can also help improve students attendance and grades.Many parents, however, are strongly opposed to such changes.

74、They wont be able to drop their children off at school before they go to work. They also fear that later starting times will mean later ending times, resulting in fewer opportunities for their children to take part in after-school activities, hold part-time jobs and care for younger siblings. Suppor

75、ters argue that there really is no significant reason not to do this. They believes evidence of the changes benefits will soon win over opponents.2. 缜密构思将1、2两个要点进行整合，将3、4两个要点进行重组。3. 遣词造句School starting times will be delayed to benefit students in improving attendance and grades.However many parents

76、oppose to it for fear of the delayed pickup time, less after-school activities and no time to care for younger children.Supporters, however, still hold that the changes benefits will win over opponents.【点睛】高分句型1 Those who cannot start work later say they wont be able to drop their children off at school before they go to work. 运用一个定语从句对第五段第一句话进行举例补充。其中who引导定语从句、before引导时间状语从句的分句等表达高级。高分句型2 A research review by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(C.D.C.)finds that later school starting times can lead to less falling asleep in class.运用宾语从句证实了第四段第一句话，对其进行了补充说明。表达非常高级。