专题12 阅读理解之说明文-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）（原卷版）.docx

1、专题12 阅读理解之说明文2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析 项目年份 卷别语篇类型题型应用文记叙文说明文议论文细节理解推理判断主旨要义词义猜测2023新高考I卷ABC/D6711新高考卷ABC/D8331全国甲卷ABC/D951全国乙卷BA/CD58112022新高考I卷ACDB10311新高考卷ABC/D7512全国甲卷AC/DB8331全国乙卷AC/DB112112021新高考I卷ABC/D6621新高考卷ABC/D9411全国甲卷ACBD6711全国乙卷A/B/C/D48212020新高考I卷AB/CD7512全国I卷AC/DB4821全国卷ADB/C8232说明文是对事物或

2、事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年高考题中，说明文考查很多，变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题、高科技领域的科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由易到难的

3、方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常放在C或D篇。阅读理解试题的考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握，而说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。题型归纳题型01 细节理解题【题型诠释】说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third

4、(ly), finally, notonly, butalso, then, inaddition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。在例证处命题，句中常用由as, suchas, forexample, forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, infact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, notsomuchas等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常

5、出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。【典例1】(2023上山东高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)Animal appear to predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air the first study to find reliable e

6、vidence of the phenomenon has shown.Cameras revealed an “amazing” drop in the number of animals up to 23 days before a major quake hit their rainforest home at Yanachaga National Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, from Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results showed that just before t

7、he earthquake, animals activity dropped right down.”On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the

8、seven days immediately before the quake.Another study showed that animal activity remained normal in the park over a different period when seismic (地震的) activity was low. Co-author, professor Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were located at an altitude of 900 meters. If air ionization occurred,

9、 the animals would escape to the valley below, where there were fewer positive ions (离子). With their ability to sense their environment, animals can help us understand small changes that occur before major earthquakes.”Other evidence suggested that before the earthquake, the air around the high moun

10、tain sites filled with positive ions that can be produced when rocks are placed under stress. Positive ions have been known to cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions, leading them to avoid the area. They are

11、 thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized. The findings may help experts develop better short-term seismic forecasts.16. How did scientists conduct the study?A. By comparing different animals habits.B. By observing animals in high mountains.C. By explaining the positiv

12、e ion phenomenon.D. By analyzing images of animals they obtained.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were

13、 photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这项研究的。故选D。题型02 语意猜测题【题型诠释】说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判

14、断题的考查。命题方式多以theunderlined partinparagraphrefersto 或what does the underlinedwordmean?或whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文

15、来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。【典例2】(2023上广东广州高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always latethats an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect of your personality, scientists have found.So what is it that causes some

16、people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the brides shown up and regularly annoy their friends? And why is it so hard for us to fix it? “There are all sorts of punishments for being late, but we are still late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justi

17、n Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will takesomething known as the planning fallacy. Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to complete a ta

18、sk by a significant 40 percent.Besides, forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. A 2023 study found that out of 181subway operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness

19、 of what youre doing. Its also discovered there is a personality type thats more likely to be late. While highly nervous, achievement-oriented Type A individuals arc more possible to be punctual, Type B individuals, however, who are calmer and more relaxed, have a higher chance to be late.Admittedly

20、, knowing all of this doesnt necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take

21、 more accurately. As for your personality type, unfortunately, there isnt much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.27. What does the underlined word “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3?A. A reasonable ar

22、gument.B. A mistaken belief.C. A modest expectation.D. A realistic idea.【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中“One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take”（人们经常迟到的一个最常见的原因是他们不能准确地判断一项任务需要多长时间）以及“Research has shown that people on average

23、underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人们平均低估了完成一项任务所需时间的40%。）由此可知，此处为这就是所谓的计划谬误。故可猜测划线单词fallacy为“谬论”的意思，结合选项B项A mistaken belief“错误的信念”意思一致。故选B项。题型03 主旨大意题【题型诠释】说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以Thispassagemainlytalksabout_. What

24、isthemain idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以Thispassagemainlytalksabout答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。【典例3】(2023上广东汕头高三金山中学校考阶段练习)Whenever you read text, your brain processes the visual stimuli (刺激物) to create meaning and understan

25、d the content. Chances are, you dont pay much attention to the way the information is presented- particularly the font (字体) choice. Thats because your main target is reading comprehension, not aesthetics.Although typography (排印) is missed by most of us, its essential in making texts legible, readabl

26、e and appealing for audiences. Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A fonts impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly

27、 tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-to-read fonts such as Bodoni, Comic Sans, or Monotype Corsiva are better for memorizing information than fonts like Arial or Times New Roman, according to some studies.“Difficulty can function as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challe

28、nging and will require mental effort,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University and one of a 2010 study authors, “Additionally, slowing down the reading speed to deal with the disfluency may increase the probability of spotting errors in a text.”Font character

29、istics such as style, size and color play a role in information retention memory or recall as well, says Stephen Banham, a typography lecturer at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. Experiments have proved a U-shape relationship between font size and memory: Large-font items may predict higher

30、recall regardless of style, but very small font sizes can also introduce a desirable difficulty.A documents specific method of formatting information also makes an impact. Using font styles like bold or italics to indicate significance can also improve memory. Thats because people are better able to

31、 remember information they consider important, says Oppenheimer. Researchers found that bolded text has a higher recall than text in italic or regular styles, regardless of the font size. However, if an entire document is bolded, the emphasis is lost, and readers can no longer spot vital passages.26

32、. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. What Fonts Make Reading EasyB. What Fonts Make Memory LastingC. Why Fonts Impact Retention and RecallD. How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory【答案】D【答案】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in

33、 the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A fonts impact on the way you learn and memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in.(除了视觉方面，研究表明，字体在我们阅读时的心理理解过程中起着重要作用。字体对你学习和记忆信息的影响可能很难有意识地注意到，但你的大脑肯定会注意到。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述的是字体选择在阅读理

34、解、记忆和信息提取过程中的重要性以及产生的影响。D选项“How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory(字体如何影响学习和记忆)”概括全文，符合文章标题。故选D。题型04 判断推理题【题型诠释】这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判

35、断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的设问方式有：1. Whatwas the authors attitude towards.?2. The passage is intended to . 3. The author suggests that . 4. The story implies that 5. W

36、hich point of view may the author agree to? 6. From the passage we can conclude that. 7. The purpose of the passage is to.。解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。【典例4】(2023上湖北高三华中师大一附中校考期中)Wit

37、h the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dogs breed, health risks, and even behaviors. DNA testing typically works by analyzing the genetic material found in a samp

38、le of cells taken from the inside of your dogs cheek. This sample is then compared to a database of known breeds and genetic markers associated with certain traits or health conditions. The first step in obtaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type you want. Most companies offer several differen

39、t types of tests that vary in cost and complexity. For instance, some tests just analyze your dogs breed composition, while others can assess additional genetic markers associated with certain diseases or behaviors. Then its time to collect your dogs sample using the provided swab (拭子) kit or saliva

40、-collection tube included with most kits. The swab should be gently rubbed inside your pets cheek according to the kits directions before being placed into the collection container provided by the company. After collecting the sample, it should be mailed back to the laboratory for processing accordi

41、ng to instructions given by the company providing the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks for results to be processed and sent back via email or mail. Results will vary depending on which type of test was purchased, but they generally include detailed information about yo

42、ur pets breed composition as well as any potential health risks or behavioral traits associated with their genetics that could affect their overall well-being and quality of life. If youre looking for an easy way to learn more about your pups background without spending too much money, then DNA test

43、ing might just be right up your alley.11. What is the text?A. A dog advertisement.B. A dog DNA experiment.C. A dog DNA testing survey.D. A dog DNA test kit promotion.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular among dog

44、 owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dogs breed, health risks, and even behaviors. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”和最后一段“If youre looking for an easy way to learn more about your pups background without spending too much money, then

45、DNA testing might just be right up your alley. (如果你正在寻找一种简单的方法，在不花太多钱的情况下了解更多关于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA检测可能正是你的选择。)”可知，这篇文章主要是售卖狗DNA检测试剂盒，所以它是一场促销活动。故选D。高考练场题型01 细节理解题(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷C篇)I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarders Sophies World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I

46、spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better t

47、han you and then try to explain them.Eric weiners The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between c

48、ities and then frames each philosophers work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding phil

49、osophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he

50、 becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their mssages and adding his own interpretation.The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is cle

51、ar: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. Its worth your time, even if time is something we dont have a lot of.28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?A. Foucault.B. Eric Weiner.C. Jostein Gaarder.D. A college teacher

52、.题型02 语意猜测题(2023年新高考全国卷英语C篇)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide its right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one

53、, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many peoples digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my sug

54、gested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive

55、benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one, Ill guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, Ill draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. Youll hear these participants stories and learn wha

56、t strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude

57、 (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid you

58、r efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D. Take-over.题型03 主旨大意题(2023年新高考全国卷英语D篇)On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a pap

59、er which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those

60、 errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel

61、 each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on

62、 this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtaine

63、d from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.

64、Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these

65、arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimati

66、on.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of peoples errors.D. The design of Galtons experiment.题型04 判断推理题(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷D篇)Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us

67、 frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bear

68、s expand their range into places where they havent been seen in a century or more, theyre increasingly being sighted by humans.The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after ce

69、nturies of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been

70、 so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.Obviously, if precautions (预防) are

71、nt taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm

72、 animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.35. What can be inferred from the last pa

73、ragraph?A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.名校模拟A(2023上山东高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)New York Broadway Show: AladdinHave a genie (精灵) grant your wish to see the

74、Disney classic live on Broadway!Provider: Tiqets International B. V.Duration: 2h 30minsTicket Info: A. $91.20 Admission to AladdinB. Smartphone tickets acceptedC. Instant ticket deliveryHighlights & DescriptionRoll out the magic carpet and get ready for a whole new world. The producer of The Lio

75、n King brings the timeless story of Aladdin to the New York stage in a musical spectacular for the whole family.From the producer of The Lion King, this magical spectacle is packed with all your favorite songs from the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and more!Come to the New Amsterdam Theatre and s

76、tep into “A Whole New World”!InstructionsYour tickets will be sent to you via email. Please show your ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance for the time and date of your show.Seating starts 30 minutes prior to showtime, but there may be a wait to enter the theatre due to the security check. P

77、lease give your group plenty of time to get to the theatre and find their seats. Latecomers will be accommodated during the first appropriate break in the performance.Reschedule and Cancellation PolicyRefunds are not possible for this ticket. Rescheduling is not possible for this ticket.1. Where is

78、the text probably taken from?A. A Disney brochure.B. A travel blog.C. A ticketing website.D. A Broadway introduction.2. What is the feature of the Broadway show Aladdin?A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam.B. It is adapted from The Lion King.C. It is an animated classic from Disney.D. It is a magical m

79、usical with many songs.3. If you arrive late, you will _.A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break.B. be turned away and the refund is impossible.C. be rescheduled for the earliest available show.D. be admitted immediately after the security check.B(2023山东潍坊潍坊一中校考模拟预测) One mans trash is anot

80、her mans treasure is absolutely the case in Turkey where garbage collectors started collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a library.It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it snowballed from there. Ipek and other

81、garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their fa

82、milies to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started

83、 to discuss the idea of creating a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today, the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and t

84、heres a very popular childrens section that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and educational programs.“Village

85、school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the citys workers and students from nearby schools. There is a waiting

86、 room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.4. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Declined quickly.B. Grew slowly.C. Developed rapidly.D. Worsened steadily.5. What does par

87、agraph 4 mainly tell us about the library?A. Its great popularity.B. Its potential significance.C. Its huge collection of books.D. Its wide variety of readers.6. Why did the government hire a full-time employee?A. To raise peoples awareness of recycling.B. To classify and check the donated books.C.

88、To expand the social influence of the library.D. To meet the huge demand from rural teachers.7. What can be inferred about the library from the last paragraph?A. Its an excellent place to enjoy tea.B. Its crowded with readers every day.C. It needs to improve its management.D. It provides a very cons

89、iderate service.C(2023山东济南山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University student Millie Salvato, being apart from her friend on the opposite coast has proved challenging. Sometimes a te

90、xt or video call is not enough, and people in Salvatos situation often long for a way to send a comforting hug from afar. In a new study detailed in IEEE Transactions on Haptics, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey social messages sent

91、electronically.Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social messages in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to six different scenes: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and

92、 sadness. After collecting 661 touch movements, Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. Next, they used a machine-learning algorithm (算法) to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response. Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these m

93、ovements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electronically signaled. “The instant it received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reported.Even with no training, the participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six scenes 45 pe

94、rcent of the time. For comparison, a previous study found participants could match scenes for touches from real human hands 55 percent of the time.Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really surprising. But the study was small and needs to

95、cover far larger groups of people to determine exactly which are the most desirable responses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjoy great popularity once launched on the market.8. What were participants asked to do during the study?A. Pick up reliable responses.B. Model on electronic to

96、uches.C. Respond to different situations.D. Mark out programmed movements.9. What does the underlined word “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2?A. Alarm.B. Shake.C. Shine.D. Inform.10. What does Gerling suggest according to the last paragraph?A. Covering more scenes.B. Launching on the market.C. Conducting

97、 further research.D. Interviewing the participants.11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. Electronic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual TouchB. New Technology Improving Social ConnectionsC. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical TouchesD. Electronic Sleeves Responding to Different

98、SituationsD(2023山东济宁济宁一中统考三模) Thousands of years have passed since humans discovered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses for this remarkable material. Now researchers say it could help tackle a growing environmental and health concern: Micro-plastics.Micro-plastics that are now found wor

99、ldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air. F

100、or example, vitamins are often delivered in the form of micro capsules packed into a pill or capsule,and herbicides (除草剂) are similarly enveloped. But the materials used today for such micro-encapsulation are plastics that stay in the environment for a long time. To date, there has been no practical

101、, economical alternative available that would biodegrade naturally.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-based biodegradable alternative to these capsules. Silk is recognized as safe for food or medical use, as it degrades naturally in th

102、e body. The silk protein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved (溶解), lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says. Besides, the processing is so simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted to work on existing

103、 manufacturing equipment.Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case,but given the current and future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is of great importance. Products using silk-base

104、d micro-capsules are expected to be commercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active components that could require a different manufacturing approach, such as those that must remain in liquid or gas forms.12. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?A. Remov

105、ing plastic pollution is a piece of cake.B. Micro-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.C. Micro-plastics have become a severe pollution threat.D. Developing an alternative for micro-plastics is urgent.13. Whats the major concern of researchers choosing silk as an alternative?A. It is economica

106、l.B. It is biodegradable.C. It is widely available.D. It is skin-friendly.14. Whats the last paragraph mainly about concerning the silk-based material?A. Its promising future.B. Its marketing method.C. Its existing limitations.D. Its making approach.15. In which part of a magazine can the passage probably be found?A. Climate.B. Agriculture.C. Technology Advances.D. Health Guidelines.