专题09 阅读理解专题科普环保类- (2018-2022)高考英语真题分项汇编.docx

1、阅读理解专题09 科普环保类(2018-2022)高考英语真题分项汇编（全国） 2022年(全国甲卷)Goffins cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in

2、the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.In humans, babies can

3、 put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame

4、 of reference”. In the experiment, Goffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffins cockatoos do indeed possess an allocent

5、ric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.The next step according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24. How did the cockatoos get

6、 the nut from the box in the experiment?A. By following instructions.B. By using a tool.C. By turning the box around.D. By removing the lid.25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A. Using a key to unlock a door.B. Telling parrots from other birds.C. Putting

7、 a ball into a round hole.D. Grouping toys of different shapes.26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A. How far they are able to see.B. How they track moving objects.C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.27. Which can

8、 be a suitable title for the text?A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersB. Cockatoos: Independent LearnersC. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild,

9、the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具

10、从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。【26题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the co

11、ckatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffins cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to hav

12、e similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。2021（全国乙卷）Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter oce

13、anecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the y

14、ear, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Jus

15、t 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw thats part of Vo

16、n Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For th

17、is work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteerscollected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic

18、 footprint.41. What are Von Wongs artworks intended for?A. Beautifying the city he lives in.BIntroducing eco-friendly products. CDrawing public attention to plastic waste.DReducing garbage on the beach.42. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A. To show the difficulty of their r

19、ecycling.B. To explain why they are useful.C. To voice his views on modern art.D. To find a substitute for them.43. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?A. Calming.BDisturbing.CRefreshing.DChallenging.44. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists Opinio

20、ns on Plastic SafetyB. Media Interest in Contemporary ArtResponsibility Demanded of Big Companies DOcean Plastics Transformed into SculpturesC42A43C44D【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在 2018 的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每 60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wo

21、ng 通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。 41推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examinetheir relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料

22、吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明冯王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C 项。 42推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggestsource(来源) of plastic pollu

23、tion, but theyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw thats part of Von Wongsartwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the s

24、traw willtake centuries to disappear.(全球只有 9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯王作 品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A 项。 43推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a

25、 specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at o

26、nce.(在 2018 年的一个作品中，冯王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每 60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新”。故选C 项。 44标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a differen

27、ce? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明冯王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段

28、“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled“Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together

29、 to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒) from a truck allat once.(在 2018 年的一个作品中，冯王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每 60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明冯王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D 项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适

30、合作为标题。故选D 项。2021年（上海卷）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then,many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997,the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earths changing atmosphere and set int

31、ernational limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims tolimit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries

32、 cut carbon emissions.（1）It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _.A.the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B.gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC.the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD.humans have made continuous

33、efforts to slow down global warming（2）If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A.The human population would increase by one third.B.Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C.Nations would not need to tighten their emissions t

34、argets.D.The Agreements minimum goal would not be reached.（3）If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_.A.0.8B.1.5C.2D.3.5【答案】 （1）D（2）D（3）B 【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文 【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文阅读。本文介绍了人们一直努力减少温室

35、气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目标以及达成目标要符合的条件。（1）D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句至第六句“Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make adifference. In 1997, the Kyoto stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims tolimit global warming.”可知自从20世纪早期开始人类就一直在努力减少温室气体的排放，希望能减缓全球变暖的趋势。故D项正确。（2）D推理判断题。根据文章第二段This is

36、 how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to theinitial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段To meet this minimum goal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。（3）B 细节理解题。根据第四段1.5中的This is the most ambitious goal for

37、 temperaturerise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations likeKiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5 could save them from sinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。【点评】细节理解题一直都是高考阅读理解中常考的题型，通常细节理解题的正确选项有以下特征：对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。词性或

38、者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。偷换概念。把原来做该事的张三换成李四，所述细节

39、确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。2020年(全国卷II)When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the

40、 market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, pro

41、ject director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down

42、there cant handle this non-native species(物种).Its destroying the environment. Its them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Ed

43、mond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says its not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is trying to promote fur.Then theres Righteous Fur and

44、its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think thats going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria

45、fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D.

46、 To celebrate a winter holiday.29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A

47、. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A. Its formal. B. Its risky. C. Its harmful.D. Its traditional.【答案】28. A 29. A 30. D 31. B【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，

48、科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, pro

49、ject director of Righteous Fur.得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按

50、照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处

51、于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think thats going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择

52、，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。2021年（新高考1卷）When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North American, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfort

53、unately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house t

54、he ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under

55、this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. Ding Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Directo

56、r of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wil

57、dlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of

58、the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?A. Loss of wetlands.B. Popularity of water sports.C. Pollution of rivers.D. Arrival of other wild animals.29. What does the underlined word decimate mean in the first p

59、aragraph?A. Acquire.B. Export.C. Destroy.D. Distribute.30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?A. The stamp price has gone down.B. The migratory birds have flown away.C. The hunters have stopped hunting.D. The government has collected money.31. Which of the following is a suitable titl

60、e for the text?A. The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB. The National Wildlife Refuge SystemC. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A【解析】本文为说明文，讲述了为解决湿地减少导致赖以生存的水禽锐减这一问题，美国政府于1934年通过候鸟狩猎印花税法案，采取坚定措施保护候鸟及湿地，并通过the Federal Duck Stamp Program（联邦鸭票计划）

61、来帮助保护湿地。28. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，湿地的丧失造成了水禽数量的减少，故选A。29. 词义猜测题。根据第一段第三句“Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a la

62、rge part of these resources.”及第四句“Millions of waterfowl were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.”可知，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分，故选C。30. 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a

63、 Federal Duck Stamp.”及第三段第一句“About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat.”可知，政府筹集了资金，故选D。31. 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了湿地受到破坏，水禽的数量减少，于是通过the Federal Duck Stamp Program（联邦鸭票计划）来帮助保护湿地，故选A。2019年6月 (浙江卷)Many fact

64、ors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resour

65、ces(资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was gre

66、atest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soi

67、l, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27.

68、 What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned

69、but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air

70、.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California【答案】27. A 28. D 29. C 30.

71、 A【解析】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。【27题详解】主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林

72、里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, , and earlier snowmelt, 可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。【30题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。2018

73、年（全国I卷）We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume m

74、uch more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are min

75、ed to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smar

76、t phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the ho

77、use,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst d

78、evices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution (解决方案)? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new

79、electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are envir

80、onment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electr

81、icity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them. 阅读理解D新

82、旧电子设备能耗说明性议论文32. A 推理判断题 根据第一段最后一句Thats bad news for the environment as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. 可知，做同样的事，过时的电子设备比新设备耗能更多。由此可推断，作者认为新设备更节能、更环保。33. D 事实细节题 根据第二段第一句 To figure out how much power these devices are using, 可知，Babbitt的团队开

83、展研究是为了查明新旧电子设备的耗能量。34. B 推理判断题 根据最后一段They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 可知，使用平板电脑观看娱乐节目比用电视或台式电脑能减少44%的能源消耗。由此可推断，四种电子设备中，平板电脑的耗能量是最少的。35. A 推理判断题 作者开篇提出观点：新电子设备比过时的旧设备更节能、更环保。之后又用Babbitt团队的研究证明自己的观点，文章的最后作者又再次强调具备多功能的新电子设备的确是更节能。由此可推断，作者建议人们不要再用过时的旧电子设备了。