广东省天河区2016届高考英语语法二轮复习:介词与介词短语精讲精炼01 WORD版含答案.doc
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1、介词与介词短语精讲精炼01核心考核要点解读在全国各地高考试题中,都涉及到介词的考查,不仅在单项填空中进行考查,在短文改错题中,对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。笔者认为因为介词的用法非常普遍,它关系到句子的上下衔接,所以以后的高考题介词仍然是一个考查热点。高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词,中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活,意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。预测今后高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的
2、基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。重要知识要点突破介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。1.介词可按其构成分为:(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since等。(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of等。(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with refer
3、ence to等。(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning,including等。2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:(1)表地点(包括动向),如about,above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。注有不少表地点的
4、介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near外,还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。(2)表时间,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。(4)表比较,如as,like,above,over等。(
5、5)表反对,如against,with等。(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。(7)表结果,如to,with,without等。(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。(9)表所属,如of,with等。(10)表条件,如on,without,considering等。(11)表让步,如despite,in spite of等。(12)表关于,如about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。(13)表对于,如to,for,over,at,with等。(14)表根据,如on,according to等。(15)
6、表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等。(一)介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)3、作表语:M
7、y dictionary 中学is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.(二)主要介词区别1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 oclock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the e
8、vening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./
9、We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation? 注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months
10、 he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the new
11、spaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street. 7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有
12、之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在末梢”,“到尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of
13、作“在结束时”,“到末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示“关于”的about 和on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:H
14、e came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.10、between, among:一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。如:Agreements were made between the diff
15、erent countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了还有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went
16、out except me.;but 与except意思近似,表示“除了外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is w
17、riting a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.13、in charge of和in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project
18、 is in the charge of an engineer.。14、as, like:as作“作为”、“以地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the
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鄂教版七年级语文下册第8课《诗两首》精题精练.doc
