专题07 阅读理解之说明文10篇（第一期）-2023高考英语上海市名校模拟真题速递.docx

1、2023高考英语上海市名校模拟真题速递第一期专题07 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2022秋上海浦东新高三校考一模）We all know that the blue light that emits from our smartphones isnt good for our eyes, but a new study has discovered just how much damage it can cause. Researchers say that this light is absorbed by vital molecules in our retina (视网膜) and tri

2、ggers the production of a toxic chemical that kill cells.This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision that are the hallmark of macular degeneration (黄斑变性), a disease that leads to blindness. The team from die University of Toledo in Ohio says it is urging the public not to use phones in t

3、he dark because this can dilate (放大) pupils and lead to even more harmful blue light entering our eyes.Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss for those aged 50 or older, according to the National Eye Institute. The condition occurs when the macula, an oval area ne

4、ar the center of Ae retina that allows for sharp vision, becomes damaged.Sufferers will experience blurred vision or even blind spots in their central vision that may grow larger as the retina dies. Treatments include medications that stop new blood vessels from forming in the eye as well as laser t

5、herapies that destroy abnormal blood vessels.For this study, the team decided to focus on retinal, a form of vitamin A found in the retina that coverts light into metabolic energy. Photoreceptor cells (感光细胞) use retinal to covert light into signals that are sent to the brain.“The human eye reflects

6、UV light (such as from the sun) very well but it allows blue light to enter and the retinal can absorb blue light very well”, lead author Dr Ajith Kanmaratfme, an assistant professor in the UT department of chemistry and biochemistry, told Daily Mail Online.Dr Karunarathne noted that blue light alon

7、e or retinal that hadnt absorbed blue light did not have any effect on the cells. He added that there was no activity when retinal was exposed to other light colors such as green, red or yellow.The team did find a molecule, a vitamin E derivative (衍生物) known as alpha tocopherol, that can stop the ce

8、lls from dying. “When you damage the photoreceptor cells, theyre damaged for good, so the vitamin E derivative currently just reduces damage,” said Dr Karunarathne. “Were currently screening for more molecules to see if they can stop this damaging reaction.”He explained that as we get older, the abi

9、lity to prevent attacks from retinal that has absorbed blue light became weaker, which leads to macular degeneration.“Looking at cell phones in the dark can be very harmful because the pupils are dilated so more blue light can get in and cause damage”, he said.1What does the underlined word “hallmar

10、k” in Para 2 mean?AmethodBsymbolCideaDfeature2Blue light damages our vision because it can _.Adilate pupils to cause retina cells dieBcause large blind spots related to blindnessCproduce a chemical that destroys blood vesselsDbe reflected by important molecules in our retina3Which of the following s

11、tatements may Dr. Ajitii Ktrunarathne agree with?ABlue light alone has great Influence on the cell.BPeoples eyes can absorb both UV light and blue light.CAlpha Tocopherol will help photoreceptor cells to recover.DThe ability to withstand attacks from retinal becomes weak when we become older.4What i

12、s most likely to be further discussed if the article continues?ASome ways to protect our vision.BThe reasons for macular degeneration.CThe function of the vitamin E derivative.DHow photoreceptor cells convert light into signals.（2023上海高三一模）ESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a catch-all expression for

13、 the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are called psychics. Some believe

14、 that we all have this ability to some degree but that most of us choose not to develop it.Many people are skeptical about ESP. Alongside the existence of documented evidence, there are plenty of claims that have turned out to be cheating. For most people, it is difficult to accept such claims witho

15、ut having had first-hand experience. The lack of scientific evidence is another factor to take into account. On the other hand, most of us have, at some time, experienced a seemingly unexplainable occurrence; hearing the telephone ring and knowing who will be on the other end of the line or cases of

16、 coincidence that seem to be too extreme to be accidental.Over the years there have been numerous ESP experiments conducted by serious scientists in serious institutions. Joseph Banks Rhine, a botanist at Duke University published a famous book in 1934 called “Extra-Sensory Perception” in which he c

17、laimed to have enormous evidence of ESP. However, other scientists have been unable to copy his results since, which has resulted in the book losing much of its original credibility and fame.The Ganzfield Experiments are considered to have been the most carefully examined ESP experiments. So-called

18、psychics had their eyes covered and ears blocked while a “sender” attempted to transmit messages. Later the psychics would compare the messages received to the original messages sent out. There was a great deal of excitement and interest at the time, but the research failed to produce convincing res

19、ults.One of the strongest criticisms against ESP is that in order for it to exist, the fundamental laws of physics would necessarily have to be broken.Human beings are attracted to the whole range of supernatural phenomena. ESP will always continue to fascinate. This becomes clear when we see how mu

20、ch of the media is dedicated to the topic: magazines, journals, web sites, television and radio programs. Some of the most successful films in recent years have fuelled interest among the younger generations who are starting to ask the same questions and to look for explanations for the same phenome

21、na as their parents and grandparents before them. Who knows? One day we might just find these answers because one thing is certain: “The truth is out there! ”5According to the 1st paragraph, a psychic can do the following EXCEPT _.Aread what his parents are thinking aboutBtransmit one friends though

22、t to anotherCpredict whatll happen at tomorrows meetingDchange the position of a chair without touching it6The underlined word “skeptical” in the second paragraph can be replaced with _.AenthusiasticBdoubtfulCparticularDcurious7What can be learned about the book “ExtraSensory Perception” and “the Ga

23、nzfield Experiments”?AThey both failed to prove the existence of ESP scientifically.BThey were both the products of casually-designed research.COthers followed their examples and got the same consequences.DThe writer and the experiment operators lost their fame eventually.8What does the passage main

24、ly talk about?AWhether ESP exists.BHow ESP works.CWho ESP attracts.DWhy ESP fails.（2022上海浦东高三一模）If you remember anything before the age of 3, your brain only puts together bits of reality that youve learned as youve grown up, according to a new research. In the largest study of its kind, researchers

25、 asked people about their earliest memory and at what age they believe it took place. They found that a surprising number of people claimed to remember things from their first years of life. But scientists agree that our brain isnt developed enough to keep memories until were three years old, so res

26、earchers wanted to know why so many people insist they remember something before then.Of 6,641 participants, 37.4 percent said they had their first memory before the age of 2. Of those, 893 said their first memories were from the period before they turned 1. Participants answers were analyzed in ter

27、ms of their age, language, the content of the memory and the nature of the memory.“When we looked through the answers from participants, we found that a lot of these first memories were frequently related to infancy and a typical example would be a memory based around a baby carriage,” said Professo

28、r Martin Conway at City University of London.This means that many of these “fictional” memories are only our minds mixing up what we know about babies and what we actually experienced as a baby. They also found that older people were more likely to report remembering a “fictional” early memory. Rese

29、archers couldnt determine why our brains do this but suggested it comes from a personal need to have a complete description of our lives. They added that a positive self-narrative can lead to a better life.9Why did the researchers conduct the study?AThey had doubt about a claim.BThey wanted to test

30、a new method.CThey had to explain about an earlier study.DThey needed more data to convince people.10What is paragraph 2 mainly about?AHow the brain develops.BHow the research was done.CHow the participants behaved.DHow researchers collected the data.11Who most probably has fake early memories accor

31、ding to the text?ABabies aged 2.BOld people.CThe middle-aged.DTeenagers.12What do the researchers think of the first memories?AReliable.BHelpful.CPositive.DFictional.（2022上海奉贤统考一模）Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy

32、 which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view an

33、d understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patients current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc.Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different path

34、s to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday life. Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been espec

35、ially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective tha

36、n medicine.On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial

37、 periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individuals capacity to change themselves it does no

38、t address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patients health and well-being. However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies

39、 generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.13According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _.Alearn how to mod

40、ify various negative attitudes and practicesBcultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic eventsCminimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current lifeDfocus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc.14Compared with other talk-therapies, what feat

41、ure contributes to the effectiveness of CPT?AIts multiple treating assignments.BIts applicable strategies in daily life.CIts higher treatment fulfillment.DIts brain connectivity enhancement.15What can we infer from the last paragraph?APost-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT.B

42、CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far.CMore researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children.DCPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients mental health conditions.16What is the main idea of this passage?AThe application of Cognitive Processing The

43、rapy.BAn introduction to a long-term psychological therapy.CA breakthrough in the psychological medical field.DThe limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy.（2022上海金山统考一模）Venus (金星) has long played second to its redder, smaller and more distant neighbor. Given how inhospitable (不宜居住的) Venus has ap

44、peared to be, we have spent the majority of the last century pinning some of our biggest hopes of finding signs of life on Mars.That all changed on September 15, 2020. It was announced that a strange gas called phosphine had been spotted in the clouds above Venus. The gas is produced by microbes, ex

45、tremely small living things, here on Earth, so the discovery has renewed hopes that there might be life on Venus. Now we need to know for sure.There is, after all, only so much we can do with ground-based instruments. Venus is extremely bright. This brightness, caused by the intense reflection of su

46、nlight from its thick clouds and highlighted because of its closer distance to Earth, basically blinds our instruments from making more detailed observations of the planet. It is like trying to look at the road while another cars high beams (远光灯) are pointed in your direction.“To really get to the h

47、eart of this question, we need to go to Venus,” says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University. But of course, that is easier said than done. Temperatures at the surface reach 464, and pressures are 89 times higher than on Earth. Only the Soviet Union has successfully land

48、ed on the Venusian surfaceits Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes before succumbing to the bad weather in 1982. It is not easy to justify spending hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars on a mission that could be over in a matter of hours without giving us what we need.An orbiter i

49、s the most sensible start. Unlike ground-based observations, orbiters can peer into the atmosphere and would have a better time observing how phosphine levels change over time or over what regions they are most concentrated. An orbiter also presents the opportunity to complete more challenging proje

50、cts by potentially venturing directly into the planets atmosphere. A sample return mission could be possible, in which a spacecraft flies into the atmosphere and bottles up some gas to bring back to Earth for laboratory analysis.Trying to find life on another planet, however, is not simply a walk fr

51、om point A to point BNo single mission to Venus will be able to finish all the work necessary to answer the question. It might be time to think not just about what the next mission to Venus should be, but what a whole new era of Venus exploration would look like: a group of multiple missions that ex

52、plore Venus in joint effortsthe way we currently do with Mars.17Venus is considered inhospitable to humans mainly because _.Athe pressure of the planet is too lowBthe surface of the planet is too brightCthe density (密度) of the clouds is too lowDthe surface temperature of the planet is too high18The

53、underlined phrase “succumbing to” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “_”.Agiving in toBkeeping away fromCmaking up forDputting up with19According to the article, scientists will be better able to reveal the secret about Venus by _.Asending astronauts to the planetBusing a more advanced space te

54、lescopeClaunching an orbiter to the planetDredesigning their ground-based instruments20What can we infer from the article?AWe have little hope of successfully finding life on Venus.BWe have a firm determination to discover life on other planets.CWe have spent much time studying phosphine in the past

55、 century.DWe have attempted to land on the Venusian surface in the last century.（2022上海金山统考一模）Ten years ago, the cyclists riding hard through the first snow storm of the year was a rare sight, often captured for the evening news. Today, however, it is estimated that 4-5% of cyclists ride bikes year-

56、round.Being prepared is key to a good ride in the winter. The increasing popularity of winter cycling is due to the creation of mountain bike and its imitation. Equipped with more stable bicycles, nothing seems to be able to stop the adventurous winter cyclists. Many of them wear running shoes and p

57、rotect themselves from the cold by wearing downhill-skiing clothes. On wet days, they wear special water-proof over their shoes.Besides all these mentioned above, there is one thing that has made winter riding more popular these years. In the past, cyclists need to clean and oil their bicycle chains

58、 once a week, which is no easy task. But one bicycle store owner tackled this weekly challenging task with an innovated complete chain cover. With bicycle chains completely covered, cyclists would need to do the troublesome work once every six months. Despite this amazing invention, the store owner

59、still advises cyclists to take a taxi or bus when its really snowing heavily, not because conditions are too hard for bicycles, but because she is afraid that many bikers may lose confidence in themselves on snowy days of reduced discernibility, which is very dangerous.21What is the main idea of thi

60、s passage?AWinter Mountain cycling competitions.BSuitable clothing for winter cycling.CPopularity of winter cycling and its reasons.DIncreases in winter cycling equipment.22According to the passage, what has made winter cycling no longer a rare sight?AConstruction of bicycle paths.BA decrease in equ

61、ipment prices.CThe invention of stable bicycles.DMilder weather in recent years.23How did one bicycle store owner help the winter cyclists?AShe sells bicycles at a very low price.BShe makes cycling in winter less dangerous.CShe helps improve cyclists confidence when riding.DShe invents a new way to

62、reduce the frequency of maintenance.24The underlined word “discernibility” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning toAvisibilityBpopularityCcongestionDcreativity（2022上海静安统考一模）As Christmas approached, the price of turkey went wild. It didnt rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just

63、 started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right pricethe one that will draw the most profit from consumers walletshas become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.It may com

64、e as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that

65、sellersin a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinctionare now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us.They have enough means to do so: the huge data tracks you leave behind whenever you place something in your online shopping cart wit

66、h top data scientists capable of turning the information into useful price strategies, and what one tech economist calls “the ability to experiment on a scale thats unimaginable in the history of economics.”In result, not coincidentally, normal pricing practicesan advertised discount off the “list p

67、rice,” two for the price of one, or simply “everyday low prices” are giving way to far more crazy strategies.“In the Internet era, I dont think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. The price of a can of soda in a vendin

68、g machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. For shoppers, that means pricenot the one offered to you righ

69、t now, but the one offered to you 20 minutes from now, or the one offered to me, or to your neighbormay become an increasingly unknowable thing. “There used to be one price for something,” Dolan notes. Now the true price of pumpkin-pie spice is subject to a level of uncertainty.25Which of the follow

70、ing statements is TRUE according to the passage?AWhen holidays come, prices are usually increased.BThe right price to sellers is the one to bring biggest profits.CThe right price is fixed although its hard to find it.DTo buy a pie, customers have to become an expert in economy.26Sellers stare back t

71、hrough the screen in order to _.Areflect on the effect of the InternetBanalyze customers online buying history for price strategyCdouble check the existence of the purchaseDfind out online where the lowest prices are27In Internet age, what element is NOT likely to affect the price of an item?AThe in

72、stant mood of the buyer at the time of purchase.BThe necessity level of the item at the time of purchase.CThe extent to which the buyer is sensitive to the price.DThe price of the facility the buyer uses to look for the item.28What is the passage mainly about?AThe advantages of online shopping over

73、traditional shopping.BMeasures sellers take to maximize profits.CThe analysis of pricing mechanism.DThe battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age.（2022上海静安统考一模）The world hosts thousands of exceptional chocolatiers, some of which our magazine is to present to you. And remember that besides or

74、dinary facts like expiration (过期) date or manufacture place, labels bear essential information. If sugar is listed as the main ingredient(原料) on the label, quickly put it down and find a bar in which cocoa shines.Paul Young, London, EnglandAward-winning master chocolatier Paul Young deserves the cre

75、dits he receives for his creativity and mastery with chocolates. Walk into his shop and experience the scent of fresh chocolates. Young is one of the figures who launched the chocolate reform in London, casting aside the sweet British chocolate of the old for the innovative dark chocolate offerings.

76、 Try his dark chocolate bars to become a firm chocolate lover.Three locations in London.Que Bo!, Mexico City, MexicoTraditional Mexican flavors come alive in Que Bo! Que Bo! uses only organic ingredients sourced from local producers. Colored truffles(松露) match their star ingredients, such as orange,

77、 mango or salt. A major attraction is its open air courtyard shops.Five locations in Mexico City.SOMA Chocolate maker, Canada These Toronto chocolate experts present pure chocolate bars made with beans from around the world. The fir truffles, symbolic of the Canadian pines, combine fruity cocoa and

78、natural oils from the fir trees to give the experience of eating chocolate in a pine forest. SOMA also highlights their expertise(专长) in goods like whiskey and ice cream, which serves as its major selling point providing customers with other choices besides chocolates.Two stores and a lab in downtow

79、n Toronto.Sprngli, Zurich, SwitzerlandWith colorful displays of chocolate truffles and sweets, Sprngli offers the traditional highend Swiss chocolate experience. This luxury chocolate shop first opened its doors in 1836, the first in Europe according to some. Today, Sprngli is acclaimed for the chan

80、ce it offers customers to enjoy coffee and cake in its second-floor caf, making the shop a complex of flavor treat.Numerous locations in Zurich.SpagNVola, United StatesSpagNVola husband-and-wife owners oversee entire chocolate process from farm to store, making the shop stand out. First they grow ca

81、cao at their farm. The cacao is handpicked, roasted and refined in their Maryland factory before the final products are shown on its shop shelves. Take the free tour to its kitchen and experience the shops magic. Their 70 percent chocolate bars represent the true quality of good chocolate.Three outl

82、ets in U.S.29Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?AYoung followed the old sweet chocolate fashion and created the new focus on dark chocolate.BQue Bo! is famous for its excellent indoor atmosphere.CSomas main attraction is that it offers items other than chocolates.DSpr

83、ngli supplies chocolates to various cafes in the country.30What do all these chocolate shops have in common?AInitiating the new chocolate trend.BCombining fresh ingredients with cocoa.CEnjoying a long history.DHaving more than one shop in its country.31SpagNVola excels among its peers because _.Ait

84、is run by a coupleBit controls the whole production processCcustomers can visit the shop free of chargeDit only sells 70 percent pure chocolate bars32Why do customers need to pay attention to chocolate labels?ABecause only chocolates from the mentioned shops are high quality.BBecause ingredient list

85、 should be checked to guarantee the quality of the chocolate.CBecause the price will be listed on the label.DBecause the expiration date is sometimes missing.（2022上海宝山统考一模）Jailbreaking commonly refers to unlocking iOS for iPhones and iPads. Seventeen-year-old George Hotz, or geohot as he liked to be

86、 called, was the first person to jailbreak an iPhone. He accomplished his feat in 2007, and many others followed his lead.Jailbreaking an iPhone offers some distinct benefits. With a jailbroken iPhone, you have numerous ways to change any setting to suit your needs. You can also alter the look and f

87、eel of the phone so that it matches your personality. Another advantage of jailbreaking for iPhone users is the ability to install apps not offered in Apples App Store. Cydia, an alternative app store for jailbroken iOS devices, offers a variety of apps, some of which cost more than others.Before ja

88、ilbreaking your iPhone, you should consider the consequences. Jailbreaking immediately voids (使无效) your iPhones warranty, which means that Apple is no longer required to fix your phone if something goes wrong. Jailbreaking also exposes you to the dangers associated with alternative apps. Poor qualit

89、y apps from alternative app stores may cause your iPhone to crash more often or stop working altogether. After jailbreaking your iPhone, you must also be careful not to allow Apple to install new software on your phone.Apple naturally discourages its customers from jailbreaking their iPhones. Accord

90、ing to the company, jailbreaking doesnt just affect the security and stability of an iPhone. It can also shorten the phones battery life. For many people, this is an important consideration.33Which aspects of jailbreaking does the article discuss?AThe ways in which jailbreaking can save people timeB

91、The positives and negatives associated with jailbreakingCThe clients who got into legal trouble for jailbreakingDThe best and worst techniques for jailbreaking phones34What does the article imply about the first person to jailbreak an iPhone?AHe apologized for his actions.BHe produced hardware desig

92、ns.CHe gave himself a nickname.DHe was turned down for a job.35From this article, what can readers learn about the products offered by Cydia?ATheir prices vary somewhat.BTheir inventors are quite young.CTheyre still manufactured abroad.DThey take only a few moments to install.36According to Apple, w

93、hat might happen after a person jailbreaks his or her iPhone?AIt might need a new camera stand.BIt might become harder to sell.CIt might be easily damaged by water.DIt might use up its battery faster.（2022上海宝山统考一模）When disaster strikes a community, it is often critical that assistance be provided ri

94、ght away. The best first responders are the people who call that area home. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and preven

95、tion, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive. A CERT team can make a huge difference to a community. During the early stages of a disastrous event, citizens will

96、likely face extreme challenges on their own. Emergency services are usually overwhelmed, and communities may be isolated because of blocked roads. A CERT team can size up the situation in their neighborhood and provide help right away. In 1986, untrained volunteers saved more than 800 lives in the M

97、exico City earthquake. Unfortunately, at least 100 volunteers also died in the process. To ensure their community was better prepared in events like this, Los Angeles piloted the first CERT program in 1986, and many cities followed their lead.People of all ages can participate in a CERT program-ther

98、e is even a teen program for adolescents. Local CERT trainers hold an annual training class and provide subsequent classes throughout the year to consolidate skills.CERT programs are useful on many different levels. Volunteers are trained to act as eyes and ears, locating trapped victims for uniform

99、ed emergency responders who arrive later. They learn to put out small fires, shut off equipment, rescue survivors and provide basic medical treatment. Volunteers also create disaster plans to evacuate families as well as collect and store disaster supplies such as water, food and first-aid kits. Wor

100、king with professionals, a CERT team can help reduce injuries, loss of life and property damage.There are now CERT programs throughout the United States, and more than 600,000 people have trained as volunteers. Brazil, New Zealand and Turkey have similar programs. Citizens participate because they b

101、elieve that everyone in a community has a role in disaster preparedness. By working competently as a team, CERT volunteers protect not only themselves but also the people around them when disasters occur.37According to the passage, when do CERT members usually provide assistance?ABefore those profes

102、sional rescuers arrive.BWhen uniformed emergency responders arrive.CDuring the early stages of a disastrous event.DThroughout the process of rescue in a disaster.38The word “pilot” in the second paragraph most probably means _.AconductBimitateCpassDdiscuss39According to the passage, residents in the

103、 community in some countries are willing to be CERT volunteers because _.Athey think each in the community is important in preventing and fighting against disasterBthey believe everyone in the community has the responsibility in a sudden natural disasterCthey think volunteers in the community can pr

104、otect themselves and others in a disasterDthey believe they can help victims earlier and more effectively than professional ones40What would be the proper title for the passage?ACERT and professional rescue teams are importantBCERT is a folk but helpful organization in AmericaCOrdinary people can sa

105、ve lives in a natural disasterDVolunteers can effectively prevent a natural disaster参考答案：1D2B3D4A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最新研究显示，手机和电子产品发出的蓝光对眼睛的伤害是不可逆转的。1词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision (这种伤害可导致视力出现较大的盲点)”和后半句“a disease that leads to blindness.(这种疾病会导致失明。)”可知，这种伤害可

106、导致视力出现较大的盲点，这也是黄斑变性的典型特征。所以hallmark为“特征”之意。故选D。2细节理解题。根据第二段“This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision that are the hallmark of macular degeneration(黄斑变性), a disease that leads to blindness. (这种伤害可导致视力出现较大的盲点，这也是黄斑变性的典型特征。黄斑变性会导致失明。)”可知，蓝光损害我们的视力，因为它可以造成与失明相关较大的盲点。故选B。3细节理解题。根据倒数二段“He e

107、xplained that as we get older, the ability to prevent attacks from retinal that has absorbed blue light became weaker, which leads to macular degeneration. (他解释说，随着年龄的增长，吸收了蓝光的视网膜防受损能力也在减弱，导致黄斑变性。)”可知，当我们变老时，抵抗视网膜攻击的能力变弱。故选D。4推理判断题。根据最后一段“Looking at cell phones in the dark can be very harmful becaus

108、e the pupils are dilated so more blue light can get in and cause damage”, he said. (他说：“在暗处看手机非常有害，因为瞳孔会放大，从而使更多蓝光进入眼睛，导致伤害。”)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍蓝光对眼睛的伤害，从而推断，如果文章继续，最有可能进一步讨论一些保护视力的方法。故选A。5B6B7A8A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ESP是指额外的感官感知，介绍了拥有这种能力的人的特点以及相关的研究。5细节理解题。根据第一段“ESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a catch-

109、all expression for the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are called psyc

110、hics.(ESP，即额外的感官知觉，是一种笼统的表达，指的是某些人接受他人传递的思想，传递自己的思想，预见未来将会发生什么，或者能够在不接触物体的情况下将物体从一个地方移动到另一个地方的所谓能力。这些特殊的人被称为通灵者)”可知，通灵者无法把一个朋友的想法传递给另一个朋友。故选B。6词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Alongside the existence of documented evidence, there are plenty of claims that have turned out to be cheating. For most people, it is difficult

111、 to accept such claims without having had first-hand experience.(除了有书面证据的存在，还有很多说法被证明是作弊。对于大多数人来说，如果没有亲身经历，很难接受这样的说法)”可知，很多人对超感知觉持怀疑态度。故画线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选B。7推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, other scientists have been unable to copy his results since, which has resulted in the book losing much of its original credi

112、bility and fame.(然而，从那以后，其他科学家一直无法复制他的结果，这导致这本书失去了最初的可信度和名气)”以及第四段“There was a great deal of excitement and interest at the time, but the research failed to produce convincing results.(当时人们非常兴奋和感兴趣，但这项研究未能得出令人信服的结果)”可推知，超感官知觉和甘兹菲尔德实验都没能科学地证明超能力的存在。故选A。8主旨大意题。根据第一段“ESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a

113、 catch-all expression for the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are call

114、ed psychics.(ESP，即额外的感官知觉，是一种笼统的表达，指的是某些人接受他人传递的思想，传递自己的思想，预见未来将会发生什么，或者能够在不接触物体的情况下将物体从一个地方移动到另一个地方的所谓能力。这些特殊的人被称为通灵者)”结合文章主要介绍了ESP是指额外的感官感知，介绍了拥有这种能力的人的特点以及相关的研究。可知，这篇文章主要讲了是否存在ESP。故选A。9A10B11B12D【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究发现人类最早的记忆可能是虚构的。9推理判断题。根据第一段“In the largest study of its kind, researchers asked people

115、about their earliest memory and at what age they believe it took place. They found that a surprising number of people claimed to remember things from their first years of life. But scientists agree that our brain isnt developed enough to keep memories until were three years old, so researchers wante

116、d to know why so many people insist they remember something before then.(在此类规模最大的研究中，研究人员询问人们关于他们最早的记忆以及他们认为记忆是在什么年龄发生的。他们发现有惊人数量的人声称能记住他们生命中第一年的事情。但是科学家们一致认为，我们的大脑在三岁之前还不足以保持记忆，所以研究人员想知道为什么这么多人坚持在三岁之前记住一些东西)”可知，科学表明我们的大脑记不住3岁前的事情，但许多人声称他们能记住人生最初几年的事情。由此推知，研究人员质疑人们的这一说法。故选A。10主旨大意题。根据第二段“Of 6,641 pa

117、rticipants, 37. 4 percent said they had their first memory before the age of 2. Of those, 893 said their first memories were from the period before they turned 1. Participants answers were analyzed in terms of their age, language, the content of the memory and the nature of the memory.(在6641名参与者中，有3

118、7.4% 的人说他们的第一次记忆是在2岁之前。在这些人中，有893人说他们的第一次记忆是在他们1岁之前。根据年龄、语言、记忆的内容和记忆的性质对参与者的回答进行分析)”可知，本段介绍了该研究是怎样进行的。故选B。11细节理解题。根据最后一段中“They also found that older people were more likely to report remembering a “fictional” early memory.(他们还发现，老年人更有可能记得“虚构的”早期记忆)”可知，老年人更容易回忆“虚构的”早期记忆。故选B。12推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“This mea

119、ns that many of these “fictional” memories are only our minds mixing up what we know about babies and what we actually experienced as a baby.(这意味着许多这些“虚构”的记忆只是我们的大脑混淆了我们所知道的关于婴儿的事情和我们在婴儿时期实际经历的事情)”可知，研究人员认为，这些“虚构的”记忆只是大脑混合了我们对婴儿的了解和我们在婴儿时期的实际经历。由此推知，研究人员认为早期的记忆都是虚构的。故选D。13B14C15C16B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介

120、绍了一种长期心理疗法认知加工疗法。它能够帮助患者改变消极态度和行为，减少对患者生活的负面影响，但同时也存在一些缺点，患者在初始阶段可能会更加焦虑或不适。13细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patients current life.(这样做的目的是让病人对创伤事件有一个新的、更积极的看法和

121、理解，从而减少对病人当前生活的持续负面影响。)”可知，认知加工疗法是为了帮助病人培养对创伤性时间的积极看法和理解。故选B项。14细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time , allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens lon

122、g-term impacts of trauma.This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.(与其他谈话疗法相比，它特别成功，因为它可以在很短的时间内完成，允许较低的患者退出率。它还能增强大脑的连通性，从而减少创伤的长期影响。这种增强的连通性就是为什么认知行为疗法经常被认为比药物更有效。)”可知，认知加工疗法成功是因为它完成时间短，增强大脑的连通性，所以它比其他的疗法要更加有效。故选C项。15推理判断题。根据

123、文章最后一段“However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach.Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults.The clear effectivenes

124、s of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.(然而，认知加工疗法主要侧重于自然灾害后，而不考虑灾前健康，已多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法。虽然还没有研究将认知加工疗法推广到儿童，但它对成人是一种有效的治疗方法。认知加工疗法的明确有效性证明了患者特异性治疗的重要性，这是个体患者独特的经历。)”可知，认知加工疗法多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法，并且对于成年人来说已经是有效的方法；由此可以

125、推出，下一步很有可能就是将其应用于儿童身上，研究它的有效性。故选C项。16主旨大意题。文章第一段主要讲了认知加工疗法的定义，它是一种长期的心理疗法；第二段讲了它为何如此有效，其原理是什么；第三段讲了认知加工疗法的缺点；第四段讲了它的应用范围。综合全文可知，文章主要介绍了一种长期心理疗法认知加工疗法。故选B项。17D18A19C20B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍2020年9月15日在金星上空的云层中发现的一种叫做磷化氢的气体，重新燃起了金星上可能存在生命的希望。虽然困难重重，但人们有坚定的决心去发现其他星球上的生命，一模轨道飞行器就是一个明智的途径。17推理判断题。根据第四段的“To rea

126、lly get to the heart of this question, we need to go to Venus,” says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University. But of course, that is easier said than done.Temperatures at the surface reach 464, and pressures are 89 times higher than on Earth. (“要真正了解这个问题的核心，我们需要去金星，”北卡罗来

127、纳州立大学的行星科学家保罗伯恩说。当然，说起来容易做起来难。火星表面温度高达464，压力是地球的89倍)”可知，金星表面温度过高，使得人们难以接近。由此推知，金星不适宜居住主要是因为该星球表面温度过高。故选D。18词句猜测题。根据第四段的“Only the Soviet Union has successfully landed on the Venusian surfaceits Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes before succumbing to the bad weather in 1982(只有苏联成功地登陆过金星表面1982

128、年，它的金星13号着陆器在向糟糕天气 succumbing to前，工作了127分钟)”尤其是“bad weather”猜测，划线词意为“屈服”，即金星13号在金星工作了127分钟以后，迫于糟糕天气不等不终止。故选A。19推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“An orbiter is the most sensible start. Unlike ground-based observations, orbiters can peer into the atmosphere and would have a better time observing how phosphine levels chan

129、ge over time or over what regions they are most concentrated. An orbiter also presents the opportunity to complete more challenging projects by potentially venturing directly into the planets atmosphere. A sample return mission could be possible, in which a spacecraft flies into the atmosphere and b

130、ottles up some gas to bring back to Earth for laboratory analysis.(轨道飞行器是最明智的开始。与地面观测不同，轨道飞行器可以凝视大气层，并可以更好地观察磷化氢水平如何随时间变化，或磷化氢浓度最集中的区域。轨道飞行器还提供了一个机会，通过可能直接进入地球大气层来完成更具挑战性的项目。样本返回任务是可能的，其中航天器飞入大气层，并装上一些气体带回地球进行实验室分析)”可知，通过向金星发射轨道飞行器，科学家将能够更好地揭示金星的秘密。故选C。20推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Trying to find life on another

131、planet, however, is not simply a walk from point A to point B. No single mission to Venus will be able to finish all the work necessary to answer the question. It might be time to think not just about what the next mission to Venus should be, but what a whole new era of Venus exploration would look

132、like: a group of multiple missions that explore Venus in joint effortsthe way we currently do with Mars.(然而，试图在另一颗行星上寻找生命，并不是简单地从a点走到b点就能完成的，没有一个金星任务能够完成回答这个问题的所有必要工作，也许是时候不只是考虑下一个金星任务应该是什么，而是考虑一个全新的金星探索时代会是什么样子：一组联合探索金星的多个任务，就像我们目前对火星所做的那样)”可知，虽然任务艰巨、困难重重，人们还是会继续探索金星以及其他星球，以寻找生命的迹象。由此推知，我们有坚定的决心去发现

133、其他星球上的生命。故选B。21C22C23D24A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了冬季骑自行车的人为什么增加了，以及最后提出不建议雪天骑自行车。21主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Today, however, it is estimated that 4-5% of cyclists ride bikes year-round.(然而，今天，据估计4-5%的骑自行车的人全年都骑自行车)”以及第二段“The increasing popularity of winter cycling is due to the creation of mountain bike and its imitati

134、on.(冬季自行车的日益普及是由于山地车的创造和模仿)”以及第三段中“Besides all these mentioned above, there is one thing that has made winter riding more popular these years.(除了上面提到的这些，还有一件事使冬季骑行在这些年来变得更受欢迎)”可知，本文主要讲述冬季自行车运动的流行及其原因。故选C项。22细节理解题。根据第二段中“The increasing popularity of winter cycling is due to the creation of mountain b

135、ike and its imitation.Equipped with more stable bicycles, nothing seems to be able to stop the adventurous winter cyclists.(冬季自行车的日益普及是由于山地车的创造和模仿。配备了更稳定的自行车，似乎没有什么能阻止冒险的冬季自行车手)”可知，因为稳定自行车的发明导致冬季骑行不再是一种罕见的景象。故选C项。23细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the past, cyclists need to clean and oil their bicycle chains once a

136、week, which is no easy task. But one bicycle store owner tackled this weekly challenging task with an innovated complete chain cover.With bicycle chains completely covered, cyclists would need to do the troublesome work once every six months.(在过去，骑自行车的人需要每周清洁一次自行车链，并为其上油，这不是一项容易的任务。但一位自行车店主用一种创新的完整链

137、条套解决了这个每周都具有挑战性的任务。在完全覆盖自行车链条的情况下，骑自行车的人每六个月就需要做一次这项麻烦的工作)”可知，一位自行车店主发明了一种减少维修频率的新方法来帮助冬季骑自行车的人。故选D项。24词句猜测题。根据划线单词前文“Despite this amazing invention, the store owner still advises cyclists to take a taxi or bus when its really snowing heavily, not because conditions are too hard for bicycles, but be

138、cause she is afraid that many bikers may lose confidence in themselves(尽管有了这个惊人的发明，但店主还是建议骑车的人在真正下雪的时候乘坐出租车或公共汽车，这并不是因为条件对自行车来说太艰苦，而是因为她担心很多骑车的人对自己失去信心)”可知，不推荐下大雪时骑自行车，不是因为雪天条件艰苦，而更多是因为雪天能见度下降，而失去信心。所以可推测discernibility为“能见度”之意，和A项“visibility”意思相近。故选A项。25B26B27A28C【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物

139、品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析25细节理解题。根据第一段“In the eyes of sellers, the right pricethe one that will draw the most profit from consumers walletshas become the focus of huge experiments. (在卖家看来，合适的价格从消费者的钱包中获得最多利润的价格已经成为了巨大实验的焦点。)”可知，对商家来说，合适的价格就是能给他们带来最多利润的价格。故选B。26细节理解题。根据第二段“Simply put, the convenienc

140、e to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellersin a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinctionare now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us. (简单地说，随时随地了解任何东西的价格的便利性给了我们消费者如

141、此强大的力量，以至于为了重新占据上风或至少避免灭绝而不顾一切的卖家现在都在屏幕上盯着我们。他们试图和我们“比价购物”)”可知，商家们一直在屏幕上盯着我们是为了和我们“比价购物”，即通过分析消费者的在线购买历史以制定价格策略。故选B。27细节理解题。根据最后一段“The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web histor

142、y shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. (现在，自动售货机中一罐汽水的价格会随着室外温度的变化而变化。耳机的价格可能取决于您的网络历史记录显示的预算意识。价格甚至可能受您用于物品搜索的手机价格的影响。)”可知，一件商品的价格会受室外温度、预算意识和消费者用于物品搜索的手机价格等的影响，不包括购买者当时的情绪。故选A。28主旨大意题。根据第二段“It may come as a surprise that, in buyi

143、ng a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. (买馅饼时，你可能会参加一个精心设计的社会科学实验，这可能会让人感到惊讶。但这就是网上比价购物所带来的。)”和最后一段“In the Internet era, I dont think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies

144、have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. (哈佛大学教授罗伯特多兰表示：“在互联网时代，我认为没有人能够预测这些策略会变得多么复杂。”。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析。故选C。29C30D31B32B【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍5个巧克力生产商。29细节理解题。根据SOMA Chocolate maker, Canada部分“SOMA also highlights their expertise(专长) in goods like

145、 whiskey and ice cream, which serves as its major selling point providing customers with other choices besides chocolates. (SOMA还强调了他们在威士忌和冰淇淋等商品方面的专业知识，这是其主要卖点，为客户提供巧克力以外的其他选择。)”可知，Soma的主要吸引力在于它提供巧克力以外的商品。故选C。30细节理解题。根据Paul Young, London, England部分“Three locations in London. (在伦敦有三家店。)”， Que Bo!, M

146、exico City, Mexico部分“Five locations in Mexico City. (在墨西哥城有五家店。)”， SOMA Chocolate maker, Canada部分“Two stores and a lab in downtown Toronto. (在多伦多市中心有两个商店和一个实验室。)”，Sprngli, Zurich, Switzerland部分“Numerous locations in Zurich. (在苏黎世有无数家店。)”和SpagNVola, United States部分“Three outlets in U.S. (在美国有三家门店。)”可

147、知，这5个巧克力生产商在各自的国家都不止有一家商店。故选D。31细节理解题。根据SpagNVola, United States部分“SpagNVola husband-and-wife owners oversee entire chocolate process from farm to store, making the shop stand out. (SpagNVola的夫妻俩负责监督从农场到商店的整个巧克力加工过程，使商店脱颖而出。)”可知，SpagNVola在同行中表现出色是因为他们夫妻俩负责管理和监督整个生产过程。故选B。32推理判断题。根据第一段“And remember t

148、hat besides ordinary facts like expiration (过期) date or manufacture place, labels bear essential information. If sugar is listed as the main ingredient(原料) on the label, quickly put it down and find a bar in which cocoa shines. (请记住，除了保质期或生产地点等普通事实外，标签上还包含重要信息。配料是糖的就不选，那就不是真正的巧克力。)”可知，顾客需要注意巧克力标签，是因

149、为应该检查配料表以保证巧克力的质量。故选B。33B34C35A36D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了能够解锁iphone和ipad的iOS系统以及它的优缺点。33细节理解题。根据第二段“Jailbreaking an iPhone offers some distinct benefits.( 解锁iPhone有一些明显的好处。)”和第三段 “Before jailbreaking your iPhone, you should consider the consequences. (在解锁你的iPhone之前，你应该考虑一下后果。)”可知本文主要讨论了与解锁手机相关的积极和消极因素。故选

150、B。34推理判断题。根据第一段“Seventeen-year-old George Hotz, or geohot as he liked to be called, was the first person to jailbreak an iPhone. (17岁的乔治霍兹，或者他喜欢别人称呼他geohot，是第一个破解iPhone的人。)”可知他给自己起了个绰号。故选C。35细节理解题。根据第二段“Cydia, an alternative app store for jailbroken iOS devices, offers a variety of apps, some of whi

151、ch cost more than others.( Cydia是针对解锁iOS设备的另一个应用商店，提供了多种应用程序，其中一些应用程序的价格高于其他应用程序。)”可知，读者可以了解到Cydia提供的产品价格有所不同。故选A。36细节理解题。根据最后一段“According to the company, jailbreaking doesnt just affect the security and stability of an iPhone. It can also shorten the phones battery life. For many people, this is an

152、 important consideration.( 苹果公司表示，解锁不仅会影响iPhone的安全性和稳定性。它还会缩短手机的电池寿命。对许多人来说，这是一个重要的考虑因素。)”根据苹果公司的说法，一个人解锁他或她的iPhone，可能会更快地用完电池。故选D。37D38C39A40C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。说明了CERT团队可以对社区产生巨大的影响，介绍了其积极作用以及人们对其的看法。37细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)

153、program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the

154、 consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive. (社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。志愿者队伍接受消防安全和预防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培训。经过培训，这些志愿者可以在专业救援人员到达之前，在灾难发生后立即提供援助)”可知，CERT成员通常在灾难中救援的整个过程提供帮助。故选D。38词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“the first CERT program in 1986, and many cities followed their lead(第一个CERT计划在19

155、86年，许多城市跟随他们的领导)”可知，洛杉矶在1986年通过了第一个CERT计划，许多城市效仿他们的做法。故画线词意思是“通过”。故选C。39细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Citizens participate because they believe that everyone in a community has a role in disaster preparedness. By working competently as a team, CERT volunteers protect not only themselves but also the people around t

156、hem when disasters occur.(公民参与是因为他们相信社区中的每个人都可以在备灾中发挥作用。通过作为一个团队称职地工作，CERT志愿者在灾难发生时不仅保护自己，还保护周围的人)”可知，一些国家的社区居民愿意成为CERT志愿者，因为他们认为社区中的每一个人在预防和抗击灾难方面都很重要。故选A。40主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect th

157、eir communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive. (社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。志愿者队伍接受消防安全和预防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培训。经过培训，这些志愿者可以在专业救援人员到达之前，在灾难发生后立即提供援助)”结合文章说明了CERT团队可以对社区产生巨大的影响，介绍了其积极作用以及人们对其的看法。可知，故C选项“普通人也能在自然灾害中拯救生命”最符合文章标题。故选C。