专题一　第1讲　谓语动词.docx

1、第1讲谓语动词At first，Jack wasnt fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went to his room，she found that he was playing computer games.His father had condemned him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study hard and quit computer games.I

2、t is amazing that Jack has changed a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jacks performance at school，his mother always answers proudly，“He has been making progress.”He is making preparations for the college entrance exam.There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to a good college if

3、he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying in a key university.规则感悟是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。是过去进行时，结构为was/were现在分词。是过去完成时，结构为had过去分词。是过去将来时，结构为would动词原形。是现在完成时，结构为have/has过去分词。是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been现在分词。是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are现在分词。是一般将来时，结

4、构为will动词原形。是将来进行时，结构为willbe现在分词。1一般现在时(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。I usually do my homework in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现

5、在时)。The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，come，take off 等动词(短语)。The flight takes off at 830 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五830 起飞。(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。2一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last y

6、ear，three years ago，the other day等时间状语连用。He arrived at school at 900 am yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didnt pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。3一般将来时(1

7、)“shall/will动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。It is said that he will retire next month.据说他将于下个月退休。What time is it？几点了？I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。(2)“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看那些乌

8、云，要下雨了。(3)“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven oclock this morning.今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。(4)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。对点练习11The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue

9、 _(tell) you the story.2While running regularly cant make you live forever，the review says it _(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.3We _(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021全国甲)4现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或

10、发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He is playing basketball on the playground.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。(3)与always，often，constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。Th

11、e girl is always talking aloud in public.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。5过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。 (3)一些非延续性动词可

12、用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive。She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。6将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Dont phone me between 5 and 6.Well be having dinner then.不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。对点练习21She _(play) with the cellphone when her boss wal

13、ked into the office.2Next Friday I will go to another concert.They _(play) something by Mozart at that time.3Hi，lets go skating.Sorry，Im busy right now.I _(fill) in an application form for a new job.7现在完成时(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。He has turned off the light.(The light

14、 is off now.)他已经关灯了。(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until now，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，so far等。In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month

15、.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。This/That/It is the first/second/.time that现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/.名词that现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。8过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经

16、完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by过去时间点，by the end of过去时间点，by the time从句，until/before/since过去时间点或从句。I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。(2)在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.等表示“一就”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。No sooner had they rushed out of the h

17、ouse than it burnt down.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。(3)动词hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)对点练习31Before getting into the car，I thought I _(learn) the instructors orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot

18、 what he _(say) to me altogether.2Being raised in a family of teachers，I _(get) plenty of chances to connect myself with literature since a young age.3I _(expect) to get the first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.9过去将来时(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said

19、she would retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to动词原形；was/were to动词原形；was/were about to动词原形。was/were going to动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。was/were about to

20、动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do.when.She was about to say something more，and then checked herself.她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。10现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been s

21、eeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。对点练习41Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and _(write) his essay there ever since.2Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he _(be) a famous scientist whose theories _(change) the w

22、orld.注意除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：(1)be doing.when.，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/has been时间段since.表示“自从以来已”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句and/or陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。(4)It is (high/about) time that sb.，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should动词原形。1Silk _(become) one of the primary goods traded along the S

23、ilk Road by about 100 BCE.(2016浙江)2Its high time that we _(take) urgent measures to protect water resources.3Is Peter coming? No，he _(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.4If you give up in winter，you _(miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your

24、 life.Xiao Mings CellphoneXiao Mings cellphone was broken.I couldnt get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted to the basketball club.Cellphones are widely used nowadays.It seems that they are being used so frequently that people have b

25、een controlled by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted on some occasions.Xiao Mings cellphone will be repaired well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought home and will be being used again.规则感悟是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were过去分词。是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/werebeing过去分词。是过

26、去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been过去分词。是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are过去分词。是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/arebeing过去分词。是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been过去分词。是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词be过去分词。是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为willbe过去分词。是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为willhave been过去分词。是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为willbebeing过去分词。1被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。The window is dirty.I k

27、now.It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.窗户脏了。我知道。好几周没擦了。(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cost花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belong to 属于；suffer from 遭受；date from/back to 追溯到；consist of 由组成；take part in参

28、加。I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop，which cost 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.狮子和老虎属于猫科。(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out

29、爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；run out用完。An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。A big fire broke out in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。(5)“get过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周接受一次治疗。2主动形式表示被动意义的结构

30、(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。The sign reads as follows.告示如下。The shirt doesnt wash well. 这件衬衫不好洗。Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语。Junk food ta

31、stes delicious but it doesnt contain enough nutrition.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Your idea sounds wonderful but it isnt practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(3)open，close，lock，move，keep等动词常与wont，cant，wouldnt 连用。No matter what he did to the door，it wouldnt open.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或worth等形

32、容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这所房子需要修理。The film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得一看。(5)在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work

33、 out前省略了for me)这道题很难计算。Do you think the water is safe to drink?你认为这水喝着安全吗？(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?这个错误应该归咎于谁？对点练习1Travelling to conferences，lectures，workshops，and the likefrequently by plane_(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange informatio

34、n.(2022浙江1月)2My washing machine _(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.3Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，_(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.4If you leave the club，you _(not，allow) back in.1After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be offici

35、ally set up next year.The GPNP _(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems.”(2022新高考全国)2Its a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth _(read). 3The medical team which _(consist

36、) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.4I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _(carry)out in the past two years.主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1语法一致原则I live in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives in Shanghai，and we havent seen

37、 each other for a long time.To see her every day is my dream.What I want to do is give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle object to my idea.Someone tells me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings me 10,000 yuan every month.Many a person

38、thinks it not wise to leave the city I am living in.规则感悟该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。主语为someone，anyone，everyon

39、e等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2意义一致原则I have been on a diet for four months.Four months is not a short time.Though a large number of people dont understand me，the majority of people around me support me.The old consider it unwise to go on a diet，but th

40、e young admire me.At first my family were worried about me，but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesnt harm my health.规则感悟表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数of名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。“theadj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动

41、词用复数。family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。3就近一致原则There are many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am interested in candies.规则感悟在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。or，not only.but al

42、so.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。1用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，kn

43、ife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(天方夜谭)；以及the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3“no/each/every/many a可数名词单数andno/each/every/many a可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every woman has a g

44、ood reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。4all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。5“几分之几/百分之几of名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。About one third of the books

45、are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。6people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。7一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A number of peop

46、le rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。8单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。Many deer are dying out in our country so we must take effective measures to prese

47、rve them.在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。9what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What he said is far from the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the school needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是合格的教师。10a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With more fore

48、sts being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。11在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。12就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。Is either Tom or you to be sent t

49、o work there?是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？对点练习1The teacher and poet often _(give) lectures around the city.2I think Tom，rather than you，_(be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent.3Nobody but Jim and Mike _(be) on the playground now.4As far as I know，his family _ not very large but the family

50、_ all music lovers.(be)5The poor _(be) looked down upon in the old days.6Neither his parents nor I _(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.7Listening to loud music and rock concerts _(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.8There _(be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorw

51、ay.1The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _(be) previously unprotected.(2022新高考全国)2Going to Mount Huangshan _(remind) me of the popular Beatles song “The Long and Winding Road”(2021新高考全国)3Often，only a small part of a museums collection _(be) on display.Most of it is s

52、tored away or used for research.(2020新高考全国)1can/couldMaryMNancyNM：Can you pronounce this word?N：Sorry，I cant.M：Can/Could I use your dictionary?N：Of course you can，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary?M：Can it be in your dormitory?N：No，it cant be.I never study in my dormitory.M：Could you have len

53、t it to your deskmate?N：No，my deskmate couldnt have borrowed a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Janes desk，but I cant touch her books without permission.M：An organized person can forget things.规则感悟can/could的意义及用法can表示能力，意为“能够”。can表示请求，could 表示委婉语气。can表示许可。can/cant表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于

54、疑问句或否定句。could sb have done.？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，couldnt have done意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。cant 表示客观条件不允许。can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。2may/mightMikeMTeacherTM：May/Might I come in?T：Yes，you may.Youre almost late，and where is your deskmate?M：Hmm，I dont know.He may/might be on the way to school.T：He might be；t

55、hat is，he might not be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well tell me the truth.Why hasnt he come yet?M：He might have stayed up late last night，and he might not have set the alarm clock.规则感悟may/might的意义及用法表示请求。表示许可，不用might。表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。may as well“还是好”。might have done表示对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事”

56、。might not have done意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。3mustJaneJMotherMJ：Mom，must I take this medicine?M：Yes，you must.J：Must I take it right now?M：No，you neednt.You can take it later.J：But it must be bitter.M：Ive told you to wear your coat，but you must wear your T-shirt.Besides，you must have playedoutdoors.You

57、mustnt do it again.规则感悟must的意义及用法must表示必须，肯定回答用must。否定回答用neednt。must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”。must表示“非要，偏偏”。must have done表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。mustnt表示禁止，不表示推测。4shouldBossBJaneJStevenSB：Its nine now and everyone should be here.Where is Steven? He should have arrived ten minutes ago.J：Really s

58、trange，I cant imagine Mr Punctual should be late for work.B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven?S：Im terribly sorry，sir.I shouldnt have drunk too much coffee last night.I kept my eyes open until four oclock in the morning.B：A person like you shouldnt drink too much coffee.S：Yes，I ought to be punct

59、ual as usual.规则感悟should的意义及用法表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。should have done 意为“本应做而没做”，shouldnt have done表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。表示“竟然”。should (not) do sthought (not) to do sth(不)应该做某事。5shallManMWomanWM：Hi，where are you going?W：I shall go to New York.M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy.Shall I carry it for you，Miss？(ca

60、rrying the suitcase to the womans seat and sitting beside the woman)W：Thank you for helping me，but its required that everyone shall sit on his own seat.M：It doesnt matter.W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)规则感悟

61、shall的意义及用法用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。6need/dareMikeMJackJM：Do you dare to take your cellphone to the examination room?J：No，I dare not do that；I neednt do that，either.M：You study well，so you dont need to cheat.I am different.J：Stop thinking a

62、bout cheating，and you cant get away with it.You need to study hard.No pains，no gains.规则感悟need/dare的意义及用法dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法和。dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词do/does，且其后要加(to) do，如用法。其用法简单总结为：有助有to，无助无to。7will/wouldTomTMaryMM：

63、How about the new watch?T：I will never use it any more.It just wont give the correct time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine oclock in the morning？She would/used to have a nap in the afternoon.M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.T：Okay，I wi

64、ll answer it.规则感悟will/would 的意义及用法表示意愿。表示事物的属性。表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。would/used to表示过去的习惯。表示意愿，意志。1用于固定习语中cant/can never.too/enough (无论也不过分；越越好)You cant be too careful when crossing a busy street.You cant be careful enough when crossing a busy street.你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。2can与be able to的区别(1)can

65、只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able to则有更多的时态。Ill not be able to come this afternoon.今天下午我不能来。(2)当表示“经过努力才得以做成某事”时应用be able to，不能用can。He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他去参加了聚会。3must和have to 的区别must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have to 有更多的时态形式。I really m

66、ust go now.我真的必须现在就走。I had to work when I was your age.我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。4ought to的用法ought to意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtnt to，其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。多数情况下，ought to可与should互换使用。You should/ought to be listening.你应该倾听。5would与used to的区别(1)would表示过去的某种倾向或习惯性动作，常译为“过去常常”。可表示过去反复发生的动作或某

67、种倾向，后面接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的词。When he worked there，he would have a walk along the river every morning.当他在那儿工作的时候，每天早晨他总是沿着小河散步。(2)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。He would sit in the park which used to be a factory reading for hours.他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园过去曾经是一个工厂。6“情态动词have done”的用法对过去发生的事情或存在的状态进行推测(1)must

68、have done sth“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中(2)may(might) have done sth“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句或否定句中(3)can(could) not have done sth“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定表示与过去事实相反(1)could have done sth(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做(2)neednt have done sth(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了(3)ought to/should have done sth(过去)本应该做某事但实际

69、上没做(4)oughtnt to/shouldnt have done sth(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了(5)might have done sth(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own.既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。Could he have left the work unfinished?他可能没有把工作做完吗？The taxi driver is to blame for the serious accident.I cant agr

70、ee more.He shouldnt have drunk.出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)You neednt have watered the flowers because it would rain soon.你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)I could have helped you but I was busy at that time.我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)对点练习用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)1I dont really like James.Why did you inv

71、ite him?Dont worry.He _ come.He said he wasnt certain what his plans were.2I _ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.3He _be our manager.Our manager has gone to Beijing.4You _ have done better，but you didnt try your best.5I didnt see her in the meeting room this

72、 morning.She _ have spoken at the meeting.6Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman _ do that.7You _ play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.8You _ be punished for what you have done.9It _ have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.10I _ have taken the umbrella，for the weather

73、 is fine.1It used to be that you _ drive for miles here without seeing another person，but now there are houses and people everywhere.(2021天津3月)2You shouldnt _(scold) him for his poor performance.After all，he had done his best.1wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气Mr ZhangZMr WangW(Beside the river

74、，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were in cold winter.)Z：I wish I had something hot to drink.W：I would rather I hadnt invited you to go out.Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught it.W：If only you hadnt fallen into the river！If only we had dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldnt bl

75、ame this on me.规则感悟as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had过去分词。对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might/should动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。2条件句中的虚拟语气Mr ZhangZWifeW(in the hospital)Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.W：If you h

76、adnt gone fishing yesterday，you wouldnt have caught a cold.Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go. He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldnt have forgotten to wear warm coats.W：Is it all Mr Wangs fault? But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.Z：Had it not been for the b

77、ig fish，I wouldnt have fallen into the river. Id catch it if I should recover tomorrow.规则感悟为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：对现在的虚拟：If主语did/were.，主语would/could/should/might do.对过去的虚拟：If主语had done.，主语would/could/should/might have done.对将来的虚拟：If主语did/should/were to do.，主语would/could/should/might do.为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结

78、构：Had主语done，主语would/could/might have done.为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下：有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。3名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadnt cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he (

79、should) not be punished.The teacher ordered that he (should) take out the cellphone and commanded that he (should) phone his parents right now.Mike requested that the teacher (should) not call his parents. He demanded that the teacher (should) give him another chance.The teacher said it was required

80、 that students (should) not take cellphones to school. Her suggestion/advice was that Mike (should) study hard instead of cheating in the exams. It is high time that he prepared/should prepare for the college entrance examination.规则感悟某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should)动词原形。如，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(

81、order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/ demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。上述动词用于“It is/was过去分词that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should)动词原形，如。上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion，advice等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should)动词原形，如。It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如。4It is/wasadj.

82、that sb (should) do.和It is/wasn.that sb (should) do.English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you (should) learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (should) learn English well.规则感悟在It is/was形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)that引导的主

83、语从句和It is/was名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(should)动词原形”。1虚拟条件句的省略与倒装if条件句中有were，had或should时，可以省略if，并把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。If I were in your position，I would do the same.Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。If you had come earli

84、er，you would have caught the bus.Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。2错综时间虚拟条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If you had listened to t

85、he teacher yesterday，you wouldnt suffer so much now.如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。3当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not

86、 be sent to hospital.这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。对点练习1The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I _(be) there before!2Our only request is that this _(settle) as soon as possible.3I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he _(arrive) on time.4If it _(rain) tomorrow，they

87、 would not go out for a picnic.5If you _(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.6How I wish every student _(have)a scientific and systematic study method!1If I hadnt been faced with so many barriers，I _(not，be) where I am.(2020江苏)2I wish my mother _(stop) interfering and let me make m

88、y own decisions.3My father suggests that I _(get) enough sleep before the final examination.4My husband is always talking about the economy，but Id rather he _(focus) more on our childrens education.层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1It is the first time that my son _(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero，face t

89、o face.2The girl _(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.3The father，as well as his kids，_(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.4When fat and salt _(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.5By the time Jack returned home f

90、rom England，his son _(graduate) from college.6Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom _(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.7The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which _(be) saved for other purposes.8That big house _(belong) to Mr S

91、mith，who is a manager in a big company.9Jenny _ have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.10Jack _(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1On a website called No Fly Climate Sci，for example，roughly 200 academicsmany of them climate scientists_(promise) to fly as little

92、 as possible since the effort started two years ago.(2022浙江1月)2Henry _(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022新高考全国) 3He quickly _(throw) his tools aside，and started running，arms out.(2022新高考全国)4The Xian City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived Chinas long history.It _(build)

93、originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)(2021全国甲)5As it _(connect) things，your brain turns them into a story，and you get a dream.(2021北京)6Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he _(offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies.(2021天津)7Good evening，

94、everybody.Professor King _(deliver) his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.(2021天津)8Currently，about 35,000 works _(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre，and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(2021天津)9Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it _(mean) w

95、e have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _(construct)”(2020全国)10Amy，as well as her brothers，_(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019天津6月)层级三语篇提能练语法填空Passage 1时态与主谓一致篇The first zoo 1._(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her persona

96、l enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2._(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.Some of the early European zoos 3._(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the z

97、oos 4._(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5._(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6._(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7._(try) to save many endangered species，but

98、 relying on zoos 8._(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9._(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some ho

99、spitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10._(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.Passage 2情态动词与虚拟语气篇I 1._ have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates he

100、re are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2._(dance) as well as her.No one 3._ be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him its high time that he 4._(do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear

101、 them speaking Chinese，I 5._ say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6._(not，allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7._ obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8._(not，wear) school uniform，he would be p

102、unished immediately.According to the rules，students 9._ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10._ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.1时态的交叉使用(2021浙江6月)艺术展览将于本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。The art exhibiti

103、on falls this week in the lecture hall.To be more specific，it starts on Monday and will last 5 days at least.(2022浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。_2利用“主将从现”的规律(2019全国)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can he

104、lp them know more about Chinese culture.(2021北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。_3被动语态的适当运用(2021浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。A fantastic students Chinese painting show was organized in our school art gallery yesterday.(2022全国乙)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。_4虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟(2018浙江6月)要

105、是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadnt chased that rabbit，we wouldnt have lost our way.(2021新高考全国)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。_(2)利用“Its high time that.”表虚拟(2022全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。_(3)should的

106、适当运用(2021上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first for the following reasons.(2018全国)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。_(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句(2020全国)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldnt have made such great progress in English study.(2020全国)我们有幸参加了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。 _5利用句型，“亮”化句子(2018浙江6月)我们正在努力寻找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。We were trying to look for the way back when we heard my uncle shouting loudly.(2020新高考全国)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地徘徊，这时John来帮他了。_