高考英语语法复习时态知识讲解.doc

1、高考英语语法复习时态知识讲解一一般现在时(一)一般现在时表现在 表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作如:My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影注意:询问某人的习惯时,有时还可用ever如:“Do you ever eat meat?”“你吃肉吗?”“No, I never eat meat.”“从不吃肉” 表示现在(或经常性)的情况或状态如:Mother is ill. 母亲病了He is always like that. 他总是那样He likes living in the country. 他喜欢住

2、在乡下We need a lot of money. 我们需要一大笔钱 表示现在的能力特征职业等如:He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好Mr.Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语 表示客观真理科学事实格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在如:Summer follows spring. 春去夏来Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转(二)一般现在时表将来 当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来如:Ill write to her when I

3、have time. 我有空会给她写信Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我除表示时间和条件的状语从句外,表示让步相似比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表示将来如:Ill follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿Whatever you say, I wont pay. 无论你说什么,我都不会付钱Whether we

4、 help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否,他都会失败Ill have a good time whether I win or lose. 赢也好,输也好,我都将会玩好The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖另外,当主句为用将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来如:Ill give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去Everyone who comes fir

5、st will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物 按照英语习惯,一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间,那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间,而往往使用一个比较简单的时态,如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等比较如:This discovery means that we will spend less on food.这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费 在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(

6、弄清楚),take care(注意,当心),be careful(注意,当心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表示将来意义如:Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来Be careful that you dont hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情Watch that the baby d

7、oesnt go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题二一般过去时(一)概念一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性反复性的动作谓语动词要用动词的过去式,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday 昨天last night昨晚last week上周last year去年ago等(二)结构 Be动词的一般过去时在没有实义动词的句子中使用be 动词am

8、is的过去式为was,are的过去式为were,was是表示单数,were是表示复数肯定句式:主语+be(was,were)其它否定句式:主语+be(was,were)+not其它一般疑问句:Be(was,were)主语+其它? 实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要使用助动词did.肯定句式:主语+动词(过去式)+其它否定句式:主语+didnt+动词(原形)+其它(did not=didnt)一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词(原形)+其它(do,does的过去时均为did)注:did和didnt是构成一般过去时的助动词,其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形3规则动词的过去式

9、一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed如:looked,played,started,visited,stayed 以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d如:lived,closed,liked,loved,tasted 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i再加-edstudystudied,trytried,cry-cried,copycopied,carry-carried以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,未尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母后,再加-ed如:stopstopped,planplanned4不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆 iswas, amwas,

10、 arewere, dodid, havehad beginbegan, ringrang, run-ran, drinkdrank, singsang, swimswam, sitsat, givegave, makemade, come-came, eatate writewrote, speakspoke, drivedrove, choosechose, telltold, riderode, shootshot, getgot, winwon, forgetforgot, shakeshook, taketook, standstoodgowent, meetmet, sleep-s

11、lept, sweepswept, spellspelt,feelfelt,keepkept, spendspent, bendbent knowknew, flyflew, blowblew, growgrew, throwthrew,drawdrew, 特别注意:glowglowed teachtaught, catchcaught, buybought, fightfought, thinkthought findfound, hearheard, say-said, lielay, seesaw, learnlearnt, meanmeant putput, readread, cut

12、cut, let-let5一般过去时的用法 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态常有明确的时间状语,如yesterday,last night,some years ago,in 1890等,以及由when等引导的时间状语从句如:Tom didnt come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了Hello! I didnt know you were in London.How long have you been here?喂!我不知道你在伦敦你来多久了? 表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作,常与a

13、lways,often,usually,seldom等表示频度的副词连用如:Then I was in the countryside,I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里,经常去拜访那里的朋友I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影注意:表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示如:When I stayed at Aunt Lius,she would tell me about the great change

14、s which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时,她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化She used to go for a walk after supper,but now she prefers to stay athome.她过去晚饭后总出去散步,但现在她却真欢呆在家里 用来代替过去将来时在条件时间状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时如:They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,

15、就通知我们He promised that when he went to the bookstore,he would buy me a book.他答应去书店时为我买本书He said he would not go if it rained.他说如果天下雨就不去了They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他们告诉我们,直到她回来他们才会离开三、 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态(一)一般将来时的三种意义 预测(prediction):表示说话人认为将会发生某件事

16、,即是表示猜测将来某事发生的可能性如:It will rain later.一会会下雨 事先计划(future plan):表示说话人在头脑里已经做定将来要做某件事如:My holiday is so long ,I am going to travel. 意愿(willingness):表示说话人既不是预计某事将会发生,也不是预计经过考虑决定将做某事,而是在说话的时刻立即估出决断表明他将去做某事如:Someone is knocking at the door.I will go and open it.(二)一般将来时的结构将来时常常和表示将来的时间状语连用英式英语第一人称用shall,第

17、二三人称用will,而美式英语则不管什么人称,一律用will如:tomorrow(明天),next week(下周),from now on(从现在开始);in the future(将来)等 主语+be going to do表示主观的打算或计划 主语+shall/will +do sth其否定式 shall not 和will not的缩写式分别为shant和wont be 主语+to do 表示客观安排或受人指示做某事或已安排好要在将来发生的事,是比较正式的用法如:They are to go on a strike on July 8She is to be married next

18、month.You are to finish your homework before you go to play. 主语+be about to do,意为马上作某事,不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用,意思为“正要,马上就要”如:The train is about to leave.Sally has her hand on the doorknob.She is about to open the door. 用现在进行时表示位置转移的动词(如:go,come,leave,start,arrive等),可用现在进行时表示将来时如:Uncle W

19、ang is coming.王叔叔就要来了Theyre leaving for Beijing.他们即将前往北京(三)一般将来时的用法 预测 will表将来预测我们对will 非常熟悉,因为它通常被作为一般将来时态的代言人其最典型的用法就是对未来进行预测会发生什么美国时代周刊在其网站发布了对21世纪做出各种展望预测,下面是一些例子:Will we travel to the stars?我们能够进行星际旅行吗?Will we clone a dinosaur?我们能克隆恐龙吗?Will the brain understand itself? 大脑能理解自己吗?Will we live on

20、Mar?我们会生活在火星吗?Will women still need men?女人还需要男人吗?Will China be Number One?中国会成为全球霸主吗? be going to表示将来预测如:Look at those black clouds, and there isgoing to rain. 这满天的鸟云,要下雨了!Its not going to snow again tomorrow, is it? The weather forecast says it will be warm all week.明天不会再下雪了吧天气预报说这一周都会很暖和的 Will do和

21、be going to do都有表示预测,但be going to do比 will do有更多的证据支持,而且事件发生的时间更近,will 所表示的动作发生的时间可近可远由于be going to是一个现在时态的形式,因此,它所表示的对将来行为的预测往往暗示与现在有联系,而且是在说话后不久就将发生的所以当有现在的证据可以支持预测时,或者说根据目前的明显迹象来推断某件事将要发生时,我们就要用be going to,而不宜用will do.如:Look at the time. I am going to miss my bus.Dont worry, I will drive you to t

22、he stop.And if the bus has already left, I can get you to your apartment.The traffic is terrible. We are going to bedate. by the time we get to the airport, bobs plane will alreadyhave arrived, and he will be wondering where we are.这显然是说话人在车里,看着当时路上拥堵的交通状况,做出了要迟到的预测You look very pale. I am sure you

23、are going to go sick.你看起来很苍白,我想你肯定是要生病了你看起来脸色苍白是生病的迹象 be going to do往往还表示当前已有迹象表明说话者无力控制的即将发生的行为如:Help! I am going to fall!救命呀,我要掉下去了Oh,my dear!They are going to drive into that tree.Hurry up!The cup is going to drop. will 用于在某种条件下某事才会发生的情况所以,在带有条件或时间状语从句的主句中,我们通常用will 表示预测,而不用be going to如:You will

24、feel better,when you take this medicine.吃了这些药,你就会感觉好些的If you dont hurry up,he wont wait for you any more.If you speak more, your English will be better and better.Be going to do除了有推测的意思,我们最熟悉的一个用法就是常用它来表示计划或打算说话人已经在头脑里早做出决定将来要做某件事,并且往往还含有已经为这一行为做了某些准备的意思又因为只有人才能有主观的思维意识去对将来的行为做出计划,因此,be going to do表

25、示计划或打算时,为人称主语人称主语既有推测的用法,也有表示计划与打算如果是非人称主语,be going to不会是表示计划打算,而是推测如:The tree is going to fall down,as the wind is so strong.Look!The book is going to be burnt.Do you mind turning the TV off?I am going to make along distance call,it is hard to hear if the TVis on.你介意把电视关掉?我想打个长途电话,电视开着很难听清楚She have

26、 just bought a computer,she is going to learn how to surf online.He made a lot of mistakes in his study, his mom is going to be very angry. Be going to do表示说话人对未来行动的计划或打算,通常是经常事先考虑并含有已经为这一行动做了某些准备的意思will do表示意愿,表示在说话的时刻立即做出决定将去做某事,事先并没有经过考虑,更没有为这一活动做出事先的准备如:A:Why are you taking the camera?B:I am goi

27、ng to take some pics.A:the box is too heavyB:I will help you to carry it.A:I have left my watch upstairs.B:Ill get it for you. 当机立断的决定,我们只能用will来表达这一般是表示说话人事先并不知道,而是随着谈话的进展,在得知了新信息之后才做出的决定这不是在预测,更不是在预先计划比较总结如下:如:Husband:There isnt any milk in the fridge.wife:I will buy some after work.用will表明这是当机立断的

28、决定,指丈夫先发现没有牛奶,告诉她之后,她才决定去买奶Husband:There isnt any milk left in the fridge.wife:I am going to buy some after work.用be going to表明这是预先计划好的决定意指她先发现没有牛奶,并已经决定去买牛奶,然后她丈夫才发现四、现在进行时一般现在时(The Present Indefinite)表示现在成为习惯或经常性的动作;现在进行时(The Present Continuous)则表示现在正在进行的动作(一)现在进行时的构成肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词否定句:主

29、语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词疑问句:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 现在分词?疑问代词/疑问副词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 现在分词?(二)现在进行时的肯定句句型:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词构成方式:如:They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我(三)现在进行时的否定句句型:主语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词现在进行时的否定句是在助动词am/is/are后加not:如:Im

30、not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情She is not dancing, but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞,而是在锻炼(四)现在进行时的疑问句一般疑问句句型:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 现在分词?回答方式:Yes,主语 + am/is/are.No,主语 + am/is/are + not. 现在进行时的疑问句是将助动词am/is/are置于主语之前(大写am/is/are的第一个字母),在句尾加问号,这种语序是倒装语序如:Are you leaving already? 你这么早就要走了吗?Is it raining now?

31、现在下雨吗?Yes,it is./No,it isnt. 是的,在下雨/不,不下了Are they helping the old lady?他们在帮助这位老妇人吗?Yes,they are./No,they arent.是的/不,没帮助她 特殊疑问句句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 现在分词?现在进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词等置于助动词am/is/are之前(am/is/are的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多;这种语序是倒装语序就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词am/is/are之前,在句尾加问号,这种语序是陈述句

32、语序如:Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?Im not waiting for anybody.我没在等谁What are you doing?你在干什么?Im just tying up my shoelaces.我在系鞋带What are you looking for?你在寻找什么?Im looking for my keys.我在找钥匙What time are you coming back?你打算什么时候回来?Im not sure what time Im coming back. 我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来Whats your brother pla

33、nning to do tomorrow?你兄弟明天打算做什么?He cant decide what to do. 他还没定要做什么Where are you going?你到哪去?Im going home. 我回家去How are you feeling today?你今天感觉怎样?I dont feel very well this morning. 今天早上我感觉不太舒服由于使用了be动词,因此进行时的否定句和疑问句的构成方式与be动词的否定句和疑问句的构成方式相同(五)现在进行时的基本用法 表示说话时正在进行的动作常和now连用,有时和动词如look,listen等连用,表示“现在

34、”这一概念如:Listen! Birds are singing.听!鸟在歌唱Look! he train is just getting into the station.看!火车进站啦He is reading now.他在看书The house is being painted.房子正在上油漆 表示现阶段正在进行着的动作现阶段正在进行着的动作,不一定指说话时正在进行着的动作常和at present(目前),this week(本周),these days(这几天)等时间状语连用如:Were looking for a house to rent for the summer.我们在找一栋

35、房子想租一个夏天Are you trying to find a furnished house? 你是想找一栋有家具的房子吗?What courses are you studying this term? 你这学期学哪几门课? 表示当前的动向如:People are getting less tolerant of smoking these days.如今人们对吸烟较为难以容忍了Houses are costing more these days.如今房价越来越贵了She is resembling her mother more and more as the years go by.

36、随着年龄的增长,她越来越像她母亲了表示事先计划好的动作(指将来)表示一个在最近按计划将进行的动作或为将来安排好的活动,通常需要一个表示时间的状语如:We are spending next summer in England.我们将要在英国度过明年夏天Im getting married tomorrow.我明天就要结婚了用arrive(到达),come(到来),go(走离去),leave(离开)等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排,有“将到达”和“将离去”的意思:如:Hes arriving tomorrow morning on the 7:30 train.明天早上他将乘7时30分的火车到达C

37、hristmas is coming soon.圣诞节很快就到了Im leaving England and going to live in Spain.我将离开英国去西班牙定居 重复的动作副词always(表示屡次),repeatedly(再三地),forever(老是不断地)等可与进行时连用,表示不断重复的动作如:Shes always helping people.她经常帮助别人Hes always causing trouble.他总是在制造麻烦The little boy is forever asking questions.这小男孩老是没完没了地问问题(六)一般现在时和现在进行

38、时的区别 一般现在时表示经常性的动作;现在进行时表示暂时性的动作如:Do you ever eat meat? 你平常吃肉吗?No,I never eat meat. 不,我从不吃肉(习惯经常性的动作)Im eating meat now.我正在吃肉(暂时性的动作)My brother always forgets to wash behind his ears.我弟弟老是忘记洗耳后根的地方 现在进行时有时可代替一般现在时,表达说话人的某种感情色彩,与always,forever连用如:Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.我

39、们的防盗报警器不知怎么常常失灵(含有抱怨的意思)You are always forgetting the important thing.你总是把重要的事情忘掉(表达不满情绪)How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样? (比How do you feel today? 显得更亲切些)五、过去进行时过去进行时(The Past Continuous)主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,由be动词的过去式加现在分词构成(一)过去进行时的构成肯定句:主语+was/were+现在分词否定句:主语+was/were+not+现在分词疑问句:Was/Were+主语+现在分词?

40、疑问代词/疑问副词+was/were+主语+现在分词?(二)过去进行时的肯定句句型:主语+was/were+现在分词过去进行时的构成方式:如:All the pupils were writing their homework in the classroom then.那时,所有的小学生都在教室里写作业By the time we got there,it was already getting dark.等我们赶到那里时,天已经黑下来了(三)过去进行时的否定句句型:主语+was/were+not+现在分词.过去进行时的否定句是在助动词was/were后加not,后接现在分词如:They w

41、ere not playing basketball,but playing volleyball.他们不是在打篮球,而是打排球(四)过去进行时的一般疑问句句型:Was/Were+主语+现在分词.?回答方式:Yes,主语+was/were.No,主语+was/were+not.过去进行时的一般疑问句是将助动词was/were置于主语之前(大写was/were的第一个字母),在句尾加问号;这种语序是主语和谓语倒装语序如:Were you having dinner when they came?他们来的时候,你们是否在吃饭?Yes,we were./No,we werent.是的,在吃饭/不,不

42、在吃饭(五)过去进行时的特殊疑问句 句型:疑问代词(主语)+was/were+现在分词?疑问代词/疑问副词+was/were+主语+现在分词?过去进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词was/were之前(was/were的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多,在句尾加问号;这种语序是主语和谓语倒装语序就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词was/were之前,在句尾加问号;这种语序是陈述句语序:如:Who was singing last night?昨晚是谁在唱歌?Tom was singing last night.(就主语提问)是汤姆What wa

43、s she doing when he called?当他来访时,她在做什么?She was reading when he called.她在看书(就宾语提问)What was that man doing in your room?那个男人在你房间里做什么?(就宾语提问) 现在进行时和过去进行时的构成方式的比较:(六)过去进行时的基本用法 表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作常和表示过去时间的状语如then(那时),at this(that)time(在这时/那时),yesterday(昨天),last year(去年)等连用但在不少情况下,没有表示时间的状语,此时需通过上下文来表示如

44、:What were you doing at about 4 oclock yesterday afternoon?昨天下午4点钟左右你在做什么?I was listening to music.我在听音乐Jane was working on her homework last night.简昨晚在写作业 在某事(动作)发生前开始的动作过去进行时和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作过去进行时可用于主句,亦可用于从句如:Just as I was leaving the house,the telephone rang.我正要出门,电话铃响了(用于从句)He b

45、roke his leg when he was playing football.他踢足球的时候把腿伤了(用于从句)She was reading when he called.他来访时,她正在看书(用于主句) 表示同时进行的动作如:While you were writing letters,I was reading a book.你写信的时候,我在看书While we were having breakfast,John was talking on the telephone.我们吃早饭的时候,约翰在打电话 表示过去将来的动作过去进行时亦可表示从过去某时间看将要发生的动作常用在间接引

46、语中如:She was leaving early the next morning.第二天一早她就要离开此地了(从过去某时间看)She asked whether he was coming back for lunch.她问他晚饭是否回家来吃(用于间接引语中)We were coming to see you,but it rained(so we didnt).我们本预备来看你,只是下雨了 表示客气的询问用过去进行时比用一般过去时更客气,更不肯定如:I was wondering about it.我对那事感到疑惑I was wondering how to get there quic

47、kly/where to spend the weekend.我想知道怎样才能迅速到达那里/在何处度周末(七)过去进行时和一般过去时的区别过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作,强调动作的连续性一般过去时表示一个完成的动作,即用一般过去时只表示有过这件事或比较短暂的动作:如:He talked to his girlfriend on the phone yesterday.昨天他和女朋友通过电话He was talking to his girlfriend on the phone when I came in.我进来时,他在和女朋友通电话It rained yesterday.昨天下过雨(

48、不一定是一整天)六、过去将来时(一)过去将来时的定义过去将来时主要用于表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态如:He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们(二)过去将来时的结构 would + 动词原形如:She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她

49、将一切努力在本期赶上其他同学们When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时,他绝不会拒绝 was / were going to + 动词原形如:He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要拍我去火车站接她 was / were to + 动词原形如:The build

50、ing was to be completed next month. 这座建筑改在下个月竣工Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了 was / were about to + 动词原形如:We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时,天突然下起了大雨He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候,门铃响起来了 was / were +现在分词如:He was leaving t

51、he next day. 他第二天要走了We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校(三)过去将来时的用法 过去将来时,一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中如:He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们呆在一起He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿 过去将来时,用于虚拟语气中如:If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话,我就不会那样做If

52、 he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在这儿,他就会向我们展示该如何做了(四)拓展was / were going to + 动词原形;was / were to + 动词原形;was / were about to + 动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算如:The conference was going to be held the next month. 会议下个月开We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了I was about to tell him about

53、it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告诉他时,吴东进来了七、将来进行时将来进行时(The Future Continuous)表示将来某一时刻或某一阶段内将要发生的动作将来进行时由“shall/will + be动词 + 现在分词”构成shall用于第一人称,will用于各种人称(一)将来进行时的构成将来进行时由shall be+现在分词(第一人称),will be+现在分词(第二三人称)构成肯定句:主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词否定句:主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词疑问句:Shall/Will + 主语 + be

54、 + 现在分词.?疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be + 现在分词?现以动词work为例,将来进行时的肯定式否定式和疑问式列表如下:(二)将来进行时的肯定句句型:主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词将来进行时的肯定句由助动词shall/will加助动词be再加现在分词构成:如:Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute! 快!客人就要来了We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes.我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落(三)将来进行时的否定句

55、句型:主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词.将来进行时的否定句是在助动词shall/will之后加not:如:The train wont be leaving until one.火车1点钟才开Anyhow, you wont be playing for the next few Saturdays.无论如何,后几个星期六你不许再玩了(四)将来进行时的一般疑问句句型:Shall/Will + 主语 + be + 现在分词.?回答方式:Yes,主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词.No,主语 + shall/will + not + be +

56、现在分词.将来进行时的一般疑问句是将助动词shall/will置于主语之前(大写shall/will的第一个字母),在句尾加问号;这种语序是倒装语序:如:Will you be remaining in the city? 你将来会留在这个城市吗?Yes,I shall be(remaining in the city).是Will they be coming this way?他们会顺着这条路来吗?No,they wont be(coming this way).不,不会从这条路来Will you be coming tomorrow?你明天会来吗?I guess so.我想会来的(五)将

57、来进行时的特殊疑问句句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be + 现在分词.?将来进行时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词shall/will之前(shall/will的第一个字母无需大写),和一般疑问句差不多;这种语序是倒装语序就主语提问时,将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词shall/will之前,在句尾加问号;这种语序是陈述句语序:如:Who will be looking after Joe? 谁来照管乔?Dont worry! Mr. Frith will be looking after him. He said

58、he would.别担心!弗里斯先生会照管他的他说他会的What time will she be arriving?她什么时候到达?She will be arriving at about 8:30 tomorrow morning.她大概明天上午8点半到达How long will you be staying here?你将在这里住多久?Ill be staying here for half a year. 我将在这里住半年(六)将来进行时的用法 表示将来某一时刻或某一阶段内将要发生的动作一般只用于动态动词,不能用于静态动词:如:Shell be leaving at about s

59、even.她将在7点钟离开Ill be waiting for you at the gate.我将在大门口等你Be sure to come. Well be expecting you.一定要来,我们要等你的 表示将来某一段时间内持续发生的动作如:I shall be staying here about a week.我将在这里住一星期左右He will be working in Geneva during the summer vacation.暑假期间他将在日内瓦工作Well be using this book next term.我们下学期将用这本书 用于现代英语口语中,表示“

60、纯粹”的将来该时态比一般将来时显得语气委婉:When will you be visiting us again? 你什么时候再来拜访我们? (比较委婉)When will you visit us again? (一般说法)He will be attending the lecture this evening.他今晚将要去听讲座(单纯表示将来)He will attend the lecture this evening.他今晚打算去听讲座(一般说法,表示意图)They will be arriving here tomorrow.他们明天就要到达此地(陈述将来的事实)八、现在完成时(一

61、)现在完成时的构成 肯定句:主语+have/has+done重去分词+其它如:He has lived in Shenzhen for 4 years. 一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+done (过去分词)+其它如:Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years? 否定句:主语+have/has+not +done(过去分词)+其它如:He has not finished his homework.(二)过去分词的构成方法 一般情况下,直接在动词原形后面加-ed.如:workworked,answeranswered,obeyobeyed,wantwanted

62、 以不发音的-e结尾的动词只加d.如:Movemoved,hopehoped,dividedivided 字尾是辅音+y的动词则将y改i加ed如:studystudied,tidytidied,satisfysatisfied 以重读闭音节结尾的词,这些词的末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写这个辅音字母,再加ed.stopstopped,regretregretted,dropdropped 不规则动词过去式与过去分词分类记忆表 AAA.(原形,过去式和过去分词一致) ABB(过去式和过去分词一致) 过去式过去分词含有-ought过去式过去分词含有-aught过去式过去分词-t替换原形-d过去式过去

63、分词在原形词尾加-t或-d 过去式过去分词改为-ept过去式过去分词改为-elt 过去式过去分词改为-aid 过去式过去分词改为-old过去式过去分词改为-ood 其它变化 ABA(过去式与原形一致) ABC(过去式过去分词与原形各不一样) 过去分词在过去式或原形后加-n或-en 三种形式都有变化(三)现在完成时标志词recently;recent years;these days/years;lately;since;for+段时间;in the past few years;ever since;inthe last five months;up to now;since then;so

64、far;ever;never,yet;once;twice;already;before;just already(已经):用于肯定句如:I have already posted the letter. yet(已经):用于否定句,疑问句如:He hasnt done his homework yet. just(刚刚)如:They have just left. ever(曾经)如:Have you ever been to Beijing? never(从不)如:I have never seen him.before(以前)如:Have you seen the film before

65、? since(自从.以来)如:Ive worked in the school since 1999. for(长达)如:Hes lived in Shenzhen for 6 years. in the past several days/weeks/ years(过去的.) recently(最近)如:I have not written to my parents recently. so far(到目前为止)如:So far she has learned 5 English songs. up to now(到目前为止) this morning/month/year(今天早上/这

66、个月/今年)(四)现在完成时的用法 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作,并对现在有影响常与already(已经),yet(已经),just(刚刚),ever(曾经)等词连用 Already,yet的用法already:常用于肯定句中.yet:常用于否定句,疑问句尾如:Someone has broken the window.(窗户现在是坏的)I have already lost the key.(我现在没有钥匙)I have just cleaned my hands.(手是干净的) 现在完成时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态,常与for,since引导的时间短语或从句连用.since,fo

67、r的用法:since(自以来)a. since+时间点如:He has stayed here since 5 oclock.b. since+时间段+ago如:He has stayed here since 5 hours ago.c. since+从句 for(长达)a. for+时间段如:He has kept the book for 2 weeks.She has learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.Have you stayed here since 3 oclock? hav

68、e/has been to;have/has gone to;have/has been inhave /has beento 曾经去过某地,人已经回来了have /has gone to 去了某地,人还没回来have /has been in去了某地并一直待在那如:我去过上海I have been to Shanghai twice.Where is Jim?He has gone to England.(尚未回来)I have been in Shanghai for three year.我到上海已有三年了 现在完成时的”完成用法”现在完成时的”完成用法”指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已

69、结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况灯现在不亮了)现在完成时”完成用法”的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning/month/yeartoday等)连用例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 现在完成时的”未完成用法现在完成时的”未

70、完成用法”指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去例如:He has lived here since 1978/he moved here.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去)I have been in the amy for more than 5 years.部队已经呆了五年多了(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:upto now,so far到目前为止)等例如:I have hear

71、d nothing from him up to now.目前为止我没有他的任何消息 瞬间动词不能和时间段连用,瞬间动词转换成延续性动词:把动作换成状态例如:他的爷爷已经去世2年了His grandpa has been dead for 2 years.他离开深圳好长时间了He has been away from Shenzhen for a long time.(五)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是”助动词have /has +过去分词”如:The film started at 7 oclock.He has been a teac

72、her for many years. 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用yesterday,last week,two years ago,justnow,in2002等;而现在完成时则常与just,already,ever,never等副词和these days,this week,since.,for./sinceago/up to now/so far 等表示一段时间的状语连用 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事存在的状态或经常发生的动作说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对”现在”产生的影响如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林(只

73、说明去桂林的时间) 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果不与确定的过去时间状语连用如:Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)九、过去完成时(一)概念及用法表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示如:By nine oclock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spacesh

74、ip.到昨天晚上9点钟,我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片 表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站已经等了20分钟,一辆公共汽车终于来了 叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补充以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时例:Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天就去世了他以前是我的好

75、朋友 在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时如:I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书She found the key that she had lost.她发现她失去了的钥匙 过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前如:He said that he had known her well.他说他早就很了解她了 状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,“发生在过去的过去”,用过

76、去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的时间状语从句如:When I woke up,it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时如:After he arrived in England,Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后,努力

77、提高他的英语水平 动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你 过去完成时还可用在hardly when,no sooner than,It was the firsttime等固定句型中如:Hardly had he begun to speak wh

78、en the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了 过去完成时可以与时间状语before,when,after,by+,until,once,had no soonerthan,yet,already等连用如:Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了他是我的好朋友After he arrived in Englan

79、d,Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到英国后,他努力提高他的英语水平I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night 到昨晚9点钟,我已经读完这本小说(二)语法区别 与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以now的时间为基点,但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它比较:I have learned 1000 English

80、words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词 与一般过去时的区别时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 过去完成时表示过去的过去,不单独使用,一般和一般过去式一起使用 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在before,afte

81、r,as soon as引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时如:He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.(三)语法判定 由时间状语来判定一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: by+过去的时间点如:I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. by the end of+过去的时间点如:We had learned over two thousand E

82、nglish words by the end of last term. before+过去的时间点如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 由“过去的过去”来判定过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时这种用法常出现在: 宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句如:She said that she

83、had seen the film before. 状语从句中在时间条件原因方式等状语从句中,主从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时如:After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.注意:before,after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主从句都用一般过去时如:After he closed the door,he left the classroom.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,

84、intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示”原本,未能”例:We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt. 根据上下文来判定如:I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since he went toBeijing. 表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响如:We shall(will)have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元By t

85、he time you get home,I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍 表示推测,相当于must have done结构如:You will have heard of this,I guess.我猜你已经听说过这件事了I am sure that he will have got the information.我相信他一定会得到这个信息 表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间例:We will have been married a year on June 25th.到6月25日我们俩

86、结婚就满1年了(四)过去完成时的表达意 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去如:The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史(动作还将继续下去)I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语(动作还将继续下去)I have been studying for English since 10 years ago.自从十年前以来我一直在学英语(动作还将继续下去) 表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的

87、动作如:We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等) 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子如:They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了(动作还将继续下去) 大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子如:I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)我一直在写一本书I

88、have written a book.(动作已经完成)我已经写了一本书They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥(动作还将继续下去)They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥(动作已经完成) 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时如:I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了*I have been knowing这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,think想等等 一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时

89、态中使用,句意相同如:She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.她已经睡了6个小时,到现在还没有醒来表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性如:It has been raining for 3 days.已经下了3天的雨了(现在还没停止)(五)过去完成时的构成I/we/they have been+动词的现在分词He/she/it has been+动词的现在分词(六)过去完成时的基本句型肯定式:第一人称+h

90、ave been doing sth.疑问式:Have第一人称+been doing sth?简略回答:Yes,第一人称+have./No,第一人称+havent.肯定式:第三人称+has been doing sth.疑问式:Has+第三人称+been doing sth?简略回答:Yes,第三人称+has./No,第三人称+hasnt.十、现在完成进行时(一)现在完成进行时的定义现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去如:Those cats have been screaming for hours. 那些猫叫了半天了The dollar has

91、been climbing steadily all week. 整个星期美元一直在稳步增值(二)现在完成进行时的结构现在完成进行时由“have / has been + 现在分词”构成如:Sales have been dropping off badly. 销售量一直减少得很厉害Well have been living here for two years by next Sunday. 到下星期日,我们在这里就住了整两年了(三)现在完成进行时有哪些主要用法 表示“持续”:即表示一个从过去某时开始一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在进行如:She has been prunin

92、g the roses. 她一直在修剪玫瑰Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证It has come to our knowledge that you have been cheating the company. 据我们了解你一直欺骗公司The group has been living in a remote corner of the Cambodian jungle. 该部落一直居住在柬埔寨的丛林深处 表示“重复”即表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复,而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定在

93、进行如:Weve all along been making mistakes like this. 我们一直犯这样的错误Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. 一星期以来吉姆每天晚上给詹妮打电话(四)与现在完成进行连用的主要时间状语现在完成进行时所用的时间状语:all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段等等如:He has b

94、een working all day. 他整天都在工作They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽车销量近来一直在下降Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期,吉姆天天晚上都给詹妮打电话The two parties have been trying

95、 to unite since the New Year. 自从新年以来,双方就一直在试图联手(五)现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时强调动作的完成,而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续,因此,表示动作的完成,只能用现在完成时,而不能用现在完成进行时如:He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法 在表示动作的延续时,虽然既可用现在完成时,也可用现在完成进行时,但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时,应用现在完成进行时如:We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了 在许多情况下

96、,现在完成时表示动作已经完成,而现在完成进行时却并非如此如:He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了(动作已完成)He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户(动作不一定完成) 有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时,一般不能用于现在完成进行时如:Ive known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)用两种时态都可以,意思差别不大如:Ive lived(been living) here for 30 years. 我在这儿住了30年了 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的相通性:在表达一个从过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时,某些动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时,如expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等如:你学习英语多久了?正:How long have yon learnt English?正:How long have you been learning English?