Day 01 名词-2022年暑假新高一【初高中衔接】必备英语知识抢先学(通用版).docx

1、2022年暑假新高一初高中衔接英语知识抢先学(通用版)英语词法篇名词用法一、 可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加esglasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs以辅音字母y结尾变y为i再加esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母y结尾加sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，live

2、s少数加sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes【知识拓展】以o结尾的下列名词要加es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes， potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes) 蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f或fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加ves，它们是为了自

3、己活命，小偷和他的妻子手 里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves， wolves，halves。但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人mentooth牙teethfoot脚，英尺f

4、eetmouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomenamedium传播媒介media常见单复数同形的名词：Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill. Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked. 合成名词的复数形式：son-

5、in-law sons-in-lawpasser-by passers-bystory-teller story-tellers二、 不可数名词(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物com

6、fort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，

7、转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。三、名词所有格(1)-s所有格用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加s 或；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s或。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略

8、。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室(2)of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the content of the novel小说的内容the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字(3)双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)四、名词的语法功能1.作主语The young woman played an imp

9、ortant part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the

10、doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾

11、语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that

12、shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。students books学生用书 Chinas capital中国的首都 the worlds population世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our sc

13、hool. 我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a

14、 peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers女司机 the womans driver这位妇女的司机girl friend女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue母语 mothers tongue母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6

15、.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。一、单项选择1. As is often suggested, we should try to deal with everything in a peaceful way rather than by means of _.A. forceB. strengthC. powerD. energy2. More attention sh

16、ould be paid to improving _ in our factory so that we can increase our production.A. equipmentB. settlementC. appointmentD. investment3. Bringing up a great child alone should give you a sense of_.A. arrangementB. treatmentC. embarrassmentD. achievement4. In this period, Germany was one of the count

17、ries that experienced a serious_of fuel.A. faultB. transportC. shortageD. strategy5. Great people have lots of good qualities, such as honesty, selflessness and_.A. permissionB. independenceC. assistanceD. confirmation6. In communication, a smile is usually a strong sign of a friendly and open_.A. a

18、bsenceB. aspectC. agonyD. attitude7. In the long march of 25 thousand li, the Red Army broke through various difficulties and finally reached the revolutionary_.A. destinationB. responsibilityC. techniqueD. extinction8. The winning shot gave the Serbian team a two-sets-to-one _, but China didnt falt

19、er before this _ competitor.A. start intenseB. start toughC. lead intenseD. lead tough9. Although Shanghais case numbers remain small by global _, the city has emerged as a test bed for Chinas “dynamic clearance” anti-Covid strategy, which _ to test, trace and centrally quarantine all positive cases

20、 and their close contacts.A. connections tendsB. connections seeksC. standards tendsD. standards seeks10. Jiangsu cuisine, one of the eight culinary _ of China, is known for its _-shaped dishes.A. traditions elaboratelyB. traditions humanelyC. recipes elaboratelyD. recipes humanely11. A sport with a

21、 broom on ice _ requires bowling _ makes curling one of the most unique sports out there.A. that precisionB. that diversityC. / precisionD. / diversity12. Though such international organizations as the United Nations are long _, some still believe in the _ of jungle justice to relations between coun

22、tries.A. established adjustmentB. established applicationC. abandoned adjustmentD. abandoned application13. Since the living environment here is crowded, the practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many parts of the city.A. viewB. sightC. senseD. scenery14. This battery can la

23、st longer, keeping your smart phone in _.A. discountB. distanceC. shapeD. charge15. People were moved by the clear, logical _ of her arguments.A. documentaryB. responsibilityC. presentationD. embarrassment16. The attack has caused severe damage to enemys _ forces.A. magicalB. mixtureC. modestD. mili

24、tary17. Will you show me how to download these songs?Press “Enter” and follow the onscreen_.A. informationB. instructionsC. adviceD. descriptions18. Linda wants to go abroad for further study after graduating from high school, bus she needs to ask for her parents _ first.A. movementB. professionC. d

25、estinationD. permission19. What _ do you have _ them finish their homework on time?A. difficulty; to makeB. difficulty; with makingC. difficulty; makingD. difficulties; in making20. Your learning _ needs to be adjusted a little so that you will have some time for your own hobbies.A. embarrassmentB.

26、complexityC. concernD. strategy21. The boss made the decision in the _ of enough information, which was bad for the Companys further development.A. absenceB. concernC. reliefD. insight22. A billion people in the world will not have _ to clean drinking water.A. accessB. advanceC. actionD. account23.

27、I hope we shall_ and come to understand one another . A. be a friendB. being friendsC. be friendsD. to be a friend24. I want your_,sir. I don t know what to do. A. advicesB. piece of advicesC. adviceD. advise25. Because of this, he made rapid _.A. a progress.B. progressesC. the progressD. progress26

28、. No one has come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaurs _.Which one of the following choices is NOT CORRECT?A. extinctedB. became extinctC. came into extinctionD. died out27. It is reported that _has been discovered in the rain forest in Brazil.A. new speciesB. a new speciesC. a new spec

29、yD. a new specie28. Middle School attached to Shanghai Normal university, Minhang campus will reach its _ of over 700 students this September.A. targetB. struggleC. balanceD. contact29. She often came into conflict with teachers and other authority _.A. rebelsB. volumesC. diplomasD. figures30. I am

30、disappointed at hearing the bad news, so I am in no_ today to go to the movies with you.A. mindB. urgeC. moodD. desire31. The power of the Green Movement in Germany has made the country a leader in the _ to recycle more waste materials.A. approachB. pointC. targetD. drive32. The police made an _ to

31、the public to remain calm in face of a possible terrorist attack in public places.A. appointmentB. appealC. alertD. alarm33. In 1986 when recession struck, more than three million were receiving unemployment _.A. claimsB. benefitsC. interestsD. objectives34. Mobile phone is an effective _ of communi

32、cation.A. meaningB. meansC. meanD. meant35. You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the _.A. contestB. contextC. contraryD. conclusion36. I didnt get much of a(n) _ of the place because it was dark when we drove through it.A. revisionB. summaryC. relationshipD. impression37. There m

33、ay be life on other planets, but so far scientists havent found enough _ to prove it.A. evidenceB. characterC. mysteryD. expression38. The electrician checked all the electrical equipment to prevent any possible _ failure.A. forceB. energyC. lightD. power39. I use my photography to make a(an) _ on p

34、eople, especially when it comes to environmental issues.A. impactB. imageC. emotionD. responsibility40. Is there any _ that people used to live at the site?Yes. Scientists found some house sites and tools there.A. evidenceB. achievementC. reviewD. belief二、语法填空1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Which i

35、s the most significant classical Chinese painting? According to Paul Denlinger, who _41_ ( come) to China many times when young, it should be Qingming Shanghe Tu or Along the River During the Qingming Festival. This_42_( create) dates back to the Northern Song dynasty.This painting is important_43_

36、several reasons. First, up until this time, almost all Chinese _44_ ( painting) were landscapes, which did not feature people at all or had only a few people. _45_( two) , this is the first scroll (卷轴)painting to describe both Chinese urban and suburban life during the period in the capital, Bianjin

37、g ( now Kaifeng, in Henan province). Third, the painting is highly detailed, _46_( feature ) shops of all kinds and different economic activities in and out of the city. People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them _47_great deal in understanding _48_the Chinese live

38、d.The Beijing Palace Museum keeps the_49_( origin) Song painting and one of its famous copiesthe Qing version _50_( hold) in the M National Palace Museum” in Taipei.2阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Thanks to the award-winning composer, and conductor Eric Whitacre _51_ came up with the idea of th

39、e virtual choir and owing to the _52_ (create) of the virtual choir, you can imagine _53_ (offer) an opportunity to sing at home together with hundreds of other people worldwide. You can have your voices _54_ (add) to those of other individuals by simply using a video camera and _55_ Internet connec

40、tion. _56_ (separate), virtual choir members record and upload the videos onto the Internet, _57_ they are then put together into one that you can see online. So far it _58_ (prove) that music may have a positive influence _59_ peoples life, just as Sarah Williams shared in her speech. Feeling alone

41、 and _60_ (discourage) when faced with a serious disease hard to cure, Sarah was advised to listen to some music and songs, which eventually gave her strength and brought her relief.3阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。A cup of coffee in the morning improves long-term memory. The study, published in

42、 the journal Nature Neuroscience, _61_ (find) that participants who _62_ (give) caffeine pills had better memory recall. Scientists studied 160 participants _63_ (age) 18 to 30, and showed them _64_ (variety) photos of items at the beginning. Half of the participants were given a caffeine pill after

43、 that classification, the other half a placebo. One day later, all the participants were shown _65_ same pictures, as well as some they hadnt seen before. They were asked _66_ each photo was new, old or similar to the originals. Although both groups were able to distinguish between old _67_ new pict

44、ures, the researchers discovered that the participants who took the caffeine pills were _68_ (good) at determining which pictures were similar to the first round. The researchers remain uncertain about how caffeine may influence memory, but they speculate that it could interfere with hormones relate

45、d _69_ memory making. The study needs _70_ (test) before any solid conclusions can be made, but its not the first to find benefits in caffeine intake.4阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。On August 5, 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, Quan Hongchan perfomed two dives that received perfect scores by all seven judges

46、on _71_ way to winning the gold medal in the womens 10-meterplat-form final.Quan from a small village in South Chinas Guangdong Province, _72_ finally won the 10-meter platform title in the womens 10-meter platform diving, became the second-youngest Chinese gold _73_ (medal) in the event at the Olym

47、pics after Fu Mingxia took home the top prize in 1992 at just 13 years old. Quan, who scored a total of 466.20, also _74_ (break) the previous record in the event. Two of Quans five dives in the five-round _75_ (compete) earned 10s across the board, and another one of her dives received six 10s and

48、one 9.5. But since the rules of diving called for the two _76_ (high) and two lowest scores to be abandoned to arrive at the final score, it was _77_ (effective) a third perfect dive.Quan entered the sport in 2014, later _78_ (join) a club in Chinas Guangdong Province. The reason why Quan chose to b

49、ecome _79_ athlete was heartbreaking-she wanted to win prizes as early as possible _80_ (help) her seriously ill mother.5阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Tennis super star Naomi Osaka lit the 2020 Tokyo Olympics flame. The Games _81_ (official) started, although a year late. A possible fifth wave (波)

50、 of COVID-19 in Japans capital put in doubt _82_ or not they would go ahead. COVID-19 greatly influenced the event. There _83_ (be) no fans and several athletes couldnt attend the Games after testing positive (阳性的). Japan hoped the Games would show _84_ (it) culture to the world. The opening ceremon

51、y (仪式) ended at midnight with _85_ amazing fireworks show. Only 950 people attended the opening ceremony. Attendees _86_ (include) Japans Emperor Naruhito and the US First Lady Jill Biden. Emperor Naruhito declared (宣布) the Games open. President of IOC Thomas Bach said: “It is very _87_ (difference)

52、 from what we imagined, but let us value this moment because finally we are all here together. Today is a moment _88_ hope.” Naomi Osaka posted a message on Twitter after _89_ (light) the flame. She said it was “undoubtedly the _90_ (great) honour (荣誉) I will ever have in my life.”参考答案一、1. A【解析】考查名词

53、词义辨析。句意：正如人们经常建议的那样，我们应该尝试用和平的方式而不是用武力来解决一切问题。A. force武力；B. strength力量，优势；C. power权力；D. energy精力。根据“ in a peaceful way”和“rather than”可知，此处表示用和平的方式而不是用武力来解决一切问题。故选A。2. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们应该更加注重改进厂里的设备，以便提高我们的生产力。A. equipment设备；B. settlement结算；C. appointment约定；D. investment投资。由“in our factory”可知，我们应该更

54、加注重改进厂里的设备，以便提高我们的生产力。故选A项。3. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：独自抚养一个伟大的孩子应该会给你一种成就感。A. arrangement安排；B. treatment治疗；C. embarrassment尴尬；D. achievement成就感。根据句意可知，此处表示完成一件事之后的“成就感”。故选D。4. C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这一时期，德国是燃料严重短缺的国家之一。A. fault过错；B. transport运输；C. shortage短缺；D. strategy策略。根据句意和后文“of fuel”可知，此处指“燃料的短缺”。故选C项。5.

55、B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：伟大的人有很多好的品质，如诚实，无私和独立。A. permission同意；B. independence独立；C. assistance帮助；D. confirmation确认。根据上文“Great people have lots of good qualities, such as honesty, selflessness and”描述好的品质，选项中只有independence可以用来描述人的品质。故选B。6. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在交流中，微笑通常是友好和开放态度的强烈信号。A. absence缺席；B. aspect外观；C. ag

56、ony极大的痛苦；D. attitude态度。根据前文“a smile is usually a strong sign of a friendly and open”可知，此处指“友好开放的态度”。故选D项。7. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在二万五千里的长征中，红军冲破重重困难，终于到达了革命的目的地。A. destination目的地，终点；B. responsibility责任；C. technique技术；D. extinction灭绝。根据常识和前文“In the long march of 25 thousand li, the Red Army broke through

57、 various difficulties”可知，红军到达革命的目的地。故选A项。8. D【解析】考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：这一制胜的一球让塞尔维亚队以2比1领先，但中国队在这位强手面前并没有退缩。“start”意为“开始”，“lead”意为“领先”， “intense”意为“激烈的”，“tough”意为“强硬的”，根据句意可知，此处表示“比分领先”；“对手强硬”。故选D。9. D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管按全球标准衡量，上海的病例数量仍然很小，但该市已成为中国“动态清除”抗冠状病毒战略的试验台，该战略旨在检测、追踪和集中隔离所有阳性病例及其密切接触者。“by global s

58、tandards”意为“以国际标准衡量”，“seek to”意为“争取，追求，力图”，“tend to”意为“趋向，易于”。根据句意可知，此处为“安全全国标准，政策的目的是检测，追踪，隔离阳性”。故选D。10. C【解析】考查名词和副词词义辨析。句意：江苏菜是中国八大菜系之一，以造型精美而闻名。A. traditions传统； elaborately精巧地；B. traditions传统 humanely人道地；C. recipes食谱，烹饪法； elaborately精巧地；D. recipes食谱，烹饪法 humanely人道地。结合常识可知，江苏菜是中国八大菜系之一，名词recipe符合

59、题意；根据“shaped”可知，是精美的造型，副词elaborately符合题意。故选C。11. A【解析】考查定语从句和名词词义辨析。句意：冰壶是一项要求精准度的运动，它在冰上要使用冰刷，这使得冰壶成为最独特的运动之一。precision 精准度；diversity 多样性。第一个空处考查限定性定语从句，先行词是sport，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which，且不能省略；第二个空处考查名词词义辨析，根据常识可知，冰壶要求精准度，应用名词precision。故选A项。12. B【解析】考查动词和名词词义辨析。句意：虽然联合国等国际组织成立已久，但仍有人主张在国与国之间运用丛林正义

60、。第一空established建立；abandoned抛弃。根据上文“Though such international organizations as the United Nations are long”指联合国等国际组织成立已久，应用establish；第二空adjustment调整；application应用。根据后文“of jungle justice to relations between countries”指在国与国之间运用丛林正义，应用application。故选B。13. B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于这里的生活环境拥挤，在城市的许多地方，把衣服挂在街对面的做

61、法是常见的景象。A. view观点；B. sight景象；C. sense感觉；D. scenery自然风景。根据上文“the practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common”指把衣服挂在街对面的做法是常见的景象。故选B。14. C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种电池可以持续更长的时间，保持你的智能手机状况良好。A. discount折扣；B. distance距离；C. shape形状，状况；D. charge电量，费用。根据“This battery can last longer”可知，此处指“保持手机状况良好”，k

62、eep.in shape保持状况良好，固定短语。故选C项。15. C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们被她清晰、合乎逻辑的论点展示所打动。A. documentary纪录片；B. responsibility责任；C. presentation演示；D. embarrassment尴尬。此处指展示论点。故选C 项。16. D【解析】考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：这次袭击给敌人的军事力量造成了严重的损失。A. magical魔法的，神奇的；B. mixture混合物；C. modest谦虚的，适中的；D. military军事的，军队的。根据“The attack(袭击)”及空后的“forc

63、es(武装力量)”可知，袭击给敌人的军事力量造成严重的损失。故选D项。17. B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你能告诉我如何下载这些歌曲吗？按下“回车键”并按照屏幕上的说明操作。A. information信息；B. instructions用法说明；C. advice建议；D. descriptions描述。根据语境及常识可知，此处指“按说明操作”。故选B。18. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：琳达高中毕业后想出国深造，但是她需要先征得父母的许可。A. movement运动；B. profession职业；C. destination目的地；D. permission许可。结合语意，琳

64、达出国深造需要先征得父母的许可。故选D项。19. C【解析】考查名词和动名词。句意：让他们按时完成作业有什么困难吗？have difficulty (in) doing sth.是固定短语，意为“做某事有困难”，因此第二空用动名词作宾语。故选C。20. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的学习策略需要调整一点，这样你就有时间从事你自己的爱好。A.embarrassment尴尬；B.complexity复杂性；C.concern关注；关心；D.strategy策略。根据下文“ so that you will have some time for your own hobbies”可知，要调整

65、学习策略，以便有时间从事自己的爱好。故选D。21. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：老板在信息不充分的情况下做出了这个决定，这对公司的进一步发展是不利的。A. absence缺少；B. concern担心；C. relief宽慰；D. insight洞察力。根据“which was bad for the Companys further development.”可知，做决定时缺乏足够的信息，in the absence of为固定短语，意为“缺乏”。故选A。22. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界上将有10亿人无法获得干净的饮用水。A. access通道，机会；B. advance

66、前进；C. action行动；D. account账户。have access to sth“使用；接近；可以利用”符合句意。故选A。23. C【解析】考查情态动词用法和名词的数。句意：我希望我们能成为朋友，互相了解。情态动词shall后接动词原形；主语是we，表语friend应用复数形式。综上，故选C。24. C【解析】考查名词。句意：先生，我需要您的建议。我不知道该怎么办。名词advice为“建议”之意，为不可数名词。表示“一条建议”，用a piece of advice。其动词形式为advise。故选C。25. D【解析】考查不可数名词。句意：因此，他进步很快。progress意为“进步

67、”，是不可数名词，make progress是固定短语，意为“取得进步”，因此空格处是progress。故选D。26. A【解析】考查谓语动词和时态。句意：没有人对恐龙灭绝的原因提出令人信服的解释。空处涉及宾语从句的谓语动词，且事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时；extinct“灭绝的”是形容词，不能作谓语，故A项错误；B项became extinct是系表结构，且为一般过去时；C项came into extinction是动词短语加宾语，且为一般过去时；D项died out是动词短语，且为一般过去时。综上，故选A。27. B【解析】考查名词的数。句意：据报道，在巴西的雨林中发现了一个新的物种。s

68、pecies“物种”单复数同形，根据助动词has可知，主语为单数。故选B。28. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：上海师范大学附属中学闵行校区将于今年9月达到700多名学生的目标。A. target目标；B. struggle奋斗，努力；C. balance平衡；D. contact联系。根据句意，设空处应表示“学校的目标”，故填名词target，作宾语。故选A。29. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她经常与老师和其他权威人物发生冲突。A. rebels反抗者；B. volumes体积，容积；C. diplomas学位证书，文凭；D. figures数字，人物。结合句意及前面的teach

69、ers可知，此处指“其他权威人物”，故选D项。30. C【解析】考查名词。句意：听到坏消息我很失望，所以今天没有心情和你一起全看电影。A. mind头脑，智慧；B. urge冲动；C. mood心情；D. desire欲望。根据“disappointed(失望的)”可知，说话者并不想去看电影。in no mood是固定短语，意为“没有心情”，故选C项。31. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：德国绿色运动的力量使该国成为废品回收运动的领导者。A.approach方法；B.point观点，见解；具体细节；要点；C.target目标，指标；（攻击的）目标；D.drive 驱车出行；强烈欲望，本能需

70、求。in the drive to do sth在利益、需求、欲望等驱使下做某事，符合句意。故选D。32. B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：面对公共场所可能发生的恐怖袭击，警方呼吁公众保持冷静。A.appointment 约会， 任命；B.appeal 呼吁；C.alert 警惕，戒备；D.alarm惊恐。根据“The police ”以及“ in face of a possible terrorist attack in public places.”可知，警方呼吁公众保持冷静。故选B项。33. B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：1986年经济衰退时，有300多万人领取失业救济金。A.

71、claims所有权；B. benefits补助金；C. interests利息；D. objectives目标。根据“recession经济衰退”和“receiving收到”可知，“benefits补助金”符合句意。故选B。34. B【解析】考查名词作表语和名词词义辨析。句意：手机是一种有效的通讯方法。A. meaning意思；B. means方法；C. mean意思是，平均数；D. meant意思是（mean的过去分词和过去式）。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，在句中作表语，“meant”为“mean”的过去分词和过去式，排除，剩余三项均有名词词性，根据句意可知，手机是一种有效的通讯方法，“m

72、eans”意为“方法”，符合句意。故选B项。35. B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你应该能够根据上下文猜出这个词的意思。A. contest比赛；B. context上下文；C. contrary相反的情况；D. conclusion结论。根据语境，应该根据上下文猜测单词的意思，空处应用名词context，表示“上下文”，作介词from的宾语。故选B项。36. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我对那个地方没有太大印象，因为我们开车经过的时候天很黑。A.revision修订；B.summary总结；C.relationship关系；D.impression印象。由“because it w

73、as dark when we drove through it”可知，因为我们开车经过的时候天很黑，所以我对那个地方没有太大印象，空格处意为“印象”。故选D。37. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在其他行星上可能有生命，但到目前为止，科学家们还没有找到足够的证据来证明这一点。A.evidence证据；B.character性格；C.mystery秘密；D.expression表达。根据后文“to prove it（来证明）”可知是找到足够的证据来证明这一点。故选A。38. D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：电工检查了所有的电气设备，以防止任何可能的电源故障。A. force力、力量；B.

74、 energy精力；C. light光；D. power能源，电力供应。根据The electrician checked all the electrical equipment可知，电工检查电气设备以防止任何可能的电源故障。power failure“停电、电源故障”固定短语。故选D项。39. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我用我的摄影作品来影响人们，尤其是涉及到环境问题的时候。A. impact影响；B. image图像；C. emotion情感；D. responsibility责任。根据上文“I use my photography to make a(an)”指用摄影作品来影响

75、人们，短语为make an impact on。故选A。40. A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：是否有证据表明人们曾经住在该地点？是的。科学家们在那里发现了一些房屋遗址和工具。A. evidence证据；B. achievement成就；C. review复习；D. belief信念。分析句子结构，此句为that引导的同位语从句。从句people used to live at the site是前面名词evidence的具体内容或解释说明。故选A项。二、141. came42. creation43. for44. paintings45. Second46. featuring47. a

76、48. how49. original50. is held【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了清明上河图为什么是最重要的中国古典绘画的原因。41. 考查一般过去时。由“when young”可知，定语从句为一般过去时，所以谓语动词为came。故填came。42. 考查名词。分析句子可知，本句的主语为This_2_( create)，所以this后接名词creation做句子的主语。故填creation。43. 考查介词。for“因为”为介词符合句意，后接名词reasons作宾语。故填for。44. 考查名词复数。painting为可数名词，且由all修饰，所以填名词复数painting

77、s。故填paintings 。45. 考查副词。分析句子可知，本句在说明清明上河图为什么重要的第二点原因，且由“First， Third”也可知，空处填Second。故填Second。46. 考查现在分词。分析句子可知，主语the painting与feature在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填featuring。47. 考查固定短语。a great deal“许多，大量”为固定短语。当副词表程度 ，修饰形容词、副词或动词。故填a。48. 考查连接副词。分析句子可知，understanding后接宾语从句，宾语从句缺少表示方式的连接副词how。故填 how。49. 考查形容词。orig

78、inal为形容词修饰名词Song painting。故填original。50. 考查一般现在时的被动语态。分析句子可知，and并列连接两个句子，由“the Beijing Palace Museum keeps”可知，and之后的句子为一般现在时，主语 one of its famous copiesthe Qing version与谓语hold为被动，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。故填 is held。251. who52. creation53. being offered54. added55. an56. Separately57. and58. has proved59. on60.

79、 discouraged【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是虚拟唱诗班对人的积极作用。51. 考查定语从句。句意：多亏了屡获殊荣的作曲家兼指挥家Eric Whitacre提出了虚拟唱诗班的想法，也多亏了虚拟唱诗班的创建，你可以想象自己有机会与世界各地的数百人一起在家唱歌。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词Eric Whitacre是人，因此空格处用关系代词who，故填who。52. 考查名词。句意：多亏了屡获殊荣的作曲家兼指挥家Eric Whitacre提出了虚拟唱诗班的想法，也多亏了虚拟唱诗班的创建，你可以想象自己有机会与世界各地的数百人一起在家唱歌。空格处用名

80、词作宾语，根据语境可知，句子表示“多亏了虚拟唱诗班的创建”，空格处意为“创造”，名词是creation，是不可数名词，故填creation。53. 考查动名词。句意：多亏了屡获殊荣的作曲家兼指挥家Eric Whitacre提出了虚拟唱诗班的想法，也多亏了虚拟唱诗班的创建，你可以想象自己有机会与世界各地的数百人一起在家唱歌。imagine doing是个固定短语，意为“想象做某事”，你是被提供机会，因此空格处用动名词的被动语态，即being done，故填being offered。54. 考查过去分词和固定短语。句意：只需使用摄像机和网络连接，你就可以将自己的声音添加到其他人的声音中。have

81、 sth. done是固定短语，意为“让某物被做”，因此空格处用过去分词added，故填added。55. 考查冠词。句意：只需使用摄像机和网络连接，你就可以将自己的声音添加到其他人的声音中。connection是可数名词，且表泛指，前面需加不定冠词，Internet是元音音素开头，因此不定冠词用an，故填an。56. 考查副词。句意：另外，虚拟唱诗班成员录制视频并上传到互联网上，然后它们被组合在一起，你可以在网上看到。空格处用副词作状语，修饰整句话，separate的副词是separately，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Separately。57. 考查连词。句意：另外，虚拟唱诗班成员录制视

82、频并上传到互联网上，然后它们被组合在一起，你可以在网上看到。由“they are then put together into one that you can see online”可知，空格处用and表承接，故填and。58. 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：正如萨拉威廉姆斯在她的演讲中所分享的那样，到目前为止，音乐可能会对人们的生活产生积极的影响。由“So far”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语it是第三人称单数，因此空格处用has proved，故填has proved。59. 考查介词。句意：正如萨拉威廉姆斯在她的演讲中所分享的那样，到目前为止，音乐可能会对人们的生活产生积极的影响。ha

83、ve an influence on是固定短语，意为“对有影响”，因此空格处是介词on，故填on。60. 考查形容词。句意：当萨拉面对一种难以治愈的严重疾病时，她感到孤独和沮丧，有人建议她听一些音乐和歌曲，这最终给了她力量，给她带来了解脱。空格处用形容词作表语，根据语境可知，句子表示“Sarah感到孤独和沮丧”，用ed结尾的形容词修饰人的感觉，因此空格处是discouraged，意为“沮丧的”，故填discouraged。361. found62. were given/had been given63. aged64. various65. the66. whether67. and68.

84、better69. to70. testing/to be tested/tests【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是早上喝一杯咖啡可以提高长期记忆力。61. 考查时态。句意：这项发表在自然神经科学杂志上的研究发现，服用咖啡因药片的参与者记忆力更好。句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式found，故填found。62. 考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：这项发表在自然神经科学杂志上的研究发现，服用咖啡因药片的参与者记忆力更好。研究的参与者是被给予药片，句子用被动语态，句子可用一般过去时表示过去的事情，也可用过去完成时表示“found”之前的动作，因此空格处是一般过去时的被动语态

85、或过去完成时的被动语态，who指代的是先行词participants，是复数，因此空格处是were given/had been given。故填were given/had been given。63. 考查形容词。句意：科学家们研究了160名18至30岁的参与者，并在实验开始时向他们展示了各种物品的照片。分析句子可知，提示词在句中作后置定语，表示“18至30岁的”，用形容词aged作后置定语，其意为“岁的”，故填aged。64. 考查形容词。句意：科学家们研究了160名18至30岁的参与者，并在实验开始时向他们展示了各种物品的照片。空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词photos，variety

86、的形容词是various，意为“各种各样的”，故填various。65. 考查定冠词。句意：一天后，研究人员向所有参与者展示了同样的照片，还有一些他们以前从未见过的照片。“the same+名词”是固定用法，意为“同样的”，故填the。66. 考查宾语从句。句意：他们被问及每张照片是新、旧还是与原件相似。分析句子可知，空格后是宾语从句，结合句意和连词or可知，句中使用了whether.or.引导宾语从句，意为“是还是”，故填whether。67. 考查连词。句意：尽管两组人都能区分新旧图片，但研究人员发现，服用咖啡因药片的参与者更善于判断哪些图片与第一轮相似。between.and.是固定搭配

87、，意为“和之间”，因此空格处是and，故填and。68. 考查比较级。句意：尽管两组人都能区分新旧图片，但研究人员发现，服用咖啡因药片的参与者更善于判断哪些图片与第一轮相似。根据语境可知，句子表示“服用咖啡因药片的参与者比未服用的参与者更善于判断哪些图片与第一轮相似”，用比较级含义，空格处用比较级better，故填better。69. 考查固定短语和介词。句意：研究人员仍然不确定咖啡因是如何影响记忆的，但他们推测它可能会干扰与记忆形成相关的激素。be related to是固定短语，意为“和有关”，故填to。70. 考查动名词、不定式和名词。句意：这项研究需要测试才能得出任何可靠的结论，但它并

88、不是第一个发现咖啡因摄入有益的研究。need作“需要”讲，可跟动名词testing作宾语，主动表被动；作普通实义动词用，跟不定式作宾语，结合句意应用被动式to be tested；作普通实义动词也可跟名词test，结合句意用复数形式tests，故填testing/to be tested/tests。471. her/the72. who73. medalist74. broke75. competition76. highest77. effectively78. joining79. an80. to help【解析】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述跳水小将全红婵的故事。71. 考查固定短语。句

89、意：2021年8月5日，在日本东京举行的女子10米跳台决赛中，全红婵完成了两次跳水，并获得了全部7名裁判的满分，最终赢得了金牌。分析句子结构可知，固定短语on ones/the way to doing sth. 表示“在通往的路上”的意思。故填her / the。72. 考查定语从句。句意：来自中国南方广东省的一个小村庄，全红婵在女子10米跳台跳水比赛中终于获得了10米跳台冠军，成为继1992年，年仅13岁的傅明霞在奥运会上获得冠军的奥运会上第二年轻的中国金牌获得者。分析句子结构可知，“2 finally won the 10-meter platform title in the wome

90、ns 10-meter platform diving”是非限制性定语从句，先行词Quan在从句中做主语，指人。故填who。73. 考查名词。句意：见第2题详解。分析句子结构可知，前面有短语the second-youngest Chinese gold修饰，所以空格处填名词，意思是“奖牌获得者”。故填medalist。74. 考查谓语动词。句意：获得总分466.20分好成绩的全红婵也打破了这个项目此前的记录。分析句子结构可知，空格处是这句话的谓语，这句话描述的是过去的事情，所以谓语用一般过去时。故填broke。75. 考查名词。句意：在第五回合的比赛中，全红婵全程五次跳水中有两次获得了全部1

91、0分，另一次获得了六个10分和一个9.5分。分析句子结构可知，空格前面有the five-round修饰，所以用名词，表示“比赛”的意思。故填competition。76. 考查形容词最高级。句意：但是由于跳水规则要求放弃两个最高分和两个最低分才能达到最终分数，所以这是令人印象深刻的第三次完美的跳水。分析句子结构可知，空格处和下文two lowest并列，所以用最高级形式。故填highest。77. 考查副词。句意：见第6题详解。分析句子结构可知，空格处需要副词，修饰前面的was。故填effectively。78. 考查非谓语动词。句意：全红婵于2014年加入这项运动，后来加入了中国广东省的一

92、个俱乐部。分析句子结构可知，动词join是主语Quan主动发出的，所以空格处是现在分词，表主动，作状语。故填joining。79. 考查冠词。句意：全红婵选择成为一名运动员的原因是令人心碎的她想尽早赢得奖品，以帮助她重病的母亲。分析句子结构可知，空格后面athlete是可数名词单数，前面要用不定冠词修饰，表示泛指，“一个”的意思。故填an。80. 考查非谓语动词。句意：见第9题详解。分析句子结构可知，动词help是主语she主动发出的动作，表示目的，所以用动词不定式做目的状语。故填to help。581. officially82. whether83. were84. its85. an86

93、. included87. different88. of89. lighting90. greatest【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了东京奥运会的开幕式。81. 考查副词。句意：奥运会正式开幕，尽管晚了一年。分析句子可知，句中“started”为动词，应用副词修饰，“official”为形容词，对应的副词为“officially”，意为“正式地”，作状语。故填officially。82. 考查宾语从句。句意：日本首都可能出现第五波新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情，这让人们怀疑他们是否会继续下去。分析句子可知，句子为宾语从句，空格处单词引导从句，根据句意“是否”和空格后“or not”可知，空格处

94、应用“whether”，“whether or not”意为“是否”。故填whether。83. 考查there be句型和时态。句意：没有观众，几名运动员在检测呈阳性后无法参加比赛。分析句子可知，句子为“there be”句型，根据句中“couldnt”可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，“fans”为可数名词复数，故“be”应用“were”。故填were。84. 考查代词。句意：日本希望奥运会能向世界展示其文化。分析句子可知，句中“culture”为名词，前面应用形容词性物主代词修饰，“it”对应的形容词性物主代词为“its”，意为“它的”。故填its。85. 考查冠词。句意：

95、开幕式在午夜以一个令人惊叹的烟花表演结束。分析句子可知，句中泛指一个令人惊叹的烟花表演，故空格处应用不定冠词，“amazing”音标的第一个音素为元音音素，故应用不定冠词“an”。故填an。86. 考查时态。句意：出席者包括日本天皇德仁和美国第一夫人吉尔拜登。根据句意和上文“attended”可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，“include”意为“包括”，动词词性，过去式为“included”。故填included。87. 考查固定短语。句意：国际奥委会主席托马斯巴赫说：“这与我们想象的大不相同，但让我们珍惜这一时刻，因为我们终于相聚在这里。今天是一个充满希望的时刻。”分析句子

96、可知，句中涉及固定短语“be different from”，意为“与不同”，“different”意为“不同的”，形容词词性，“difference”意为“差别”，名词词性。故填different。88. 考查介词。句意：国际奥委会主席托马斯巴赫说：“这与我们想象的大不相同，但让我们珍惜这一时刻，因为我们终于相聚在这里。今天是一个充满希望的时刻。”根据句意“一个充满希望的时刻”可知，空格处应用介词“of”，意为“的”，“a moment of hope”意为“一个充满希望的时刻”。故填of。89. 考查非谓语动词。句意：点燃圣火后，大阪直美在推特上发布了一条消息。分析句子可知，“after”为介词，后接动名词作宾语，“light”意为“点燃”，动词词性，动名词形式为“lighting”。故填lighting。90. 考查形容词最高级。句意：她说，“这无疑是我一生中最大的荣誉。”分析句子可知，“honour”为名词，前面应用形容词修饰，根据空格前定冠词“the”和句中“in my life”可知，句中指一生中最大的荣誉，故空格处应用形容词最高级，“great”的最高级为“greatest”。故填greatest。