专题09 被动语态-2020-2021学年高一英语上学期单元易考点精讲讲练 语法专题复习（人教版必修一）.docx

1、高考英语语法专项复习被动语态知识点整理总结一、被动语态的基本结构为：be+done二、被动语态结构各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表（以动词do为例）：时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+done一般过去时didwas/were+done现在进行时am/is/are+doingam/is/are+beingdone现在完成时have/has+donehave/has+been done一般将来时will/shall/be going to + dowill/shall/be going to+be done过去进行时was/were+doingwas/were+b

2、eing done过去将来时would/should/be going to+do would/should/be going to+be done含有情态动词can/may/must+docan/may/must+be done三、被动语态的用法 英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a fo

3、rce moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our vil

4、lage. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driv

5、ing. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the

6、 school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情

7、及其过程 The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。 G. 新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nations west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线

8、开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。 H有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。 注意： 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者） He arrived at the

9、 airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）四、主动语态和被动语态的转换1主动语态变为被动语态（1）要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾语变成主格。（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变成宾格，并用by引导。（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态： 动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者

10、被动语态： 动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者如：We asked him to sing an English song(变为被动语态) He was asked to sing an English song by usA. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语： They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。 - The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。 In the past

11、the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语： We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。 - The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。 - Some books

12、 were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。 His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 - He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 - A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。

13、They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 - The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。 The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省） C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语： All the villagers

14、painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 - The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。 They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。 - We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。 We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。 - He was regarded as the bes

15、t doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。 注意： 有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。 We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。 D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be

16、 done”构成。 情态动词 Can could May might must Have had to Will would Shall should ought to 主动形式 Can could do May might do must do Have had to do Will would do Shall should do ought to do 被动形式 Can could be done May might be done must be done Have had to be done Will would be done Shall should be done ought

17、 to be done The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。 Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。 Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。五、被动语态中常用的介词 1by表示动作的执行者或施加者 By whom is the book written 这本书是谁写的？ The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。 2with表示用某种工具 The wolf w

18、as killed with a gun. 狼被枪打死了。 The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。 3from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料） Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是粮食制成的。 4of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料） The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。 5其他介词 You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。 He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。 She was caught in the r

19、ain. 她遭雨淋了。 注意： 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。（by表示方式） He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。（by表示原因） The snow was piled high by the gate. 门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）六、主动形式表示被动意义 英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的

20、。 A某些不及物动词的被动意义 英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。 When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的？ Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。 Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗？ B一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词 Class begins at eight. 八点钟开始上课。 The meeting ended up with warm applause

21、. 会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。 C一些表示“运转”意义的动词 The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。 His voice records well. 他的音录下来很好。 D当read, write, translate等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时 动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语

22、是物时，是不及物动词，即 用主动形式表示被动意义。 The book sells well. 这书的销路很好。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。 The play reads more easily than acts. 这剧本易读不易演。 提示： 这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。 His car cant move. 他的车不能开了。 E表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义 有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主动形式表示被动意义。 Good medi

23、cine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 What he said proved to be correct. 他的话证明是正确的。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。 Your sentence doesnt sound right. 你这话听起来不大对头。 F一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作 The meat is cooking. 肉正在烧。 The book is printing.这本书正在印刷之中。 G有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house

24、 is to let. 此房出租。七、被动形式表示主动意义 英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来有以下几种情况。 A反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义 反身动词（及物动词+反身代词）作谓语时，其宾语反身代词，表示动作返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点，在被动结构中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中表现出主动的意义。 He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 - He is seated at the back of the classroom.

25、他坐在教室的后面。 He lost himself in the forest. - He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。 He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. - He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。 注意： 有些介词短语作定语或表语时，也有被动的含义。 The tall building under repair is an office building. 正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。 The result is nnow under consid

26、eration. 结果现在正在考虑中。 个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义，不用冠词表示主动意义。 The children are in the charge of this nurse. 孩子们由这位护士照管。 This nurse is in charge og the children. 这位护士负责照看孩子们。 B“引起感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义 The teacher is satisfied with what he said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。 We are opposed to unjust wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。 We are prepared t

27、o accept his proposal. 我们准备采纳他的建议。 He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。 C某些表示定位、移位的动词 The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾斜。 Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。 The village is located at the foot of a hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。 D不及物动词的-ed形式与be连用表示主动意义 Spring is co

28、me. 春天来了。 The moon was set and it was very dark. 月亮落了，天很黑。 He is advanced in years. 他年纪很大了。 E表示终止动词的-ed形式 He is done with it. 他做完了这件事。 My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。 F一些习惯用法 He was graduated from Beijing University. 他毕业于北大。 You are mistaken. 你弄错了。 He is retired. 他退休了。 G

29、被动的祈使句 Do be seated. 请坐！ Be prepared, please. 请准备好。 Get washed. 洗吧。 Be concerned more about the well-being of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。巩固练习. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：1. _ (ask) to give a performance, she felt embarrassed, but people kept on.2. He disliked _ (interrupt) in his experiment.3. _ (give) such a good chan

30、ce, you should catch it.4. I didnt mind _ (leave) at home, for I could read the novel in bed.5. The house were going to move in wants _ (clean).6. He came in without _ (ask), which made his boss angry.7. There was a terrible noise _ (follow) the sudden burst of light.8. I heard of his _ (choose) to

31、be the coach of the team.9. I saw the boy _ (question) by a policeman in the teachers office now.10. This problem requires _ (study) with great care. 根据汉语提示用非谓语动词完成下列句子。1. 我真的无法忍受他的指责。I really cant stand _ by him.2. 很久没见到她，我很想念她。_ her for ages, I miss her very much.3. 他们正在讨论的是什么话题？Whats the subject

32、_?4. 他们中有些人因为生长在乡村，从未看过轮船。Some of them, _ in rural villages, had never seen a ship.5. 医生提醒病人手术后不要吃油腻的食物。The patient was warned _ oily food after operation.6. 下班后别忘记关灯。Dont forget _the lights after work.7. 我后悔没听老师的忠告。I regret the teachers advice.8. 很抱歉我犯了一个愚蠢的错误。Im sorry _ a silly mistake.9. 挨了老师的批评后

33、，他感到很郁闷。 _, he felt very depressed.10. 他走出房间，身后跟着他忠实的小狗。He went out of the room, _ his honest little dog. 单项选择。1_the programme，they have to stay there for another two weeksA. Not completing BNot completedC. Not having completed DHaving not completed2Tony was very unhappy for _to the partyAhaving not

34、 been invited Bnot having invitedChaving not invitedDnot having been invited3. “We cant go out in this weather，”said Bob，_out of the windowA1ooking Bto look Clooked Dhaving looked4. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. Ahas been launc

35、hed Bhaving been launched Cbeing launched Dto be launched 5. _the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragementAThe president will attend BThe president to attendCThe president attended DThe presidents attending6. Having been attacked by terrorists，_Adoctors came to their rescue Bthe tall

36、building collapsedCan emergency measure was taken Dwarnings were given to tourists7. The discovery of new evidence led to _Athe thief having caught Bcatch the thiefCthe thief being caught Dthe thief to be caught8. Though _money，his parents managed to send him to universityAlacked Blacking of Clackin

37、g Dlacked in9In some parts of London，missing a bus means _for another hourAwaiting Bto wait Cwait Dto be waiting10. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _some schools for poor children A. set up Bsetting up Chave set up Dhaving set up11. -How do you deal with the disagreement between th

38、e company and the customers? -The key_ the problem is to meet the demand _by the customersAto solving；making Bto solving；madeCto solve；making Dto solve；made12. The flowers _sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of natureAto smell Bsmelling Csmelt Dto be smelt13. Dina, _ for

39、months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle14. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. Acompared Bcomparing Ccompar

40、es Dbeing compared15. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercises. A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching16. The government forbids _ such bad books.A. published B. to publish C. publish D. publishing17_ the railway station, we had a break, only _ the train h

41、ad left.A. Arriving at; to find B. Coming to; discovering thatC. On arriving at; finding out D. Hurrying to; to have found out 18. With the boy _ the way, we had no trouble _ the way _ to Zhongshan Park.A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to leadC. led; finding; led D. leading; found; le

42、d19_ these pictures, I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing and _ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more beautiful.A. Seeing; seen B. Seen; seeing C. Seeing; seeing D. Seen; seen20. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. to

43、 have sailedB. to sail C. sailing D. sail21. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move22. - What made Bill so angry? - _. His girlfriend promised to come at 8:30, but she hasnt come yet. A. Having kept waiting B. Bei

44、ng kept waiting C. To have been kept waiting D. Being kept waited23. While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded24. He has always insisted on his _ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner. A. been c

45、alled B. called C. having called D. being called25. Do you mind _ alone at home?A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Janes being left D. Jane to be left答案与解析：. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：1. Being asked 2. being interrupted 3. Having been given 4. being left5. cleaning 6. being asked 7. following 8. having been

46、chosen 9. being questioned 10. studying疑难解析：1. 因为人们不停地请她演个节目，她感到很尴尬。“被邀请”的动作是与“感觉尴尬”同时发生的，而且从下文可知，动作还没有完成，所以可以用现在分词的被动态的一般式表示正在进行。. 根据汉语提示用非谓语动词完成下列句子。1. being blamed。stand 表示“忍受”，只接动词-ing形式作宾语。2. Not having seen。see的动作是主语I做的，是主动关系，而且强调在谓语miss以前已 经完成，用动词-ing形式的完成式。3. being discussed by them。4. born

47、and brought up。“出生、长大”两个动作与句子主语Some of them是被动关系（be born, 被养大），且已经完成，所以用过去分词作非限制性定语。因为不强调已经完成，不需要用having been done。5. not to eat。warn后必须用不定式作宾语补足语。6. to turn off。表示“忘记要做某事”用forget to do。7. not having followed/ not following。regret doing/ having done表示后悔做过某事8. to have made。sorry后接不定式，且make在谓语动作前已经完成，

48、所以用不定式的完成式。9. （Having been）Criticized by the teacher。criticize（批评）与主语he是被动关系，且已经完成，所以可以用过去分词。如果强调已经完成，也可以用动词-ing形式的完成式。10. followed by。follow与He是被动关系，但是与谓语动作went同时进行，因为不强调正在进行，用过去分词表示模糊时间。. 单项选择。1. C。此题考查-ing形式的否定形式的构成，排除选项D；根据-ing形式与句子主语的主动关系，排除B；根据句子的意思，没有完成计划的动作应发生在have to stay动作之前，故答案选C。2. D。inv

49、ite与Tony构成动宾关系，所以要用动词-ing形式的被动结构 (not having been invited)。not要放在-ing形式的前面，排除选项A和C。3A。动词-ing形式一般式表伴随，Bob说话的同时往窗口外望；B表示未发生的动作；C表示完成；D表示动作发生在said之前，都不符题意，故答案选A。4. B。从at the end of last March看出launch（发射）的动作已经完成，而且与逻辑主语the most recent（指最近发射的那艘不载人飞船）是被动关系，所以用B。5. D。从句子结构来看，句子中已经有谓语，故选项A排除；选项B为即将亲自参加会议的总统

50、给他们鼓舞，讲不通；选项C中的attended若作谓语，则与句子结构矛盾，若作过去分词，又与前面的“总统”的主动关系矛盾；因此D正确。句意：总统亲自出席这次会议这件事给了他们莫大的鼓舞，The presidents是attending的逻辑主语。6. B。过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。由前面动词-ing形式的语态可知，句子的主语应该是the tall building，因此选B。7. C。 lead to中to是介词，后面跟名词或动词-ing形式，B、D被排除；the thief是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语，构成动词-ing形式的复合结构，与catch之间

51、应是被动关系，故排除A。8. C。lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是主动关系，要用动词-ing形式作状语。句意：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是想法让他上了大学。9. A。mean doing sth的意思是“意味着做某事”。mean to do sth的意思是“打算做什么”。句意：在英国的某些地方，赶不上公共汽车意味着要再等一小时。10. B。devote sthto后接动词-ing形式作宾语，即devote sth. to doing sth。all是devoted的宾语，he had是定语从句，修饰all。句意：利德先生决定用自己所有的一切为贫困儿童建造几

52、所学校。11. B。key后的to是介词，后接动词-ing形式；过去分词短语 made by the customers作demand的定语。make与demand是动宾关系，用过去分词。句意：解决问题的关键是满足顾客的要求。12. B。动词-ing形式作定语，说明smell的动作和谓语动作attract同时进行。此处的smell是不及物动词，意为“闻起来”，不能用于被动形式或过去分词。13. C。句子已有谓语took了，所以要用非谓语动词作时间状语；不定式一般作目的状语或在某些结构中作结果、原因状语；struggle这一动作在谓语动作之前发生，且与逻辑主语Dina是主动关系，所以用动词-in

53、g形式的完成式。过去分词一般表示完成和被动。14. B。句中已经有谓语has caused，所以compare要用非谓语形式，其逻辑主语a survey与compare是主动关系，注意compare有自己的宾语“prices.”，用动词-ing形式的一般式作定语。15. B。the boy和动词teach是被动关系，而且teach在谓语动词前完成，所以用动词-ing形式的完成时的被动语态作让步状语。16. D。forbid 后接动词-ing形式作宾语。17. A。only接to do 作结果状语，表示出乎预料的结果，且find是在谓语动作“had a break”之后完成，用不定式的一般式；动

54、词arrive要作时间状语，与主语we是主动关系，用-ing形式，所以第一空用四个选项中的形式都不错。on+doing 表示“一.就.”。18. A。第一空：lead要作介词with的宾语的补足语，和宾语是主动关系，所以用leading； 第二空：have (no) trouble doing sth. 做某事（没）有麻烦；第三空：lead（通向）是不及物动词，此处不表示已经完成，表示一般时间，所以用-ing形式作定语。19. A。see在第一空中，与逻辑主语I是主动关系，用seeing；see在第二空与逻辑主语Beijing是被动关系，用seen。20. C。imagine 要接动词-ing

55、形式作宾语，句中Peter是sailing的逻辑主语，因为不在句首，可省略 s。21. B。move是feel的宾语the air的补足语，与宾语是主动关系，用moving。22. B。keep doing 表示“保持做某事的状态”；keep him waiting是Bill的女朋友做的，所以与Bill是被动关系，而且从下文可知此动词还在进行，所以用动词-ing形式的一般式的被动语态，作第一句答语的主语，后面省略了“made Bill so angry”。23. C。cant help doing sth. 表示“禁不住做某事”，而动词persuade与“购物的人们”是被动关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，所以用动词-ing形式的一般式的被动语态。24. D。insist on 要接动词-ing形式作宾语；call与其逻辑主语his（他）是被动关系，且表示一般状况，所以用动词-ing形式的一般式的被动语态。句意：他坚持大家叫他特纳医生，而不是特纳先生。25. C。mind后接动词-ing形式作宾语，排除D；leave与其逻辑主语Jane是被动关系，且在谓语动词mind之后发生，所以用一般式的被动语态。排除A、B；名词Jane要作逻辑主语，且不是状语，要用所有格或宾格（名词的主格、宾格一般是一样的）。