专题06：阅读理解C篇说明文类（10套）句子翻译（5套）-【对点变式题】2021-2022学年高二下英语期中必考题精准练（上海专用）.docx

1、2021-2022学年高二下期中必考题精准练专题06：阅读理解C篇说明文类（10套）+ 句子翻译（5套）一、 阅读理解 第一套 A study involving 8,500 teenagers from all social backgrounds found that most of them are ignorant when it comes to money. The findings, the first in a series of reports from NatWest that has started a five-year research project into te

2、enagers and money, arc particularly worrying as this generation of young people is likely to be burdened with greater debts man any before.University tuition fees (学费) are currently capped at 3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and the Government is under enormous pressure to raise t

3、he ceiling.In the research, the teenagers were presented with die terms of four different loans but 76 per cent failed to identify the cheapest. The young people also predicted that they would be earning on average 31.000 by the age of 25, although the average salary for those aged 22 to 29 is just

4、17,815. The teenagers expected to be in debt when they finished university or training, although half said that they assumed the debts would be less than 10.000. Average debts for graduates are 12，363.Stephen Moir, head of community investment at the Royal Bank of Scotland Group which owns NatWest,

5、said. The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they arc to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.Ministers are deeply concerned about the financial pressures on teenag

6、ers and young people because of student loans and rising housing costs. They have just introduced new lessons in how to manage debts. Nikki Fairweathcr. aged 15. from St Helens, said that she had benefited from lessons on personal finance, but admitted that she still had a lot to learn about money.4

7、3. Which of the following can be found from the five-year research project?A. Students understand personal finances differently.B. University tuition fees in England have been rising.C. Teenagers tend to overestimate their future earnings.D. The students payback ability has become a major issue.44.

8、The phrase to raise the ceiling in paragraph 2 probably means _.A. to raise the student loansB. to improve the school facilitiesC. to increase the upper limit of the tuitionD. to lift the school building roofs45. According to Stephen Moir, students_.A. are too young 10 be exposed 10 financial issues

9、B. should learn 10 manage their finances wellC- should maintain a positive attitude when facing loansC. benefit a lot from lessons on personal finance46. What n we learn from the passage?A. Many British teenagers do not know money matters wellB. Teenagers in Britain are heavily burdened with debts.C

10、. Financial planning is a required course at college.D. Young people should become responsible adults.【答案】43. C 44. C 45. B 46. A【解析】本文是说明文。关于英国的研究机构的一份调查，表明大部分青少年对钱的问题认识不深，他们大多数估计了未来赚钱的前景，对他们以后可能要负担的债务也没有认识。【43题详解】细节推理题。从第一句话“most of them are ignorant when it comes to money”可以得出答案,“青少年倾向于过高估计了他们未来赚

11、钱的前景”而没有意识到他们会在未来面临的各种债务。故选C。【44题详解】词义猜测题。根据上下文的意思，推测“raise the ceiling”的意思，很显然，不是A项“增加学生的贷款”，不是B项“改善学校的设施”，也不是D项“增高学校建筑的屋顶”，他们都不是第二段里提到的意思，那么就只能选择C项“提供学费的上限”。得A项为答案，即“很多英国的青少年没有很好地认识钱的问题”。B项是“英国的青少年有很沉重的债务负担”，C项是“财政计划是大学里的必修课”，D项“年轻人应该对成年人负责”都偏离了文章大意，所以不选。故选C。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段里Stephen Moir说的的话，来归纳

12、出他的观点，就是“学生们应该学会更好地理财”。故选B。【46题详解】主旨大意题。阅览本文后，概括出大意，本文是关于英国的研究机构的一份调查，表明大部分青少年对钱的问题认识不深，他们大多数估计了未来赚钱的前景，对他们以后可能要负担的债务也没有认识； 故选A。 第二套 If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of ano

13、ther person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a mach

14、ine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partners pants, she said. Thats the picture I remember best.The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video

15、from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another persons body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs ver

16、y slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another persons body.Using such technology promises to alter peoples behaviour afterwards-potentially for the

17、better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who dont look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of

18、 peoples associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants bias scores were lowe

19、r. The idea is that once youve put yourself in anothers shoes youre less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding

20、 each other in their arms, says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. Its a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.56The word swapping (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to_.A. building B. exchanging C. controlling D. transplanting

21、57We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that_.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other peoples bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes58I

22、n the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, _.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unl

23、ike them59It can be concluded from the passage that_.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly56B 57A 58D 59C【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了

24、一种Be another lab的体验，可以让人们互换角色，这样可以一定程度上消除人们的偏见，也可以促进人与人的相互理解。56猜词题：根据第一段的最后的描写：She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partners pants, she said. Thats the pict

25、ure I remember best.可知女演员和男演员互换角色，所以swapping的意思是“交换”，所以选B。57推理题：根据文章第三段的最后一句话：Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another persons body.可知从Be another lab的体验可以推断出我们的感觉和身体的经验有关，所以选A58细节题：根据文章第四段的

26、句子：Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who dont look or sound like them.可知在the Implicit Association test中，在参与者使用虚拟现实的眼镜控制一个深色皮肤的人物之前，他们对不像他们的人物更有偏见，选D59推理题：根据文章最后一段的句子：At the end of body swapping, people feel like hol

27、ding each other in their arms, says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project可知虚拟现实帮助促进人们之间的理解，所以选C 第三套 Science advances fastest when data and conclusions are shared as quickly as possible. Yet it is common practice for medical researchers to conceal results for months or years until research i

28、s published in an academic journal. Even then, the data supporting a study are often not revealed.The motive to withhold findings is powerful. Journal papers are the key measure of a scientists productivity. To win research money and get promoted, scientists need to increase an impressive list of pu

29、blications. Yet the delays in spreading knowledge have the capacity to do real harm. Nor are elite journals the guardians of quality that they often claim to be. The number of papers so flawed that they need to be retracted has risen sharply in the past two decades. Studies in elite journals (such a

30、s Nature and Science) are no statistically stronger than those in lesser journals.Science should not, and need not, be restrained by journal publication. Three sensible reforms would ensure that researchers results could be communicated to more people more quickly, without any decline in quality. St

31、ep one is for the organizations that finance research to demand that scientists put their academic papers, along with their experimental data, in publicly accessible “databases” before they are sent to a journal. That would allow other researchers to make use of the findings without delay. Those opp

32、osing such “preprints” argue that they allow work of poor quality to grow wildly because it has not yet been peer-reviewed. That may surprise physicists and mathematicians, who have been posting work to arXiv, a preprint database, for more than 25 years with no ill effects.Step two is to improve the

33、 process of peer review itself. Journals currently administer a system of organizing anonymous peer reviewers to pass judgment on new researcha fact they use, in part, to justify their sky-high subscription prices. But this process tends to be abused. At its worst, groups of researchers are suspecte

34、d of guaranteeing favorable reviews for each others work. Better that reviewers are named and that the reviews are published. The Gates foundation has announced its support for an online database where such open peer review of papers takes place. The database was launched last year by the Wellcome T

35、rust, meaning that the worlds two largest medical charities have thrown their weight behind it. Others should follow.Finally, science needs to stop relying so much on journal publication as the only recognized credential for researchers and the only path to career progression. Tools exist that repor

36、t how often a preprint has been viewed, for example, or whether a clinical data set has been cited in guidelines for doctors. A handful of firms are using artificial intelligence to assess the scientific importance of research, disregarding how it has been spread. Such approaches need encouragement.

37、 Journals may lose out, but science itself will benefit.1. The passage primarily argues _. A. why scientists should timely make public their information with other peersB. how a reliable system that promotes fast sharing of academic outcomes can be establishedC. how the scientific circle ensures the

38、 quality of those research papers published in journalsD. what the difference is between the studies posted to preprint databases and the elite journals2. Which of the following is NOT the reason why scientists hold back their findings?A. They want to climb up the career ladders.B. They want to show

39、 their capacity of yielding great researches.C. They want to ensure the scientific validity before releasing them.D. They want to get funded for their study.3. What does the underlined word “anonymous” probably mean?A. showing strong abilityB. identified by many peopleC. unknown by nameD. having gre

40、at authority4. What can help reduce academics dependence on journal publication?A. Using tools to report the frequency of a preprint being viewed.B. Firms using advanced technology to produce a research.C. Citing doctors guideline in processing a clinical data.D. Finding methods to assess the way th

41、ose studies are shared or spread.5. Which one of the following statements will the author most probably agree with?A. Full trust can be put in elite journals like Science and Nature.B. The prospect of scientific journals undoubtedly outweighs that of science.C. The popularity of preprint will inevit

42、ably bring about a careless academic world.D. Organizations ought to employ an open measure to conduct the peer review.【答案】1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D【分析】1.通读全文可知答案B。. how a reliable system that promotes fast sharing of academic outcomes can be established2.细节题。根据文章第二段可知A B D正确。3.词义辨析题。anonymous 匿名的。结合文章意思可

43、知为C。4.结合最后一段可知，使用工具去报道非正式样本被评论的频率。5.主旨大意题。作者认为，机构应该使用一个公开的方法去实施同行评审。 第四套 Speaking in ClicksClick sounds, such as those found in some languages in Africa, make perfectly good consonants. So why do they appear so rarely in most human speech? One culprit may be anatomy(骨骼).Previous studies have suggest

44、ed that in some speakers of click languages, the alveolar ridge(齿龈) the rounded bump between the upper teeth and the roof of the mouth-is small or even absent. In recent research, Scott Moisik of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Dan Dediu of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholingui

45、stics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, built biomechanical models that simulated clicks in vocal tracts(声道) with alveolar ridges of varying sizes. Their results, published in January in the Journal of Language Evolution, showed a clear disadvantage for tracts with large edges. These allowed less air to

46、 be trapped in the mouth, requiring more muscular force to produce a click.The authors interpret this finding as support for an anatomical bias against clicks. They believe the bias is probably weak at the individual level; people with large alveolar ridges can still learn click consonants or that t

47、heir pronunciations may be wrong. Amplified over generations, this bias might explain why such consonants are so rarely found in language worldwide.These results are not the first to challenge the traditional premise among linguists that language evolution is largely immune to external factors. Seve

48、ral other researchers have recently argued that geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics could all play a role. But Moisik and Dedius work goes a step further by singling out a single feature of human anatomy and quantifying its contribution to a particular type of speech sound.Su

49、sanne Fuchs, senior researcher at the Leibniz Center of General Linguistics in Berlin, who was not involved in the work, says the studys conclusions are valid. But she cautions that they may present a chicken-and-egg problem: “The palate( 味蕾) shape of an individual matures from early childhood to pu

50、berty and , may be affected by frequent productions of clicks,” Fuchs says, “Therefore, over the course of history, it may well be that vocal tract properties and click productions developed in parallel.53. The underlined word “ one culprit” in Paragraph 1means _.A. something that must cause sufferi

51、ngB. something that may be the causeC. something that could be concludedD. something that never happened before.54. According to the findings by Moisik and Dediu, who can make click sounds easily?A. People with a small or absent alveolar ridge.B. People with strong muscles inside the mouthC. People

52、with a normal alveolar rid.D. People with a large alveolar ridge.55. Which of the following statements is true?A. People with large alveolar ridges cannot learn click language.B. Having less air trapped in the mouth makes it easier to produce a click.C. Both Moisik and Dediu believe that language ev

53、olution is largely independent of external factors.D. Language evolution may be subject to geographical context, environmental conditions and genetics.56. What is Susanne Fuchs most likely to agree with?A. The conclusions of the study by Moisik and Dediu are unreliable.B. Vocal tract properties and

54、click productions might evolve at the same time.C. Frequent productions of clicks decide the palate shape of an individual.D. The palate shape of an individual decides whether one can produce click sounds.【答案】53. B 54. A 55. D 56. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。卡塔声在一些语言中是完美的辅音，但是它很少出现在人类的语言中。文章介绍了它可能很少被用的原因。【53题详解】词义

55、猜测题。根据上一句的设问So why do they appear so rarely in most human speech? 那么，为什么它们很少出现在人类的语言中呢?可知，接下来的一句是对该问题的回答。由此可知，本句应是指是骨骼导致的。结合选项可知，one culprit应该是“一个原因”，故选B。【54题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的In recent research, Scott Moisik of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Dan Dediu of the Max Planck Institute for

56、 Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, built biomechanical models that simulated clicks in vocal tracts(声道) with alveolar ridges of varying sizes.可知，有小的或无牙槽嵴的人容易发出卡塔声。故选A。【55题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的Several other researchers have recently argued that geographical context, environmental conditions

57、 and genetics could all play a role. 可知，语言的进化可能受到地理环境、环境条件和遗传因素的影响。故选D。【56题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Fuchs says, “Therefore, over the course of history, it may well be that vocal tract properties and click productions developed in parallel. 可知，Fuchs认为在历史的进程中，很可能是声道的特性和点击制作并行发展。故选B。 第五套 Thanks to smart-phones,

58、 telling your partner “I love you” has never been easier. And, according to some new research , its probably making your relationship stronger, too. There is no denying that technologys impact on modern, well, everything. Websites and apps such as , OkCupid and Tinder have changed the way Americans

59、meet and date. A 2013 study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that more than one-third of all U.S marriages now begin through online dating, which has grown into a $2 billion-a-year industry, according to IBISWorld. And, of course, theyve changed how we communicate. Face

60、book, Twitter, iMessage, WhatsApp, Snapchat and Instagram have replaced the Phone.For tech-savvy couples, the communication possibilities today are seemingly endless. Texting apps allow partners to communicate throughout the day regardless of where you are. And while there are some dangers that acco

61、mpany regular texting with your partner, couples that exchange affectionate texts can actually enhance their relationships. A new report from the Pew Research Centre shows that 21% of people in committed relationships say they felt closer to their spouse or partner because of exchanges they had eith

62、er online or via text message.“People will text no matter what-its too convenient.” says Lori Schade, Ph.D, a licensed marriage and family therapist in Salk Lake City, Utah. “But if they use text messages purposefully to put money in the relationship bank, so to speak, by being positive, they might

63、be developing resilience to weather future storms.”Meanwhile, several apps that are built specially for couples have begun appearing in app stores everywhere.Couple, an app that allows couples to communicate in their own,private channel, has been downloaded nearly 2.5 million times. The app lets you

64、 and your partner share messages and even send “Thumb Kisses” to one another.Some dating sites are figuring out ways to stay involved in couples lives beyond the meeting period. How About We, which likes to call itself “the online dating sites”, has a separate service for couples that offers pre-pla

65、nned dates ranging from tickets to a Broadway show, to custom peanut butter sandwiched, to a robot-building workshop. The company launched a new couples app called “You & Me”, which allows partners to cooperate on playlists, share photos and exchange private messages.So while theres no substitution

66、for actual face time in relationship, FaceTime is looking more and more like a good alternative to fill in the gaps.56. “Tech-savvy couples” in paragraph 3 may refer to couples who .A. can save technology B.have a good command of technologyC.communicate endlessly D.work in the field of information t

67、echnology57. In Lori Schades opinion, texting can .A. enable people to put money in the bank.B. prevent partners being caught in stormsC. Help people enhance their relationshipsD. Expose people to more dangers58. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. actual face time is more important than on

68、line face timeB. actual face time will eventually give way to online face timeC. online face time makes relationships stronger than actual face timeD. online face time can make up for the disadvantages of actual face time59. which of the following might be the best title for the passage?A. Modern te

69、chnology: Bringing people closer.B. Modern technology: Recording relationshipsC. Modern technology: Changing everyday lifeD. Modern technology: Making communication easier.BCDA31. B 根据第一段 得知现在technology对人的关系影响很大，同时，后文的例子，也可知此题选B。32. C 根据“by being positive, they might be developing resilience to weat

70、her future storms.”可以得知texting的积极作用是促进关系。33. D 本文重点在于描述在线聊天的好处，可以弥补现实聊天的缺点，所以选D。34. A 本文说现代科技的发展是人类的关系更加亲近，拉近了人与人之家的距离。 第六套 “Does my smile look big in this?” Future fitting-room mirrors in clothing stores could subtly adjust your reflection to make you look and hence feel happier, encouraging you to

71、 like what you see.Thats the idea behind the Emotion Evoking System developed by Shigeo Yoshida and colleagues at the University of Tokyo in Japan. The system can manipulate, or in other word, control your emotions and personal preferences by presenting you with an image of your own smiling or frown

72、ing face.The principle that physiological changes can drive emotional ones that laughter comes before happiness, rather than the other way around is a well-established idea.The researchers wanted to see if this idea could be used to build a computer system that manipulates how you feel. The system w

73、orks by presenting the user with a web-camera image of his or her face as if they were looking in a mirror. The image is then subtly altered with software, turning the corners of the mouth up or down and changing the area around the eyes, so that the person appears to smile or frown (皱眉).Without tel

74、ling them the aim of the study, the team recruited (招募) 21 volunteers and asked them to sit in front of the screen while performing an unrelated task. When the task was complete the participants rated how they felt. When the faces on screen appeared to smile, people reported that they felt happier.

75、On the other hand, when the image was given a sad expression, they reported feeling less happy.Yoshida and his colleagues tested whether manipulating the volunteers emotional state would influence their preferences. Each person was given a scarf to wear and again presented with the altered webcam im

76、age. The volunteers that saw themselves smiling while wearing the scarf were more likely to report that they liked it, and those that saw themselves not smiling were less likely.The system could be used to manipulate consumers impressions of products, say the researchers. For example, mirrors in clo

77、thing-store fitting rooms could be replaced with screens showing altered reflections. They also suggest people may be more likely to find clothes attractive if they see themselves looking happy while trying them on.“Its certainly an interesting area,” says Chris Creed at the University of Birmingham

78、, UK. But he notes that using such technology in a shop would be harder than in the lab, because people will use a wide range of expressions. “Attempting to make slight differences to these and ensuring that the reflected image looks believable would be much more challenging,” he says.Of course, the

79、re are also important moral questions surrounding such subtly manipulative technology. “You could argue that if it makes people happy what harm is it doing?” says Creed. “But I can imagine that many people may feel manipulated, uncomfortable and cheated if they found out.”63Whats the main purpose of

80、 the Emotion Evoking System?A. To see whether ones feeling can be unconsciously affected.B. To see whether ones facial expressions can be altered.C. To see whether laughter comes before happiness.D. To replace the mirrors in future clothing-store fitting rooms.64What can we learn about the web-camer

81、a image in the study?A. It recorded the volunteers performance in the task.B. It gave the volunteers a false image.C. It attempted to make the volunteers feel happier.D. It beautified the volunteers appearance in the mirror.65What does Creed mention as a limitation of the technology?A. It only chang

82、es the areas around the mouth and the eyes.B. It only works in clothing stores.C. It only makes subtle changes to peoples expressions.D. It only deals with a limited number of facial expressions.66What does Creeds comment on the moral issues with this technology imply?A. Nothing is more important th

83、an happiness.B. Technology is unable to manipulate people.C. People should make their decisions independently.D. People should neglect the harm of the technology.63A 64B 65D 66C【解析】试题分析:本文是一篇说明文，未来服装店里的试衣间的镜子可以巧妙地调整你的映像，让你看上去并且因此感觉更开心，从而让你喜欢你看到的东西。这就是日本东京大学的繁雄吉田和同事开发的情绪引发系统背后的理念这个系统能够通过呈现给你一个你自己的笑脸或

84、苦脸来操控你的情绪和个人偏好。63A 细节理解题。第二段指出该系统试图通过改变你看到的自己的表情来影响你的情绪和个人偏好，故选A。64B细节理解题。第四段指出网络摄像头的图像要让志愿者感觉他们在照镜子，即让他们相信看到的图像，而这个图像是被修改了的。由此可见这只是一种假象。 可知选B。65D细节理解题。根据第8段克里德指出在商店很难采用这项技术，原因在于人们的表情太过丰富。由此可见这项技术的局限性是只能处理相对简单的表情。故选D。66C 推理判断题。根据第九段克里德提出这项技术虽然可以让人快乐，但也可以让人产生被操控感，不安和被欺骗感。由此可见人们认为自由意志高于一切。故选C。 第七套 Now

85、adays, people have a heated discussion on whether the pressure on international sports players kills the essence of sport - the pursuit of personal excellence. Children kick a football around for fun. When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive but they still enjoy p

86、laying. The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself; he has to think only about winning. He is responsible for the entire nations hopes, dreams and reputation. A good example is the football World Cup. Football is the worlds most important sport. Winning the

87、 World Cup is perhaps the summit of international sporting success. Mention Argentina to someone and the chances are that hell think of football. In a sense, winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map. Sports fans and supporters get quite irrational about the World Cup. People in England felt th

88、at their country was somehow important after they won in 1966. Last year thousands of Scots sold their cars, and even their houses, and spent all their money travelling to Argentina, where the finals were played. So, am I arguing that international competition kills the idea of sport? Certainly not!

89、 Do the Argentinians really believe that because eleven of their men proved the most skillful at football, their nation is in every way better than all others? Not really, but its nice to know that you won and that in one way at least your country is the best.1.According to the passage, if a sportsm

90、an only thinks about winning, he will _.A.fail to succeedB. lose enjoymentC. achieve successD. go unreasonable2.The main idea of the first paragraph is that _.A.children take part in all kinds of sports because sports activities give them pleasure.B.competitions between different school teams make s

91、ports no longer a personal act for fun.C.some people believe that international competition makes sports a task, a responsibility, for the individuals.D.some people think international competition is in a way opposite to the pursuit of personal excellence.3.What does the speaker mean when he says “I

92、n a sense, winning the World Cup put Argentina on the map”?A.Winning the World Cup makes Argentina a football power in the world.B.Argentina is not important before it wins the Would Cup.C.Winning the World Cup gives weight to Argentinas position in the world.D.Argentina is world-famous for its foot

93、ball because of its obvious position on the map.4.The word “irrational” in the third paragraph means _.A. passionateB. unreasonableC. angryD. happy【答案】1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B【分析】1.B 参考文章第一段第三行 “The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself; he has to think only about

94、winning.”可知运动员如果只考虑输赢问题，就会失去快乐。2.D 本题仍然可以参照 “The individual representing his country cannot afford to think about enjoying himself; he has to think only about winning.” 只追求输赢，会失去快乐。此外选项 “A”只是第一段的部分内容，并不是段落大意，选项“B”中与文意不符，”When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive bu

95、t they still enjoy playing.” 且不是段落大意，选项 “C”中 “for the individuals”错误，应该是 “for the entire nations hopes, dreams and reputation”,故选择D3.C 根据最后一段 “Not really, but its nice to know that you won and that in one way at least your country is the best.” 表明本句运用了一种比喻，增加了阿根廷在世界地位的重要性。4.B 根据下文中 “ Last year thous

96、ands of Scots sold their cars, and even their houses, and spent all their money travelling to Argentina, where the finals were played.” 球迷们为了去阿根廷看球赛卖车卖房，是非常不理智性的行为。故选择B 第八套 Edgar Degas, J. M. W. Turner and other painters captured centuries of atmospheric records as they decorated canvases with sunse

97、t scenes.Greek Scientists worked with an artist to confirm that the ratio of red to green in sunset painting, both old and new, increased when particles filled the air, such as after major volcanic eruption（火山喷发）or dust storms. The atmosphere physicists also found a gradual shift in artistic sunset

98、hues over centuries, possibly due to ever-increasing air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.An earlier study, led by atmospheric physicist Christos Zerefos of the Academy of Athens in Greece, discovered that the amount of red relative to green in sunset descriptions increased after eruptions

99、, including Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Coseguina, Nicaragua in 1835 and Krakatau, Indonesia in 1883.Zerefos team analyzed 554 paintings created between 1550 and 1990. For up to three years after eruptions, sunsets reddened as sunlight bounced off dust and gas from the volcanoes. The latest study, a

100、lso by Zerefos, used improved scanning and analysis techniques to confirm the earlier results.A modern painter, Panayiotis Tetsis, unknowingly repeated the artistic atmospheric observations of classical masters. In the artists description of sunsets light over the Greek island of Hydra, the color ra

101、tio shifted towards red in paintings done both before（June 19,2010）and after（June 20,2010）a dust cloud from Sahara Desert filtered the sunsets light.Zerefos team connected the timing of classical paintings red shift to other records of the atmosphere trapped in ice cores from Greenland, in the recen

102、t study published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. The ice cores recorded spikes（尖刺）in sulfur-containing chemicals likely from volcanoes. These spikes corresponded in time to artists increasingly dark red sunsets.The comparison of ice and art also revealed a slow shift in the coloring of the su

103、nset. As the factories of Europe roared into production in the 19th and early 20th century, painting described a steady increase in the red to green ratio. The ice cores recorded a steady rise in airborne particles from industrial pollution during the same time.43. The underlined word“hues”in the se

104、cond paragraph probably means_.A. anglesB. colorsC. locationsD. times44. What do we know about Zerefos research from the passage?A. Both modern and ancient artists describing sunset are involved in the research.B. It confirmed an obvious increase in the ratio of green to red in sunset paintings.C. T

105、he shift from green to red also existed in the records of ice cores trapped items.D. The team used traditional techniques to confirm the earlier results of the research.45. How did Zerefos team confirm that atmospheric records kept by painters were reliable?A. By analyzing classical paintings.B. By

106、connecting time to color.C. By comparing art with ice.D. By working with an artist.46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. A modern research of ancient art and ice with pollution.B. Art Masterpiece and pollutants trapped in ice cores.C. An increase in the ratio of red to green

107、 in paintings.D. Art Masterpiece Recorded Centuries of Pollution.【答案】43. B 44. A 45. C 46. D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述随着大气污染变得越来越重，画家作品中颜色也变得越来越深，也可以说画家的作品记录了几个世纪以来大气污染的变化。【43题详解】词义猜测题。根据上文Greek Scientists worked with an artist to confirm that the ratio of red to green in sunset painting, both old and new, i

108、ncreased when particles filled the air, such as after major volcanic eruption（火山喷发）or dust storms. 希腊科学家与一位艺术家合作证实，当粒子充满空气时，如在重大火山喷发或沙尘暴之后，夕阳绘画中的红与绿的比例，无论是旧的还是新的，都会增加。再根据下文中大气物理学家也发现由于空气污染的增加，艺术日落色调的变化，由此可以猜测hues为颜色，色调的意思，故选B。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段的 Zerefos team analyzed 554 paintings created between

109、1550 and 1990.( Zerefos的团队分析了1550年至1990年期间创作的554幅绘画。 )由此可知Zerefos团队研究的日落作品既有古代艺术家的又有现代艺术家，故选A。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的The comparison of ice and art also revealed a slow shift in the coloring of the sunset. As the factories of Europe roared into production in the 19th and early 20th century, painting d

110、escribed a steady increase in the red to green ratio. The ice cores recorded a steady rise in airborne particles from industrial pollution during the same time。 (冰和艺术的对比也揭示了日落颜色的缓慢变化。当欧洲的工厂在19世纪和20世纪初大举投产时，绘画描绘了红绿比例的稳步增长。在同一时期，冰芯记录了来自工业污染的空气微粒的稳步上升。)可知，因此通过Zerefos团队通过对比冰和艺术来确认大气污染变化对绘画颜色的记录更可靠的，故选C。

111、【46题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第一段的内容可知，本文主要讲述随着大气污染变得越来越重，画家作品中颜色也变得越来越深，也可以说画家的作品记录了几个世纪以来大气污染的变化。因此最符合中心思想的是D选项Art Masterpiece Recorded Centuries of Pollution. 艺术作品记录数百年污染。符合题意，故选D。【点睛】定位关键词适用于解答细节理解题。通过定位关键词解题，考生在阅读题干时，把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来，或者选项中的关键词，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。如小题2干中的Zerefos research定位到文章中的第四段Zerefos tea

112、m analyzed 554 paintings created between 1550 and 1990，Zerefos团队分析的作品既有现代的又有古代的，可以帮助快速找出答案。 第九套 Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, because other scientists might be able to make

113、advances not foreseen by the datas producers, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online (see Nature 461, 160-163; 2009). When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the

114、researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovichs team could conduct only limited analysesSome communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository, and astr

115、onomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects - but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; un

116、til recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing in part becau

117、se journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agenci

118、es note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products on

119、line and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although exhortations to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic. Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved vis

120、ibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers - those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often - get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been do

121、wnloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. I wo

122、uld much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, she says Its important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible .79. What do many researchers generall

123、y accept?A. It is imperative to protest scientist patentsB .Repositories are essential to scientific researchC. Open data sharing is most important to medical scienceD. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement80. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data

124、public?A. Opposed B. Ambiguous C. Liberal D. Neutral81. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharingA. The fear of massive copyingB. The lack of a research cultureC. The belief that research is private intellectual propertyD. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out o

125、f it82. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing _A. is becoming increasingly popularB. benefits shares and users alikeC. makes researchers successfulD. saves both money and laborDACB【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了学术界数据共享的好处以及对科技的推进作用。【79题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Although many researchers broadly agree tha

126、t public access to raw data would accelerate science, because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the datas producers, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online.”（尽管许多研究人员普遍认为，公众获取原始数据将加速科学进步，因为其他科学家可能能够取得数据制作者无法预见的进步，但大多数研究人员不愿将自己的研究结果公布在网上。）可知，研

127、究人员普遍认为开放数据共享有利于科学进步。故选D项。【80题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online.”（但大多数研究人员不愿将自己的研究结果公布在网上。）以及第二段中“Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons”（从历史上看，科学家反对共享的原因有很多）可知，大多数研究人员不情愿公开自己的数据，所以他们对共享持反对态度。故选A项。【81题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Histor

128、ically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work”（从历史上看，科学家反对共享的原因有很多： 这是一项繁重的工作）和第三段中“Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private p

129、reserve.”（去年，伦敦皇家学会在其报告科学作为一个开放的企业中表示，科学家需要摆脱研究文化，即数据被视为私人保护。）可以推断，阻碍开放数据共享的原因可能是研究人员认为大量工作得到的研究成果是私人的知识产权。故选C项。【82题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sha

130、rers - those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often - get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times.”（ 共享的研究人员可以获得很多个人利益，包括与同事更多的联系，更高的

131、可见度和更多的引用。最成功的分享者那些数据被下载和引用最频繁的人会得到关注，他们的工作也会被使用。例如，多学科知识库 Dryad中最流行的数据集之一是关于世界各地木材密度的数据； 它已经被下载了5,700次。）可知，Dryad作为一个例子，是来说明开放数据共享对分享者和使用者都有好处。故选B项。 第十套 A metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison. It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects. With a simple metaphor, one obje

132、ct becomes the other: Love is a rose. Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language. The reason for this is that poets compose their poetry to express what t

133、hey are experiencing emotionally at that moment. Consequently, what the poet imagines love to be may or may not be our understanding of love. Therefore, the poets job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does. Lets analyze this remarkably simple metaphor concerning l

134、ove and the rose to see what it offers. Because the poet uses a comparison with a rose, first we must examine the characteristics of that flower. A rose is impressive in its beauty, its petals（花瓣）are nicely soft, and its smell is pleasing. Its possible to say that a rose is actually a feast to the s

135、enses of sight, touch, and smell. The roses appearance seems to border on perfection, each petal seemingly equal in form. Isnt this the way ones love should be？A loved one should be a delight to ones senses and seem perfect. However, there is another dimension added to the comparison by using a rose

136、. Roses have thorns. The poet wants to convey the idea that roses can be tricky. So can love, the metaphor tells us. When one reaches out with absolute trust to touch the object of his or her affection, ouch, a thorn can cause great harm! “Be careful,” the metaphor warns, “Love is a feast to the sen

137、ses, but it can overwhelm us, and it can also hurt us and cause acute suffering.” This is the poets understanding of lovean admonition (劝诫). What is the point？Just this: It took almost 14 sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words! That is the artistry and the joy of

138、 the simple metaphor. 68. According to the passage, a metaphor is a _. A. description of two similar objects in a poetic way B. literary device specially employed in poetry writing C. contrast between two different things to create a vivid image D. comparison between two different objects with simil

139、ar features 69. As is meant by the author, thorns of a rose _. A. add a new element to the image of love B. protect the rose from harm C. symbolize reduced love D. cause acute suffering 70. It can be inferred from the passage that a metaphor is _. A. difficult to understand B. rich in meaning C. sim

140、ple to use D. perfect in form71. The main idea of this passage is that _. A. love is a rose in metaphor B. a rose is a good image in poetry C. a metaphor is a great poetic device D. a poet should be careful to use a metaphor 6871 DABC 分析本文是一篇文学艺术类题材的说明文阅读，主要是以love is a rose为例详细，解释了隐喻在诗歌中的作用隐喻指具备类似性质

141、的两个不同物体之间的比较，隐喻所包含的意思丰富解答59D细节理解题根据第一段第二句It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects可知，隐喻指具备类似性质的两个不同物体之间的比较故答案为D60A推理判断题根据最后一段ThepoetwantstoconveytheideathatrosescanbetrickySocanlove，themetaphortellsusWhenonereachesoutwithabsolutetrusttotouchtheobjectofhisorheraffection，ouch，athorncanca

142、usegreatharm!Becareful，themetaphorwarns，Loveisafeasttothesenses，butitcanoverwhelmus，anditcanalsohurtusandcauseacutesuffering可知，作者用玫瑰上的刺来说明爱的另一面，即会伤害到我们，由此可看出：玫瑰或爱有美好的一面也有不好的一面，也就是说给爱赋予另外一个新的形象（会给人带来伤痛），故选A61B推理判断题根据文章第二段及三段中主要内容和从文章的倒数第二句Ittookalmost14sentencestoclarifywhatasimplemetaphorcommunicate

143、sinonlyfourwords!Thatistheartistryandthejoyofthesimplemetaphor可知，这四个简简单单的单词却涵盖了将近14个句子的意思由此可知，隐喻所包含的意思丰富故答案为B62C 主旨大意题通读全文可知，本文主要以love is a rose为例详细解释了隐喻在诗歌中的作用，故选C点评解答细节理解题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干和选项中的关键词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案；推理判断题既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑

144、，不要固守自己的看法或观点二、 句子翻译 第一套 Translation1如果必要，马上请医生。（if）2对于这件事，所有在场的人除了保持沉默，别无选择。（but）3这个职位要求太高，以至于所有的申请者在面试时都非常紧张。（interview）4在西方，超过18岁的年轻人独立生活被认为是理所当然。（take for granted）1Send for a doctor at once if necessary.2As for this matter, all the people present had no choice/ alternative but to keep silent.3So

145、 demanding is this position that all the applicants are very nervous in/ during the interview.4In the West, it is taken for granted that young people over 18 years old live independently. 第二套 Translation1. 实验结果比预想的要满意得多。 （turn）2. 许多人通过这个项目接受培训后决定自己创业。 （decide）3. 最令他们疑惑的是如何才能清除那个地区的空气污染。 （puzzle）4. 许

146、多人意识到要寻求一种能够进一步开发他们潜能的完全不同的学习方式，这是一种非常积极的现象。 （conscious）1. The result of the experiment has turned out to be much more satisfactory than expected.2. Through the project, many people have received training and decided to launch their own enterprises /businesses.3. What puzzles them most is how to get

147、 rid of the air pollution in the area.4. Many people are conscious of pursuing a totally different studying method to further develop their potential , which is a very positive phenomenon. 第三套 TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the bracket

148、s.1. 直到驾驶员看到红灯信号时，他才意识到危险。（Not, aware）2. 这项研究表明人的成就与态度有关。(relate)3. 现在很多年轻人所缺乏的，不是书本知识，而是实践经验。(What , not. but.)4. 为追求时尚而付出高昂代价的人应该尽早改变这种生活方式。（those，follow） 1 1 12. Not until the driver saw the red light was he aware of the danger. 1 1 1 13. The research indicates that ones achievement is related to

149、 his attitude. 1 1 1 14. What many young people lack (in) now is not book knowledge, but practical experience. 1 1 1 15.Those who follow the fashion at great cost should change their lifestyle as soon as 1 1 1 1 1possible. 第四套 Translation. 1. 你不应该冒险做傻事。（risk）2. 自数码技术进入我们的生活后已经有好久了。（introduce）3. 我承认他

150、的建议听起来很吸引人。（sound）4.一旦他下定决心，什么事情也阻止不了他实现抱负。(Once)1. You shouldnt take the risk of doing silly things.2. Its long since digital technology was introduced into our life.3. l admit that his advice sounds attractive.4. Once he makes up his mind, nothing can prevent/stop him from achieving his ambition.

151、第五套 Translation1、他的父母对他的前途十分有信心。（confident）2、和你在一起的时候，我很容易有好心情。（It）3、我们俱乐部决不会对这种事情听之任之的。（have）4、近来，一些负面的新闻在媒体上屡见不鲜，这迫使政府采取了一系列的措施，但问题不是一朝一夕就可以解决的。(which)1. His parents are very confident of his future.2. It is easy for me to be in a good mood / to be happy when staying with you.3. Our club will never have it going on.4.Recently, there has been some negative news on media frequently, which has forced the government to take a series of measures, but the problem cannot be solved overnight/at a