2021届高考英语二轮复习备考专项冲刺专题07动词的时态和语态含解析202103022155.doc

1、专题07 【动词的时态和语态】解题指导触类旁通寻方法，求策略，掌握“套路”准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”依据一时间状语动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。依据二参照动词当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。依据三句意或语境当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。依据四固定句式英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时

2、态。1It is the first/second/.time that sb. has/have done.2It was the first/second/.time that sb. had done.3Sb. was/were doing sth. when.did.4Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when.did.5Sb. be about to do sth. when.did.6Its (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.准确确定动词时态和语态的“八项注意”1注意上下文中时态应一致：若上文是

3、一般过去时，则下文一般用一般过去时；若上文是一般现在时，则下文一般用一般现在时。2注意看主语和谓语之间是主动还是被动关系，确定语态。被动语态的构成形式：a.一般时：be done; b进行时：be being done; c完成时：has/have/had been done。“情态动词be过去分词”结构中be动词不可遗漏。及物动词(短语)之后若无宾语应用被动语态；不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。3. 注意解题时要首先找出句子的主语，然后确定主语与动词之间的关系，如主语是动作的发出者，动词则用主动语态；如主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。系动词和不及物动词(短语

4、)不能用于被动语态。4. 注意牢记常考的几种时态的被动语态(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are done；一般过去时：was/were done；一般将来时：will be done；过去将来时：would be done；现在进行时：am/is/are being done；过去进行时：was/were being done；现在完成时：has/have been done；过去完成时：had been done。(2)含有情态动词的被动语态形式：情态动词be done。(3)牢记常考的不及物动词，如：happen、 occur、 belong to等。5. 注意熟用技巧1慧眼识别标识词在

5、高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标识词或时间状语轻松得出答案。一般现在时：sometimes、 every week/day/year/morning等。一般过去时：yesterday、 last week/night/year/month、 the other day、 in过去的年份、时间段ago、 时间段later等。现在进行时：look、 listen、 now、 at present、 at this moment/time等。过去进行时：at that time/moment等。一般将来时：tomorrow、 next week/year、 in时间段、 in t

6、he future等。将来进行时：at six/this time tomorrow等。现在完成时：since时间点、 recently、 lately already、 so far、 ever since、 until now、 up to/until/by now、 now、 during/over/in the last/past时间段、 in/over recent时间段等。过去完成时：by then、 until then、 by/before/till the end of过去时间点等。6.注意熟用技巧2参考语境和并列谓语(1)语境理解少不了：题干中没给出具体的时间状语时，应仔细

7、分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。(2)瞻前顾后找并列：可根据并列连词and、 but、 or、 as well as、 rather than、 both . and .、 neither . nor .、 either . or .、 not only . but also .等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态； 同一个主语连接两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。7.注意熟用技巧3主从句时态须呼应在时间、条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时；主句用一般过去时，从句用一般过去时。在宾语从句中，如主句用

8、一般过去时，从句应用过去的某种时态；从句表客观事实或真理，用一般现在时。8.注意熟用技巧4固定句式要牢记，祈使句and/or/otherwise陈述句，陈述句用一般将来时。This/It/That isthe序数词time(that)从句，从句用现在完成时。This/It/That wasthe序数词time(that)从句，从句用过去完成时。It is/has been时间段since sb./sth. did .It is (high) time sb./sth. did .was/were doing sth. when sb./sth.didno sooner/hardly had s

9、b.done sth.than/when sb./sth. didby the timesb./sth. did，主语had done考点突破针对提能明考点，攻重难，有效提升 谓语动词要点一各种时态的用法考点一 一般时态 (一)一般现在时1表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。(陕西卷)On Monday mornings it usually

10、 takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。2按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。The shop closes at 11：00 pm.every day.这家商店每天晚上11点关门。3如果主句用一般将来时，那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来

11、。(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。【名师点津】动词第三人称的构成一般情况直接加sworkworks getgetssaysays readreads结尾为s, x, sh, ch或o，在词尾加esdiscussdiscusseswashwashesfixfixesteachteaches gogoes结尾为“辅音字母y”，变y为i再加escarrycarriesstudystudiestryt

12、riesflyfliescrycries(二)一般过去时1表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。(2019江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr.Smith fell in love with the people and culture ther

13、e.史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。2. 有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。(全国卷)Edward, you play so well.But I didnt know you played the piano.爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。【名师点津】动词过去式的构成一般情况在动词后加edworkworkedplayplayedwantwanted以不发音的e结尾的动词后加dhopehopedlikeliked以“辅音字母

14、y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudystudiedtrytried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstopstoppedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted(三)一般将来时1“shall/will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。(北京卷)The students have been

15、working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。(北京卷)What time is it? 几点了？I have no idea.But just a minute, I will check it for you.我不知道。但是请稍等，我给您查查。2“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。(陕西卷)Dr.Smith, together with his w

16、ife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.史密斯博士将在今年夏天与他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。Look, dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon, I think.瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。3“be to动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你必须得上交试卷。A meeting is to be held at 3 oc

17、lock this afternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。4“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可以和并列连词when(and at this/that time)引导的从句连用。(全国卷)Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。考点二 进行时态(一)现在进行时1表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。(江苏卷)We are fac

18、ing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。2表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。(重庆卷)Food supplies in the floodstricken area are running out.We mu

19、st act immediately before theres none left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前立刻行动。(二)过去进行时1表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten oclock yesterday等连用。(北京卷) Susan had quit her wellpaid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I

20、visited her last year.苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。2表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。(北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。(三)将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。(

21、天津卷)Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。【名师点津】动词进行时的构成一般情况在词尾直接加ingworkworkingstudystudying以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwritewritingtaketakingfacefacing“辅音元音辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加ingcutcuttingbeginbeg

22、inningswimswimmingrunrunningputputtingplanplanningsitsitting以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglielyingdiedying考点三 完成时态(一)现在完成时1表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。(2019江苏卷)The musician along

23、 with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。2表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常与since时间点， for时间段等表示一段时间的状语连用。I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry, I havent playe

24、d the piano for years.抱歉，我已经好多年没有弹钢琴了。(陕西卷)His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。3在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？【名师点津】一般过去时和现在完成时的区别一般过去时用于叙述过去的动作，与现在无关现在完成时所叙述

25、的动作发生在过去某个或某段时间，该动作与现在有关系，可能对现在产生影响，也可能一直持续下去Mr.Smith has lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在还在北京住着)Mr.Smith lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在已不在北京)(二)过去完成时1表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had

26、graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。2表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time从句等。(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。3表示“愿望，打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think,

27、 mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。(2019天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldnt manage it.我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。【名师点津】常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the first/.timethat sb.has/have done；This/It/That was the first/.timethat sb.had

28、done 这是某人第几次做某事。(2)It/This is/was the最高级名词(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。(3)It is/has been一段时间since sb.did；It was/had been一段时间since sb.had done sth.自从某人做某事以来多久了。(4)hardly/scarcely.when./no sooner.than. 一就。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。考点四 完成进行时考纲对完成进行时的要求为考生须掌握现在完成进行时。1表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语有all t

29、his morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。(湖南卷)Im tired out.I have been shopping all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything.我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。(北京卷)Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。2所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停

30、地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。谓语动词要点二被动语态考点一 被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。“get过去分词”也可以表示被动语态，此结构比较口语化。考点二 被动语态的基本用法被动语态的使用场合：1不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2需要突出或强

31、调动作的承受者。(江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。(北京卷) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。【名师点津】(

32、1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。考点三 主动表示被动意义1“系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay

33、, become, get, grow, keep等形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。2当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well，easily等)修饰，用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时用主动形式表示被动意义。Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suita

34、ble for us teenagers.你买最近卖得很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。跟踪检测迁移应用练模拟，练规范，夯基提能 I.高考真题诊断单句语法填空1.(2020全国II) Chinese New Year ia a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.This is why decorating with plants，fruits and flowers_（carry）special significance2.（2019全国III）On the la

35、st day of our week-long stay ,we _ (invite) to attend aprivate concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.3. (2019全国卷I) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut_ (report) increasesin bear sightings around human settlement

36、s, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.4. (2019全国卷) Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.5. (2019全国卷) Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene _ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold bu

37、siness.【答案详解】1.答案：carries 解析 分析句子结构可知，空格处做从句的谓语，且此处描述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时。2. 答案：were invited解析 设空处在句中做谓语，根据时间状语 “On the last day of our weeklong stay”可知，此处表发生在过去的动作，且主语we与invite之间是被动关系， 应用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语为we，故填were invited。3. 答案：have reported解析 句意：近年来，一些因纽特人报告说，在人类居住地附近看到北极熊的次数有所增加，这让人们以为熊的数量正在增加。根据该句时间状语In

38、 recent years可知，本句应用现在完成时，故填have reported。4. 答案：recommended解析 句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了他们的很多经历并推荐了一些吃喝、购物和游玩的地方。分析句子结构可知“and”连接的是两个并列的谓语，时态应一致，故设空处应用一般过去时，故填recommended。5. 答案：declared解析 本句为主从复合句，设空后的“she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business”为宾语从句，设空处在句子中做主句的谓语，应与宾语从句谓语时态一致，用一般过去时，填declared。 II.精选

39、典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练单句语法填空6. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _ (start) a soiltesting programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.7. Silk _(become) one of the primary goods traded al

40、ong the Silk Road by about 100 B.C.8. On the first day of my grade , I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I _ (voice) my biggest concern to my mother, “How will I make friends？”9. In the last few years, China _(make) great achievements in environmental protection.10. Steam engines_ (u

41、se) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.11. Sarah_ (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.12. Truly elegant chopsticks might _ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese chara

42、cters.13. My washing machine_ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.14. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ (carry) out in the past two years.15. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he_(be) a famous scientist who

43、se theories would change the world.【答案详解】6. 答案：started解析 句意：中国农业部发现，从2005年当时政府启动了一项向农民提供具体的化肥使用建议的土壤测试计划到2011年之间，化肥的使用量减少了770万吨。分析句子结构和成分可知，设空在句中作when引导的定语从句的谓语，关系副词when指代的是2005年，从句谓语应用一般过去时，故填started。7. 答案：had become解析 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 BC.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟

44、于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。8. 答案：voiced解析 句意：我对妈妈说出了我最担心的事，“我该如何交朋友？”根据句中的On the first day of my first grade以及stood可知，此处叙述的是发生在一年级的事情，是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时。该句的voice是动词，意为“表达；吐露”，作谓语，填voiced。with butterflies in ones stomach “紧张；心里发慌”。9. 答案：has made解析：题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到

45、现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。10. 答案：were used解析 句意：车厢由蒸汽机拉动，在浓烟和噪音下乘车，乘客肯定相当不舒服。主语Steam engines和use是被动关系，应用被动语态；设空后一句中的must have been 是对过去的情况的肯定推测，故此处叙述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态。又主语Steam engines是名词的复数形式，故谓语动词用复数形式，填were used。11. 答案：has been told/was told解析 句意：萨拉被告知她可以成为英国新的超模，第二年就可以收入一百万美元。Sarah与tell之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。

46、此处可以用一般过去时表过去发生的动作，也可用现在完成时态，表过去发生的动作对现在的影响。12. 答案：be made解析 句意：真正雅致的筷子也许是由金银做成带有汉字的筷子。句子的主语chopsticks与动词make是被动关系，根据设空前的情态动词might可知，此处是含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构是：情态动词be及物动词的过去分词，因此填be made。13. 答案：is being repaired解析：根据后句“我不得不用手洗衣服”可知“洗衣机正在维修中”，故谓语用现在进行时；主语My washing machine与repair是被动关系，故谓语用现在进行时的被动语态，填is bei

47、ng repaired。14. 答案：had been carried解析 句意：上个月我被派到这个村子来检查那个发展计划在过去的两年中的实施情况。设空处表示的动作应该发生在主句谓语was sent之前，表“过去的过去”，且主语the development plan与carry out是被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。15. 答案：was going to be解析：题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来

48、时。III.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练单句改错16. It has been a long time since we meet in China last time.17. Today Ive got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.18. Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday. When we were walkingp

49、ast the stalls, a loud noise was caught my attention.19. To collect opinions from the public, an online survey has made these days.20. Whats more, thousands of tourists from the world came here every year, which is really splendid.【答案详解】16. 答案：meetmet解析：It has been一段时间since.句式中时间状语用一般过去时。17. 答案：hadh

50、ave解析：根据句意可知，指过去的动作对现在造成的结果，应用现在完成时。18. 答案：去掉was解析：考查动词语态。主语a loud noise与catch之间构成主谓关系，表主动，故删除was。19. 答案：在has后加been解析：an online survey与make之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。20. 答案：camecome解析：根据时间状语every year及从句为一般现在时可知，主句应用一般现在时，故将came改为come。IV.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练短文语法填空My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 21._(rem

51、ind) me of myself.In the past, I 22._(be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hair style, etc.At that time, I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed. However, Someone told me something that I will always remember， It w

52、as in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 23._(point) at me and laughed at me，I couldnt help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes. I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “you 2

53、4._(be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 25._(accept) you for who you 26._(be).But if you can not accept yourself, then how will other people accept you.” I 27._(inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 28._(learn) that no one is perfect and that we

54、 all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 29._(love) me for who I am.Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 30._(tell) me.【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。作者通过自己的经历告诉自己的朋友Kaiya:做人要自信，要相信自己。21.答案：reminds 解析：根据第一句的时态可推知本空应该用一般现在时，又因为主语为第三人称单数，故答案为reminds.22. 答案：was 解析：根据语境中的 In the pas

55、t 可知设空处用一般过去时，故答案为was.23. 答案：pointed 解析：根据后面的 laughed可知设空处为 pointed.24. 答案：are 解析：本句为直接引语，故用一般现在时。25. 答案：will accept 解析：结合下文的 then how will other people accept you 知答案为 will accept.26. 答案：are 解析：由上下文语境可知应填are.27. 答案：was inspired 解析：设空处表示过去的事情且主语与 inspire为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。28. 答案：have learned/learnt 解析：根据前面的 Over the past few months 可知设空处用现在完成时。29. 答案：love 解析：who(love)me for who I am 为定语从句，先行词为friends且设空处说的是现在的情况，应用一般现在时，故答案为love.30. 答案：told 解析：Miss Li (tell)me 为定语从句，设空处表示过去的事情，故用一般过去时。