2024届高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑（01）讲义.docx

1、一、高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑概述在完形填空里，我们面对的主要题目类型就是名词、动词、形容词副词三大类，基本占到所有题目的90%以上，其中动词可能占到全部题量的半数，属于难度相对中上的题目，名词和形容词副词占到另外的接近半数，属于难度相对中下的题目。除此以外，某些完形填空里也会出现连词或介词题目考查，但是这两种题目在一篇文章里的数量非常少，一般情况下最多各出现一道题，而且都是基础知识点。因此，如果想在完形填空这个题目上拿到优秀的分数，我们的目标就是：1、确保名词、形容词副词两种类型的题目全部正确；2、尽量减少动词的错题数量；3、连词和介词不断积累基本知识。二、 例题文本Ask people to

2、 name the worlds tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact 21 and many will be not sure.In 1975, Chinese surveyors 22 that Mount Qomolangma （Mount Everest） was 8848. 13 meters high. As 23 improved, satellites, photoelectricity, radar

3、s and gravity measurement technologies were 24 to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry 25 to what is the worlds rooftop.In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they 26 the height to be 8844. 43 meters. Scaling Qomolangma is no2

4、7task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees28 than in Antarctica. The snow there is 4 5 meters thick and hurricane-like 29 blow all the time. Team members were training to 30 the extreme conditions.In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangmas height is a tall order

5、, 31 huge amounts of money and human resources, But it is worth the 32 . Qomolangma is theperfect 33 for observing crustal （地壳的）movements. And changes to the peaks height could 34 whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.Besides, the condition of snow and other natural mater

6、ials at the top is an indicator of upcoming climate change on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. Thats 35 measuring the Qomolangmas height is so significant. Put to good use, it can benefit mankind.21. A. location B. appearanc e C.area D. height22. A. determined B. assumed C.estimated D. admitted23. A. cond

7、ition B. technology C.society D. economy24. A. employed B. expected C.approached D. inspired25. A. weapons B. vehicles C.instruments D. packages26. A. changed B. calculated C.extended D. expanded27. A. glorious B. easy C.admirable D. tough28.A. colder B. hotter C.higher D. lower29.A. snows B. rains

8、C.winds D. snowflakes30.A. cope with B. fight for C.take on D. carry out31.A. wasting B. Spending C.overcoming D. involving32.A. effort B. loss C.harvest D. achievement33.A. channel B. window C.solution D. entrance34.A. measure B. foresee C .indicate D. expose35. A. where B. how C. why D. whether三、

9、高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑-名词题1.名词题解题逻辑概述以下述题目为样本，我们一起看看这几种题目类型的解题思路，首先是名词类题目。在题目里，涉及考查的名词基本上包括三种情况：人物身份、实际事物、抽象概念。其中人物身份和实际事物是相对而言比较简单的题目，因为题目中涉及的必定是文章中的重要人物或重要事物，在文章前后一定会重复出现，所以只要注意上下文的具体人物或物体的呼应即可。在这个层面上，题目考查的是最基本的“词与词的直接对应”。抽象概念的难度稍高一点，这类名词往往是个笼统的概念，所以需要对上下文的相关内容进行整体的概括归纳。在这个层面上，题目考查的是比较进阶的“词与句的总分对应”。除了名词与其它具

10、体名词或具体语句的对应关系以外，名词的另一个判断依据是与动词和形容词配合的合理性。一方面，名词是动作的发出者和对象，通过已知的动词可以推断是谁在做动作，又是对谁在做动作。另一方面，形容词用于描述名词的性质，通过已知的形容词可以了解名词的性质，从而判断出具备该性质的名词。在结合动词和形容词判断名词的过程中，最重要的就是考虑相互配合的合理性。完形填空的文章一定是符合常理的，所以什么名词能与这个动作有关、什么名词能具备这种性质，一定应该满足正常状态的描述。2. 名词题解题思路总结：简而言之，名词的解题思路可以概括为以下四条：1、人物事物的前后呼应2、抽象概念的相关内容3、动词的发出者和对象4、形容词

11、合理性质描述3. 例题逐个题目解析我们来一起看一看接下来的6道名词题。1. Ask people to name the worlds tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact (21) _ and many will be not sure.21.A. Location B. appearance C. area D. height解题思路：根据21题所处的位置“its exact (21) _”，可以判断出题目在提问

12、的是“珠穆朗玛峰确切的”。四个选项“location 位置”、“appearance 外貌”、“area 地区”和“height 高度”都属于抽象概念，因此必然要关注文章里的相关内容。看到下文中分别提到的数字概念8848.13和8844.43，以及在第二段至第五段不断提到的high和height，你就应该能够了解到，文章主要讲述的就是珠穆朗玛峰的高度问题，那么答案必然是D选项height。实际上，即便不看后文，只看第一段，也能够找到解题相关的提示。文章开头是一个对比：“问到人们世界上最高的山峰，人们确定；问到确切的高度，人们就不确定了”。height对应的就是前面提到的“the worlds

13、tallest peak”，只有这样But前后的对比才是有内容上的关联。2. As (23) _ improved, satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were (24) _ to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry (25) _ to what is the worlds rooftop.23.A. Condition B. technology C. society D. economy2

14、5.A. Weapons B. vehicles C. instruments D. packages解题思路：23题的四个选项“condition 条件”、“technology 技术”、“society 社会”、“economy 经济”都是抽象概念，要关注后文出现的相关内容。根据随后的“satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies 卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术”，很容易可以判断出答案为B选项technology。这道题体现的就是典型的抽象概念和对应内容形成的“概括到具体”的总分关系。2

15、5题的四个选项“weapons 武器”、“vehicles 车辆”、“instruments 仪器”、“packages 包裹”都是具体事物，和这段话提到的各种技术直接对应的只有C选项instruments。另外，25题相关的动作是carry，“携带车辆”明显不合理，“携带武器或包裹”与文章内容也毫无关联。3. The snow there is 4-5 meters thick and hurricane-like (29) _ blow all the time.29.A. Snows B. rains C. winds D. snowflakes解题思路：看到前面出现了snow，这道题能

16、不能就判断A选项“雪”和D选项“雪花”了？当然不能。正好相反，我会考虑直接排除这两个选项，因为“同义选项必同错”，试想怎么会有完形填空题要求你区分“雪”和“雪花”的区别呢？解题的正确思路是，你要关注到29题前面的形容词“hurricane-like 像飓风的”和后面的动词“blow 吹”，考虑到性质和动作发出者的合理性，答案只能是C选项“ wind 风”。这就是名词性质和相关动作对名词的合理性要求。4. In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangmas height is a tall order, (31) _ huge amounts of money an

17、d human resources. But it is worth the (32) _. Qomolangma is the perfect (33) _ for observing crustal (地壳的) movements.32.A. Effort B. loss C. harvest D. achievement33.A. Channel B. Window C. solution D. entrance解题思路：32题的四个选项“effort 努力”、“loss 损失”、“harvest 收获”、“achievement 成就”都是抽象概念，需要关注出现的对应内容。32题的所在

18、语句与上文形成转折关系，而上文中提到的“tall order 难办的事、棘手的问题”、“ huge amounts of money and human resources 大量的金钱和人力”实际上就是人们为了测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度付出的“努力”，所以答案为A选项effort。B选项“损失”体现的是负态度，与句中的形容词“worth 值得的”性质描述矛盾。C选项“收获”和D选项“成就”都是人们“得到的东西”，而上文中提到的都是人们“付出的东西”，是无法对应的。33题的四个选项“channel 渠道、通道”、“window 窗口”、“solution 解决方案”和“entrance 入口”同样是抽

19、象概念。也许有同学会认为window和entrance也可以理解为“窗户”和“大门”，是具体事物，但是在完形填空里，同一道题目的四个选项体现的性质是基本相同的。也许B和D两个选项既可以看作具体事物，又可以看作抽象概念，但是C选项“解决方案”肯定是抽象概念，那么四个选项在这里都应该按照抽象概念理解。这就是完形填空四个选项体现的一致性特征。抽象概念需要对应具体内容，和33题相关的内容很明确，就是后面的“for observing crustal movements 为了观察地壳运动”。哪个选项能够对应这个具体内容呢？A选项“渠道、通道”是用于传递输送事物的，C选项“解决方案”是用于解决实际问题的，

20、D选项“入口”是用于进入某个环境范围的，只有B选项“窗口”是用于了解获取信息的，能够和“observe 观察”对应，所以答案为B选项window。4总结：从这道题目我们可以看出，找到名词的对应内容并不难，但是要正确判断出答案，还需要对选项的词汇有更加准确的认识。只知道词汇的中文含义，题目仍然可能出现偏差，只有对词汇的实际应用有所了解，才能够结合文章的使用环境作出正确选择。这一点在我们下次看到的动词题里体现得更加明显。四、 高考英语完形填空真题练习：（有颜色标注为名词题）【2023年新高考全国卷】On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cros

21、s-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have _21_ the course earlier than she did. Her _22_ came because she was carrying a _23_ across the finish line.As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her _24_ when a runner in front of her began crying

22、in pain. She _25_ to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with _26_. She couldnt. Bailey then _27_ to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get _28_ attention

23、.Once there, Lenoue was _29_ and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme _30_ to make it to that aid checkpoint without Baileys help.As for Bailey, she is more _31_ about why her act is considered a big _32

24、_. “She was just crying. I couldnt _33_ her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”Although the two young women were strangers before the _34_, theyve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the _35_ of human kindness won the day.21. A. designed B. followe

25、d C. changed D. finished22. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse23. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor24. A. race B. school C. town D. training25. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised26. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice27. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D.

26、bent down28. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal29. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated30. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness31. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged32. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal33. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand34. A. ri

27、de B. test C. meet D. show35. A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange五、 高考英语完形填空真题练习解析【答案】21. D 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是在明尼苏达州举行的一次越野赛中，Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线并接受医疗检查的善行义举。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Melani

28、e Bailey应该更早完成比赛。A. designed设计；B. followed跟随；C. changed改变；D. finished完成。根据下一段的“carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get _8_ attention”可知，Bailey在比赛中背一名参赛者，所以完成比赛晚了，因此句子表示“Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛”。故选D。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。A. delay延误

29、；B. chance机会；C. trouble麻烦；D. excuse借口。根据上文“Melanie Bailey should have _1_ the course earlier than she did”和上一题的解析可知，Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛，她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。故选A。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。A. judge裁判；B. volunteer志愿者；C. classmate同学；D. competitor参赛者。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed

30、in a cross-country race”可知，她是背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。故选D。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：据当地一家报纸报道，当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候，她前面的一名选手开始痛苦地哭泣。A. race比赛；B. school学校；C. town城镇；D. training训练。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知，此处是说“当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候”。故选A。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。A.

31、agreed同意；B. returned回来；C. stopped停止；D. promised答应。根据下文“to help her fellow runner”可知，她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。故选C。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：Bailey扶着她的胳膊，看看她能否帮助下向前走。A. courage勇气；B. aid帮助；C. patience耐心；D. advice建议。根据上文“Bailey took her arm”可知，此处表示看她是否能在她的帮助下向前走。故选B。【27题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背

32、上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. went away离开； B. stood up站起来；C. stepped aside让路；D. bent down弯腰。根据下文“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知，Bailey弯下腰，让勒诺爬到她的背上。故选D。【28题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后Bailey弯下腰，让Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺，到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. medical医疗的；B. public公众的；C. constant持续不断的；D. equ

33、al平等的。根据上文“began crying in pain”可知，Danielle Lenoue很疼，所以是要接受治疗，medical attention意为“医疗救助”。故选A。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Lenoue在那里接受了检查，后来被送往医院，在那里她得知自己的一个膝盖受了重伤。A. interrupted打断；B. assessed评估；C. identified识别；D. appreciated感激。根据下文“later taken to a hospital”可知，她是先接受了检查，再被送往医院，也就是先接受评估。故选B。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果

34、没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站。A. hunger饥饿；B. pain疼痛；C. cold感冒；D. tiredness疲劳。根据第5空前的“began crying in pain”可知，此处表示“如果没有Bailey的帮助，她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站”。故选B。【31题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. worried担心的；B. ashamed惭愧的；C. confused困惑的；D. discouraged泄气的。根据下文“I feel like I was ju

35、st doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑。故选C。【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：至于Bailey，她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. game游戏；B. problem问题；C. lesson课；D. deal交易，局面。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知，Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情，所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑，a big deal意为“非常重要的事”。故选D。【33题详解】考查动词

36、词义辨析。句意：我不能离开她。A. leave离开；B. cure治愈；C. bother打扰；D. understand理解。根据上文“She was just crying”以及Lenoue爬到她的背上，一路背着她走到终点线，然后又走了300英尺。可知，Bailey看见Lenoue哭喊，所以觉得不能离开她。故选A。【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人，但后来她们成了朋友。A. ride短途旅程；B. test测试；C. meet体育比赛；D. show展示。根据第一段“hundreds of runners competed in a cros

37、s-country race”及空前的“the two young women were strangers before”可知，当时是一场比赛，句子表示“这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人”。故选C。【35题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：两人都没有赢得比赛，但展示出的人类善良赢得了胜利。A. secret秘密；B. display展示；C. benefit利益；D. exchange交换。根据第二段的“let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get _8_ attention”可知，Bailey背着一个参赛者过终点，并背她去接受检查，这展示了人类的善良，故选B。