2012高考英语二轮专题辅导与测试之题型专题 第二部分 专题三 阅读理解.ppt

1、专题复习必备课时跟踪检测经典考题悟法随堂针对训练阅读理解题是考查考生语言能力的重点，考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；做出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。题型分为：主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题。一、阅读理解所考查的五种题目类型(一)主旨大意题1常见的命题方式：What is the passage mainly about?What is the main idea of the text?What can be the best title for the text/passage?Which of the follow

2、ing would be the best title for the passage?2主旨大意题选项的特点：正确选项通常不含细节信息和绝对意义的词，能概括文章全部内容；干扰项往往信息片面，细节信息明显，常含有绝对意义的词，或者是命题者杜撰；在文中找不到依据。3常用的掌握大意的方法：(1)抓主题句归纳大意。说明文、议论文、新闻报道、科技文献等文章的主题大意通常出现在文章第一段，抓住了主题句也就抓住了文章的中心。有时主题句也会出现在文章的中间或结尾。因此仔细阅读这类文章的首尾句是关键。(2)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章如记叙文、夹叙夹议文通常是先摆出事实，然后或记叙或论证，最后得出结论，即文章的主

3、题。(3)抓住高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕一个主题展开的，因此文章中会反复出现一个中心词，即高频词，抓住了它，也就抓住了文章的中心。(二)细节理解题1常见的命题方式：Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.All of the following statements may be true/false except _.Which of the following is not the result of.?Accordin

4、g to the author，.was caused by.2事实细节题可分为两种类型：(1)基本信息题。答案几乎可以直接从原文中获得，答案和原文中含相关信息的句子在用词上也几乎相同；(2)是非判断题。相对于前者，这类题有较大难度，题目虽来源于文章的相关细节，但往往涉及的细节内容较多，而且可能是在文章的不同段落。3解答事实细节题需注意的问题：(1)忠于原文，选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息，不可根据自己的主观假设或推测来取舍。(2)要重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等，这是细节题考查的内容。(3)应学会快速辨认和记忆事实或细节，可用“查读法”，即带着问题寻找答案。在阅读过程中对一些涉及wh

5、o(何人)，what(何事)，when(何时)，where(何地)，how(怎样)，why(为何)等常考的细节内容做适当的标记，以便解题时迅速、准确地查找。(三)推理判断题1常见的命题方式：This passage would most likely be found in.We can infer from the text that.What can we learn from.?Which of the following statements does the passage support?It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the pass

6、age that.2推理判断题解题技巧：(1)推理判断题是阅读理解题中难度较大的一类。在提问整篇文章、某句或某段的深层含义时，问句中常含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest等词。(2)解决这类题时不仅要弄懂文章的字面意思，更要知道其潜在的含义，通过作者所给的提示，进行合理的推理和判断，此外，要忠于原文，切勿用自己的主观判断来理解文章的内容。(四)词义猜测题1常见的命题方式：The phrase“.”could be replaced by _.The word“.”in the paragraph refers to _.What is the meaning of th

7、e underlined word in the paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“.”？Which of the following words can take the place of the word“.”？2词义猜测题的常用方法：(1)利用上下文语境。猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。(2)利用定义或解释性的线索。阅读文章中的有些生词往往在其后会有对该词

8、进行解释说明的短语或句子，利用它们猜词义较容易。(3)利用文章的逻辑关系答题。如并列、对比、因果、转折关系等。这些逻辑关系往往通过一些相应的词或短语表达出来，如but,or,however,so,because等。(4)利用构词法知识答题。熟记一些前缀、后缀所表达的意思，不仅可以扩大词汇量，而且帮助我们猜测词义。(五)观点态度题1常见的命题方式：The authors attitude towards.is _.The author gives the impression that _.What do you think the authors attitude to.is?The auth

9、or tried to tell us that _.The writer believes/implies/suggests that _.2观点态度题的解题技巧：(1)找出文章中的形容词、副词，分清它们是褒义还是贬义。(2)通过作者引用某人话语的态度语气以及情感词等来判断。(3)结合自己对说英语的国家的风俗习惯、文化传统等背景知识(4)的了解来判断。注意不要将文章中的论述或叙述的个别内容与作者的观点、态度相混淆。切记是作者的态度，而不是读者自己的态度。二、阅读理解八大解题要诀要诀1 首尾定位法这种题的考查形式一般是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对这些事实进行排序，要求考生根据事件发生的先

10、后顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生和发展的正确顺序。这种定位法一般适用于主题句鲜明的文章，因为这类文章各段的中心句一般都会在首句或尾句。找到了中心句，就能很快锁定相应的模块，再逐步缩小搜索范围，从而很快地选择正确答案。要诀2 题干定位法这种方法适用于细节题，主要材料内容有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时考生没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”，根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行对比分析，最终确定最佳答案。要诀3 跳读查找法运用跳读查找法做题时，考生要特别注意题干(包括选项)与原文之间的适当变换。由近几年的高考试题来看直接用原文中的句子来考查的题目很少，一般要进

11、行适当的处理，这种“处理”主要指的是进行同义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念分析和事实归纳等。要诀4 背景常识法有的题目可能在看了文章之后答案还不明显，这就需要运用一些基本常识甚至借助文化背景来得出正确答案。所以，考生要勤于积累英美等说英语国家的地理环境、历史、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的知识。要诀5 正选法与排除法正选法是根据所读材料内容或文中某个句子来比较各个选项，从中选出最符合题意的答案。这是做阅读理解题最常用的一种方法，尤其适用于做难度不大的阅读理解题。要诀6 演绎推理法和归纳推理法演绎推理就是从一般性的前提推到特殊性的结论的推理；归纳推理是指从特殊性的前提概括出一般性的结论的推理。考生在运

12、用推理法时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索；然后再对文字的表层信息进行挖掘和加工，由表及里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理。此时切忌就事论事、以偏赅全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。要诀7 情感词汇推断法每一篇文章都包含作者的某种观点和态度，只不过有的直截了当，有的含而不露(是通过所用词语的褒贬来体现的)。此类题可细分为作者态度题(表明作者的好恶)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的观点)。准确把握作者的情感和态度，需要注意以下几点：(1)作者对某一事物要么支持，要么反对，带

13、中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案；(2)“漠不关心”类词语一定不对，既然写文章就不会“不关心”；(3)要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度；(4)当作者的态度没有明确表明时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性进行判断；(5)作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联；(6)一般情况下，带有表示绝对化或过于强烈的选项必错；(7)持有保留态度的选项比较客观，常常是正确选项。要诀8 词义猜测五法猜词悟义是考生在英语阅读中必备的能力，同时，词义猜测也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。词义猜测题不仅要求考生要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。另外，考生还应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因

14、果、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。(1)同义解释法同义词解释多种多样，or,that is to say,in other words,namely，破折号等都可以引出解释，同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等也可以进一步对生词解释。考生应该利用这些关键词(句)去猜测词义。(2)前后对比法一个生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或对比词语，考生由此可推知生词的意思。能体现对比关系的词语很多，主要有but,yet,however,while,unlike。(3)举例说明法根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，即使不能猜测出生词的确切词义，也能猜出其大致意义。(4)上下文暗示法任何一篇文

15、章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。因此，我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而猜测词义。这是近年来高考考查的热点。(5)经验常识法利用考生自身的生活经验及科学常识对生词进行分析和推断A(2011江西高考，B篇)Winners Club You choose to be a winner!The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers.It has been made to help you better manage your money.The

16、Winners Club is a transaction account(交易账户)where you receive a keycard so you can get to your money 24/7thats 24 hours a day,7 days a week!Its a club with impressive features for teenagers:No account keeping fees!Youre no millionaire so we dont expect you to pay large fees.In fact,there are no accou

17、nt keeping or transaction fees!Excellent interest rates!You want your money to grow.The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits(储蓄)without taking them out in a month.Convenient Teenagers are busywe get that.You may never need to come to a ban

18、k at all.With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet.You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account.This could be your pocket money or your pay from your parttime job!Mega magazine included Along with your reg

19、ular report,you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money.There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers.And it is so easy to join.Simply fill in an application form.You will have t

20、o get permission from your parent or guardian(so we can organize that cool keycard)but it is easy.We cant wait to hear from you.Its the best way to choose to be a winner!题型与方法语篇解读：本文是一则广告，介绍了专门为青少年设计的一项账户服务 Winners Club，并从多个角度进行了全面介绍。)61The Winners Club is a bank account intended for _.AparentsBteen

21、agers Cwinners Dadults提示：细节理解题。利用要诀3跳读查找法。提示：细节理解题。利用要诀3跳读查找法。解析：题干与原文中的第一句是进行的同义句转换。be designed forbeintended for 专为设计的。根据文章第一段第一句“The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers.”可知，“the Winners Club”是专门为青少年而开设的，所以答案为B项。答案：B62Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Clu

22、b?ASpecial gifts are ready for parents.BThe bank opens only on workdays.CServices are convenient for its members.DFees are necessary for the account keeping.提示：细节理解题。利用要诀5中的排除法。解析：第三部分主要介绍这项服务的方便之处，所以对于办理该业务的青少年来说是非常便利和快捷的，答案为C项；A项未提到；根据文章前面的介绍可知，银行应该是全天24小时，每周7天营业，而非只是在工作日，所以B项排除；文章第一部分提到不收取账户管理费，所

23、以D项错误。答案：C63The Winners Club provides magazines which_.Aencourage spending Bare free to all teenagers Care full of adventure stories Dhelp to make more of your money提示：细节理解题。利用要诀2题干定位法。解析：考生可以由题干入手，回到文中去查找相关段落，从而得出答案。根据特色最后一点“Along with your regular report,you will receive a FREE magazine full of go

24、od ideas to make even more of your money.”可知，办理该业务的青少年除了可以收到定期报告外，还可以免费得到一份杂志，里面有很多好的建议或办法可以帮助他们赚取更多的钱，所以答案为D项；A项和C项未提到；B项错在这份杂志并不是对所有的青少年都是免费的，所以排除。答案：D64If you want to be a member of the Club,you must_.Abe an Internet userBbe permitted by your parentChave a big sum of moneyDbe in your twenties提示：细

25、节理解题。利用要诀3跳读查找法。解析：根据最后一段“You will have to get permission from your parent.”可知，办理此项银行业务要得到父母的同意或许可，所以B项正确；该服务介绍第三点中提到办理业务有多种形式，其中包括使用网络，但不是必须的，所以A项错误；由第一点中“Youre no millionaire so we dont expect you to pay large fees.”可知，办理此项银行业务的不一定都是有钱人，所以C项排除；D项要求办理业务者年龄在二十几岁，文中并未提到。答案：B65What is the purpose of t

26、his text?ATo set up a club.BTo provide parttime jobs.CTo organize keycards.DTo introduce a new banking service.提示：推理判断题。利用要诀6归纳推理法。解析：通读全文可知，文章主要是介绍一项新的银行服务项目，所以答案D项正确。答案：DB (2011浙江高考，A篇)One evening in February 2007,a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales.She

27、got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path.Thats when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train.Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line.Seconds later,she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.Ceelys near_miss made the news because sh

28、e blamed it on her GPS device(导航仪).She had never driven the route before.It was dark and raining heavily.Ceely was relying on her GPS,but it made no mention of the crossing.“I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train，”she told the BBC.Who is to blame

29、here?Rick Stevenson,who tells Ceelysstory in his book When Machines Fail Us,points the finger at the limitations of technology.We put our faith in digital devices,he says,but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job.They are filled with small problems.And its not just GPS devices:Stevenso

30、n takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards.The problem with his argument in the book is that its not clear why he only focuses on digital technology,while there may be a number of other possible causes.A mapmaker might have left the crossi

31、ng off a paper map.Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention.Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor signalling system.Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment.But Stevenson doesnt s

32、ay.Its a problem that runs through the book.In a section on cars,Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computerbased locking systems for cars.He offers two independent sets of figures on car theft;both show a small rise in some parts of the country.He say

33、s that once again not all new locks have proved reliable.Perhaps,but maybe its also due to the shortage of policemen on the streets.Or changing social circumstances.Or some combination of these factors.The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex.It is shaped by economics a

34、nd psychology and the cultures we live in.Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology.If there is such a way,it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines.After all,we have lived with them for thousands of years.They have

35、probably been fooling us for just as long.题型与方法语篇解读：随着时代的发展，科技越来越先进，人类也越来越依赖科技，但有时候科技也会给人们带来麻烦，文章中作者将会告诉我们什么呢？让我们去了解一下吧！)41What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident?AShe was not familiar with the road.BIt was dark and raining heavily then.CThe railway workers failed to give the signal

36、.DHer GPS device didnt tell her about the crossing.提示：推理判断题。利用要诀3跳读查找法与要诀5中的排除法相结合。解析：从文章第二段she blamed it on her GPS device;Ceely was relying on her GPS,but it made no mention of the crossing.“I.train，”she told the BBC.可以看出，Ceely怪罪的是这个导航仪没有给她提示出这个铁路道口的存在。答案：D42The phrase“near miss”(Paragraph 2)can b

37、est be replaced by _.Aclose hit Bheavy lossCnarrow escape Dbig mistake提示：词义猜测题。利用要诀8中的上下文暗示法。解析：由上下文暗示可知，near miss是对第一段撞车事故的概括，相当于narrow escape，表示“幸免于难”的意思。答案：C43Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with?AModern technology is what we cant live without.BDigital technology o

38、ften falls short of our expectation.CDigital devices are more reliable than they used to be.DGPS error is not the only cause for Ceelys accident.提示：细节理解题。利用要诀5正选法与排除法。解析：从文章第三段可以看出，Rick Stevenson表明“技术是有局限性的”，数字技术不一定能满足人们的所有愿望。答案：B44In the writers opinion,Stevensons argument is_.Aonesided Breasonable

39、Cpuzzling Dwellbased提示：细节理解题。利用要诀7情感词汇推断法。解析：从第四段“The problem with his argument in the book is that its not clear why he only focuses on digital technology,while there may be a number of other possible causes.”可以看出，作者指出Rick Stevenson的观点是片面的。答案：A45What is the real concern of the writer of this articl

40、e?AThe major causes of traffic accidents and car thefts.BThe relationship between humans and technology.CThe shortcomings of digital devices we use.DThe human unawareness of technical problems.提示：主旨大意题。利用要诀6演绎推理法和归纳推理法。解析：从第六段“The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex.It

41、 is shaped by economics and psychology and the cultures we live in.Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology.”可以推断出，作者最关心的是科技与人类的关系，故B项正确。答案：BC (2011福建高考，A篇)Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance.It requires you to predi

42、ct what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected.Whenalcohol is consumed,it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药),damaging eyesight,judgement and coordination(协调),slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents.Even below the dri

43、nk driving limit,driving will be affected.Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain.Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice.To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow

44、 process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is:50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood;or22 micrograms of alcohol per 100 ml of br

45、eath;or67 milligrams of alcohol per 100 ml of urine(尿液)Drivers who cause traffic accidents,or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$

46、25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 drivingoffence points;or temporarily banned from driving.The same punishment applies to failing to provide specimens(样本)for breath,blood or urine tests without good excuse.Drink driving is a criminal offence.Be a responsible driv

47、er,think before you drink.For the safety of yourself and other road users,never drive after consuming alcohol.题型与方法语篇解读：酒后驾车是一种危险的行为，会对他人、对自己造成巨大的威胁，所以酒后驾车会受到处罚。因此司机应该对自己、对他人负责，切勿酒后驾车。56The first paragraph is mainly about_.Athe introduction of driving skillsBthe damage of drinking to your bodyCthe e

48、ffect of drinking on drivingDthe process of alcohol being absorbed 提示：主旨大意题。利用要诀6演绎推理法和归纳推理法。解析：第一段主要介绍了喝酒对于司机开车方面的影响：视力，判断力和协调能力下降；反应时间变慢；增加了发生事故的风险。故选C项。答案：C57The underlined word“it”in the second paragraph refers to“_”Aalcohol BabsorptionCblood Dprocess提示：词义猜测题。利用要诀8上下文暗示法。解析：it通常指上文提到的名词或事情，上文主要讲

49、述“除掉身体里的酒精是一个非常缓慢的过程”，由此推出本句的it指代前面的process。答案：D58Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?ADrinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving.BAlcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice.CHaving a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body.D50

50、milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the drink driving limit.提示：推理判断题。利用要诀5正选法与排除法。解析：由第一段最后一句可知，即使酒精含量低于酒后驾车的限制，开车也会受到影响，由此排除A项；由第二段最后一句可知，像洗澡或喝茶或咖啡等措施都不能使这个过程加快，由此排除C项；由第三段第一句可以排除D项；由第二段第二句可知，酒与果汁混到一起喝时身体对酒精的吸收会加快。故选B项。答案：B59A driver suspected of drink driving _.Ashould provide specimens for testingBwill be forbidden to drive for 3 yearsCwill be punished for 10 drivingoffence pointsDshould pay a maximum fine of HK$25,000提示：推理判断题。利用要诀4背景常识法。解析：根据生活常识，被怀疑酒后驾驶的司机要提供样本检测。由倒数第二段可知，不提供样本检测的司机也要受到同样的惩罚。由此可推出，被怀疑喝酒的司机应该提供样本供检测。B项、C项和D项叙述的对司机的处罚措施，必须在确定司机喝酒之后才能实施。故选A项。答案：A