[25488247]2021高考英语阅读解题方法梳理.doc

1、2021高考英语阅读解题方法梳理命题特点：1.体裁特点：考查全面，体裁以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文居多。2.题型特点：题型以细节理解和推理判断为主，主旨大意和词句猜测为辅。3.素养考查：以社会文化、学校生活、个人经历、人物介绍、艺术文化、科技发明为主，与当代社会生活紧密相关，既借鉴了英国国家文化、科技中积极励志的元素，也兼顾了中国优秀传统文化元素。4.命题趋势：总体稳定，稳中求变；题材各异，体裁多样；角度趋稳，设问科学。思路归纳:要想顺利解答高考英语阅读理解，考生必须具备高中英语新课程标准规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高

2、通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复习中，还应该注意以下几点：一、速读全文，了解大意知主题阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60个词。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic sentence)，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文，速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这样就可以把握文章大意了。许多文章在第一段提出问题，在中间段落进行分析、例证，最

3、后一段是归纳结论。抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。二、详读细节，理顺思路与脉络文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。三、抓住主干，化解难句捕信息要实现快速、准确地理解文章大意，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不

4、论它有多么长，多么复杂，都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童)，I found，is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able nurture talent.只要我们抓住了“Another element is society.”就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。四、熟知技巧，轻松应考走捷径

5、分析历届阅读理解题，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨归纳题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点的规律及对应题型归纳如下：考点规律(1) 举例子、打比喻处常考为了使自己的观点更明确、更有说服力，作者经常用具体的事例打比方，句中常由as，such as，for example，for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实型”题型和“

6、推断型”题型出现，但倾向于“推断型”题型。考点规律(2) 引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此处设问，多以“推理型”题为主，有时也会设置“细节事实性”题型。考点规律(3) 转折处与对比处常考一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however，but，yet，in fact等词或短语来引导。对比常由unlike，until，not so much.as等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方的属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X属性，但乙与甲不同，问：乙有何属性？答：非X属性。

7、此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其他题型中。考点规律(4) 复杂句式处常考复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，以及从句、不定式、副词等。命题者主要考查考生对句子间的指代关系、对文章段落间的逻辑关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。考点规律(5) 因果句处常考命题者常以文中的因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系的试题，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一般以“推理型”题型和“主旨大意型”题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词有：because，since，for，as，therefore，consequently，result in，o

8、riginate from等。考点规律(6) 特殊标点符号处常考由于特殊标点符号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明，因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体来说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号(表解释)；括号(表解释)；冒号(表解释)；引号(表引用)。题型一般有推理判断题、主旨大意题、细节理解题等。考点规律(7) 段首、段尾句处常考在文章中首段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处；有时某一段的段首、段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。考点规律(8) 最高级与绝对性词汇处常考文中若出现must，all，only，anyone，always，never

9、等绝对性词汇，或形容词与副词的最高级形式，往往是考点所在处，一般出“细节型问题”。因为这些地方概念绝对、答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。以上分析基本上概括了历届阅读理解题考点常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这些考点常出现的地方做些记号。阅读完后，这些做记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方。然后再对照后面的题目，一一找到相对应的考点，再逐一解答。这样就避免做一题，看一下整个段落，甚至全文，从而节省了时间。课后练习Scientists are asking: What is the best way to fight climate change? A new s

10、tudy says: Plant many trees; one trillion trees, maybe more.Swiss scientists say there is enough room for that many trees. In their report in the journal Science, they say even with existing cities and farmland, there is enough space for new trees to cover nine million square kilometers. That is abo

11、ut the size of the United States.The study estimated that over a long period of time, the trees could take in almost 750 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. That is about as much carbon as humans have put into the atmosphere in the past 25 years.“Much of the gain from planting trees

12、will come quickly because trees remove more carbon from the air when they are younger，” the researchers said. “The place that has the best possibility for removing the most carbon is the tropicsthe area close to the equator. The six nations with the most room for new trees are Russia, the United Sta

13、tes, Canada, Australia, Brazil and China.”“This method would also have the lowest cost.” said the study coauthor Thomas Crowther. “This is by farby thousands of timesthe cheapest climate change solution and the most effective.” he said. Crowther is a climate change ecologist at the Swiss Federal Ins

14、titute of Technology in Zurich.Before his study, Crowther thought that there were other more effective ways to fight climate change besides cutting emissions. One example could be for people to change their diets by no longer eating meat.Thomas Lovejoy works as a biologist at George Mason University

15、. He was not part of the study.But he called the report “a good news story” because planting trees would also help stop the loss of biodiversity.“It is not easy or realistic to think the world will suddenly start planting a lot of trees quickly, although many groups have started，” Crowther said. “It

16、s certainly an extreme challenge, which is exactly the scale of the problem of climate change，” he said.1Which of the following places has the most room to plant trees?A. China. B. Austria.C. Sweden. D. Zurich.2What can we infer from the passage?A. Over 750 billion tons of carbon dioxide has been re

17、leased by humans in the past 25 years.B. Different trees remove the same amount of carbon dioxide.C. Avoid eating meat is one of the most effective ways to fight climate change.D. Planting so many trees is as challenging as fighting climate change.3What is the attitude of Thomas Lovejoy towards the

18、study?A. Doubtful. B. Admiring.C. Critical. D. Opposed.4In which section of a newspaper may the passage be found?A. Entertainment. B. Health.C. Science. D. Education.（B）Selfdriving cars have been backed by the hope that they will save lives by getting involved in fewer crashes with fewer injuries an

19、d deaths than humandriven cars. But so far, most comparisons between human drivers and automated vehicles have been unfair.Crash statistics for humandriven cars are gathered from all sorts of driving situations, and on all types of roads. However, most of the data on selfdriving cars safety have bee

20、n recorded often in good weather and on highways, where the most important tasks are staying in the cars own lane and not getting too close to the vehicle ahead. Automated cars are good at those tasks, but so are humans.It is true that selfdriving cars dont get tired, angry, frustrated or drunk. But

21、 neither can they yet react to uncertain situations with the same skill or anticipation of an attentive human driver. Nor do they possess the foresight to avoid potential perils. They largely drive from moment to moment, rather than think ahead to possible events literally down the road.To a selfdri

22、ving car, a bus full of people might appear quite similar to an uninhabited corn field. Indeed, deciding what action to take in an emergency is difficult for humans, but drivers have sacrificed themselves for the greater good of others. An automated systems limited understanding of the world means i

23、t will almost never evaluate (评估) a situation the same way a human would. And machines cant be programmed in advance to handle every imaginable set of events.Some people may argue that the promise of simply reducing the number of injuries and deaths is enough to support driverless cars. But experien

24、ce from aviation (航空) shows that as new automated systems are introduced, there is often an increase in the rate of disasters.Therefore, comparisons between humans and automated vehicles have to be performed carefully. To fairly evaluate driverless cars on how well they fulfill their promise of impr

25、oved safety, its important to ensure the data being presented actually provide a true comparison. After all, choosing to replace humans with automation has more effects than simply a oneforone exchange.5What makes the comparison between selfdriving cars and humandriven cars unfair?A. Selfdriving car

26、s never get tired.B. Statistics are collected differently.C. Machines can make decisions faster.D. Selfdriving cars know the world better.6What does the underlined word “perils” in paragraph 3 most probably mean?A. Dangers. B. Selfdriving cars.C. Pedestrians. D. Humandriven cars.7Why does the author

27、 write this text?A. To support humandriven cars.B. To show his doubt about selfdriving cars.C. To call for exact evaluation of selfdriving cars.D. To stress the importance of reducing car accidents.参考答案：A阅读【语篇解读】科学家提出解决气候变化的最有效、花费最低的方法是种植一万亿或更多的树木。1：答案与解析A细节理解题。根据题干关键词“has the most room to plant tre

28、es”定位到原文第四段最后一句“The six nations with the most room for new trees are Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and China.”可知，可种植最多树木的国家。由此可知，A项正确。2：答案与解析D隐含推断题。根据最后一段中的“Its certainly an extreme challenge, which is exactly the scale of the problem of climate change”可知种那么多树木和应对气候变化问题同样具有挑战性

29、，故D项正确。选项中的as challenging as是原文exactly the scale 的同义转换。:3答案与解析B观点态度题。根据第七段中“But he called the report a good news story because planting trees would also help stop the loss of biodiversity.”中的a good news story和would also help stop可知Thomas Lovejoy认为这项研究是不错的，因此他对此项研究的态度是赞赏的，故B项正确。admiring “值得赞赏的”。 doub

30、tful “怀疑的”； critical “批评的”； opposed “反对的”。4：答案与解析C文章出处题。文章介绍的是科学家经过研究发现的种植一万亿或更多的树是最有效的治理气候变化的方法。根据文中不断出现的scientists、 research、 study、 climate change等词汇可推知文章内容与科学有关，故应出自报纸的科学部分，故C项正确。B阅读【语篇解读】目前在汽车市场科技领域炙手可热的自动驾驶成为几乎所有车企的发展方向。自动驾驶汽车是否比人类驾驶汽车更安全是一个很难回答的问题。文章认为为了公平地评估无人驾驶汽车的安全性，必须确保提供的数据能够真正地进行比较，但到目前

31、为止，人类司机和自动驾驶汽车之间的比较大多是不平衡的。5：答案与解析B隐含推断题。根据第二段中的“Crash statistics for humandriven cars are gathered from all sorts of driving situations, and on all types of roads. However, most of the data on selfdriving cars safety have been recorded often in good weather and on highways”可知，关于人类驾驶汽车安全性的数据是在各种驾驶条件

32、下搜集的，而自动驾驶汽车的数据多是在良好天气下和高速路上搜集的，这就造成了两者对比的不公平。故B项正确。6：答案与解析A词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句及下一句可知，自动驾驶汽车也不具备避免潜在危险的远见；它们只是一味地开车，不会真正地去提前考虑路上可能会发生的事情。根据画线词前的avoid (避免)和语境推测出perils与A项意思最相近，意为“危险”。故A项正确。:7：答案与解析C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为人类驾驶与自动化车辆之间的比较必须谨慎进行，为了公平地评估无人驾驶汽车的安全性，必须确保提供的数据能够真正地进行比较，选择用自动驾驶汽车代替人类司机绝非是一对一的交换，其影响是多方面的。由此推知，作者的写作意图是呼吁人们对自动驾驶汽车做出更确切的评估。故C项正确。