专题14 阅读理解之判断推理题解题方法-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考阅读理解专题之判断推理题解题方法知识导图要点精析（一）、题型概述英语阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图直接表达出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。推理判断题涉及的范围很广，主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断等。（二）、选项特点1正确选项的特点(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持，并且可以推断出正确选项。(2)大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。2

2、干扰项的特点(1)颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。(2)照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断。(3)推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。(4)无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。（三）、解题过程中应该注意的问题推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题。不论做哪一类推理判断题，指导思想都是要以文字信息为依据，不能浮于表面，但也不能做多步推理。（四）、命题方式推理判断题常见的命题形式：1细节推断题(

3、1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that .(2)The author strongly suggests that .(3)The writer implies but not directly states that .(4)The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that .2文章来源或读者对象类推断题(1)The passage would most likely be found in .(2)In which of the following publications

4、would this passage most likely come from?(3)Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?3写作意图类推断题(1)What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?(2)The purpose of the passage is to get people to .(3)The writer writes the last paragraph in order to .4态度倾向类推断题(1)The atti

5、tude of the author towards.is .(2)Whats the writers attitude towards.?(3)What does the author think about.?（五）、技法点拨1细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可以判断正确答案。 典题印证Other organizations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts th

6、ey may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still dont know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years time,” he says.Andrew Mille

7、r thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _. A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future D. it remains unknown how users

8、data will be taken advantage of答案D解析 推理判断题。根据段后一句“We still dont know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years time,” he says.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。2文章来源或读者对象类

9、推断题考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。 典题印证EU members states have agreed to ban a toxic substance widely found in clothing because it poses an “acceptable risk” to the environment. Countries voted in fav

10、or of extending existing restrictions on nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) to imports of clothing and other textile products.The measure is intended to protect species in water. Use of NPE in textile manufacture in Europe was banned over 10 years ago but the substance is still released into the water en

11、vironment through imported textiles being washed.A 2011 study by Greenpeace found NPE in two-thirds of clothes tested, including items sold by big-name brands such as Adidas, H&M, Lacoste, and Ralph Lauren. The NGO (Non-Governmental Organizations) argued that although concentrations of NPE found in

12、the clothes were low, the chemicals existence in the environment posed a risk.Which section of the website does the text come from?A. Lifestyle.B. Technology. C. Business. D. Environment.答案D解析 推理判断题。这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了欧盟禁止在织物中使用一种对环境有害的物质NPE，这种物质在织物清洗时会释放到水中，影响水环境，进而影响水中鱼类的生长。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第一段的EU members

13、 states have agreed to ban a toxic substance widely found in clothing because it poses an acceptable risk to the environment.(欧盟的成员国已经同意禁止一种广泛存在于服装中的有毒物质，因为它对环境构成了“可接受的风险”)可知，本文主要讲述了欧盟禁止在织物中使用一种对环境有害的物质NPE，这种物质在织物清洗时会释放到水中，影响水环境，进而影响水中鱼类的生长。由此推测本文很有可能出现在网页的环境相关的板块。D. Environment.(环境)符合以上说法，故选D项。3写作意

14、图类推断题要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。典题印证If you are a fruit groweror would like to become onetake advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.Its called Apple Day but in pra

15、ctice its more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21，but since it has caught on，events now spread out over most of October around Britain.Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see，and often taste，a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as

16、 Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets，it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesnt taste of anything special，its still worth a try，as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a c

17、uriosity than anything else.There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.At the e

18、vents，you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions，and because these are family affairs，children are well catered for with applethemed fun and games.Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commerci

19、al orchardsIf you want to have a real orchard experience，try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show how to grow apples.BTo introduce an apple festival.CTo help people select apples.DTo promote apple research

20、.答案B解析写作意图题。根据第一段第一句“If you are a fruit groweror would like to become onetake advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.”和最后一段最后一句“If you want to have a real orchard experience，try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.”可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日Apply Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日。4态度倾向类

21、推断题考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失

22、望的)等。典题印证The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generation

23、s，college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family，thanks to cell phones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some pare

24、nts go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility，universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.Whats the authors attitude towar

25、d continued parental guidance to college students?ASympathetic. BDisapproving. CSupportive. DNeutral.答案B解析观点态度题。文章第一段作者说现在的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，第二段作者分析了原因，指出由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇1. positive 肯定的,积极的2. passive 被动的，消极的3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的5. disapproving 不赞成的6. critical 批评

26、的 7. conservative 保守的8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的课堂典例1细节推断题片段节选Our own experience working together on health，development，and e

27、nergy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?AThe author believes the lives of

28、 the poorest will get better.BMuch more progress will be made in the near future.CThe work on health is the most valuable experience.DPeoples efforts have been materially rewarded.答案A解析推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poores

29、t people will improve in the years ahead.”知穷人的生活将会变更好。片段节选Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed (诊断). For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to

30、explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say, No thanks, Im amusic,” says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy.”In the last paragraph, Margaret expressed her wish that _. A. her problem with music had been diagnosed earlier B. she were sev

31、enteen years old rather than seventy C. her problem could be easily explained D. she were able to meet other amusics答案：A 解析：细节判断题。根据关键词last paragraph，定位最后一段，找到Margaret说的那句话I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy（我只是希望我十七岁而不是七十岁的时候学会说那句话啊），这是一个虚拟语气的句子，说明希望早点诊断此疾病。片段

32、节选Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants willingness to themse

33、lves pay to punish selfishness.It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if _. A. they cant play public goods game B. invest the money to benefit group members C. they behave differently from the majority D. they keep the money for themselves答案：C2文章来源或读者对象类推断题片段节选Lake

34、lander2 hours agoToday，a man talked very loud on his phone on a train between Malvern and Reading，making many passengers upset.I wonder how he would react if I were to read my newspaper out loud on the train.I have never had the courage to do it，though.Pak5057 minutes agoWhy not give it a try? Perha

35、ps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn(号) and started to practise.Angie OEdema42 minutes agoI dont see how musical instruments can

36、help improve manners in public.Dont do to others what you wouldnt like to be done to yourself.Once，a passenger next to me talked out loud on his mobile phone.I left my seat quietly，giving him some privacy to finish his conversation.He realized this and apologised to me.When his phone rang again late

37、r，he left his seat to answer it.You see，a bit of respect and cooperation can do the job better.Taodas29 minutes agoI did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh.Sophie7613 minutes agoI have not tried re

38、ading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did.Where is the passage most probably taken from?AA webpage. BA newspaper. CA novel. DA report.答案A解析文章出处题。根据文章的写作风格以及每个帖子

39、的时间提示可知，应该最有可能来自于网页。3写作意图类推断题片段节选WE COMBAT ANIMAL DISEASES TOGETHER!We want to prevent serious animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and African swine fever from spreading to Finland. These and other animal diseases can be transmitted from one country to another by an

40、imals or by meat and dairy products even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.Dont bring meat, meat products, milk and dairy products from non-EU countries to Finland!A ban on personal

41、imports applies to meat and dairy products brought into Finland by travelers or ordered and sent through the post. The ban applies to food stuffs intended for personal consumption or as gifts and to pet food. If you have food products of animal origin with you, throw them in a waste container in the

42、 point of entry or contact Customs!Whom is this notice intended for?A. Food importers in Finland. B. Travelers to Finland.C. Citizens in EU countries. D. Medical staff from non-EU countries.答案B解析 写作意图类推断题。该应用文是芬兰食品管理局发出的一封共同抵御动物疾病，特别是非洲猪瘟的通知，并对人们进行了建议和指引。本题要求判断文章所面向的读者群体，这是一篇由政府官方管理机构发出的通知，综合全文，特别是第

43、一段末尾部分“even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.”提到，即使你是私人肉制品消费或是把相关动物产品买来当礼物，也有传播动物疾病的风险，像你这样的（普通）旅行者在防控动物疾病传播中扮演了十分重要的角色，所以这篇文章是写给来芬兰旅游的人（travelers）看的，故选B。4态度倾向类推断题片段节选Scientist cant

44、 foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods w

45、ill affect us, they are not worth the risk.Whats the authors attitude towards genetic engineering? A.welcoming B.disapproving C.unconcerned D.optimistic答案 B解析态度推理判断题。文章最后一段结尾表明作者态度，即在没有充分了解GE食品对我们影响之前，作者觉得没必要冒险。实战演练Reading Comprehension(A)Flu is killing us. The usual response to the annual flu is no

46、t enough to fight against the risks we currently face, let alone prepare us for an even deadlier widespread flu that most experts agree will come in the future. Yes, we have an annual vaccine (疫苗), and everyone qualified should get it without question. The reality, however, is that less than half Am

47、ericans get the flu vaccines. And the flu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years. We urgently need a much more effective flu vaccine.In the U.S. alone, seasonal flu can cause up to 36 million infections, three-quarters of a million hospitalizat

48、ions and 56,000 deaths. We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities.Why not? We havent been hit by a truly destructive widespread disease in a long time. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the serv

49、ices we need to protect us.The risk of continued foot dragging is huge. In a severe widespread disease, the U.S. health care system could be defeated in just weeks. Millions of people would be infected by the virus, and would die in the weeks and months following the initial outbreak. The cost of pr

50、eventing epidemics (流行病) is roughly a tenth of what it costs to cope with them when they hit. In 2012, a call was issued for an annual billion-dollar U.S. commitment to the development of a universal flu vaccine. Six years later, the search for a universal vaccine remains seriously underfunded. The

51、simple reason lies in our collective satisfaction. As soon as headlines about the flu are gone, hospitals are emptied of flu patients, and school and workplace absence rates decline, we go back to business as usual.Leading scientists and public health officials have the capability to keep us much sa

52、fer from flu. They need your quick and decisive support to succeed. Your action today may be a matter of life and death for you and your loved ones.1. The problem of the current flu vaccines is that _. A. they are not available every year B. most Americans are not allowed to get them C. not everyone

53、 is qualified for themD. many people still catch flu after getting them2. What does the author mean by “continued foot dragging” in Paragraph 4? A. Hospitals cannot meet the needs of patients during flu outbreaks. B. The leaders continue to drag the feet of the patients infected with flu. C. Individ

54、uals arent alert enough to the underinvestment in flu prevention. D. Flu will certainly become a severe widespread disease in the near future.3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Science is currently not so developed as to keep us safer from flu. B. The death rate from flu is much higher tha

55、n that from other diseases. C. The general public is partially to blame for the neglect of flu prevention. D. Developing a universal flu vaccine will cost more than dealing with flu.4. The author wrote the passage mainly to _. A. teach people more effective ways to fight against flu B. call on peopl

56、e to take flu outbreaks far more seriously C. encourage medical scientists to develop more flu vaccines D. urge the government to publicize the risks of widespread flu 【答案】DCCB解析 本文是一篇说明文。作者讲述了流感的严重性及预防流感存在的问题，呼吁人们更加重视流感的爆发。【1题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中The reality, however, is that less than half Americans get

57、 the flu vaccines. And the flu vaccines we have are only 60% effective in the best years and 10% effective in the worst years. We urgently need a much more effective flu vaccine.可知，目前的流感疫苗有效率低，许多人接种后仍然会感染流感。故选D。【2题详解】词语猜测题。根据第三段We havent been hit by a truly destructive widespread disease in a long t

58、ime. So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.（我们很长一段时间没有受到一种真正具有破坏性的广泛传播的疾病的袭击。因此，作为个人，我们放松了警惕，因为我们的领导人悄悄地剥夺了我们需要保护自己的服务资金。）和第四段第一句The risk of continued foot dragging is huge.（继续拖拖拉拉的风险是巨大的。）由此推知，“continued foot dragging”的

59、意思是“个人对流感预防投资不足不够警觉。”故选C。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段We are not investing the resources needed to protect ourselves, our loved ones and our communities.和第三段中So as individuals, we let down our guard as our leaders quietly defund and destaff the services we need to protect us.The cost of preventing epidemics (流行

60、病）可知，公众没有投入必要的资源保护自己和家人，对资源投入放松了警惕，对流感预防的忽视应负部分责任。故选C。【4题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段Leading scientists and public health officials have the capability to keep us much safer from flu. They need your quick and decisive support to succeed. Your action today may be a matter of life and death for you and your loved

61、ones.可知，作者写这篇文章主要是呼吁人们更加重视流感的爆发。故选B。(B)With the arrival of the technological age, it has become increasingly difficult to be a knowledgeable person: There is just too much information to know something about everything. So what should an educated person be in the twenty-first century? It isnt always

62、 clear whether one should try to become a specialist or a generalist in todays world. In the 1960s, most American colleges and universities offered a generalist approach to education. In response to student protests, universities began offering many innovative courses, such as Asian Studies and Afri

63、can Studies. Students began “doing their own thing,” taking courses in just about every subject imaginable. But as university students began to focus on more and more of these less common subject areas, critics began to air their opinions. They believed that much of education had become useless. Emp

64、loyers also began to make comment about the quality of college graduates, saying that as jacks-of-all-trades, they could “function” in most areas of life but might never “expert” in any. As a result, the college degree of the 1960s was looked down on by many. From the 1970s through the 1990s, with n

65、ew technologies creating new job opportunities, an emphasis on specialization appeared in American education. More vocational courses were offered in colleges and universities, especially as computer-programming jobs became available. Many more business schools were established, allowing more and mo

66、re graduates to enter fields that offered specialized jobs with high salaries, such as investment banking and stock trading. But with the media coverage of the crimes committed by insider-information spreader on Wall Street, even the reputation of the MBA degree was soiled.The more narrowly focused

67、approach to professional education also seemed to fail. One of the puzzles of the twenty-first century is whether to approach modern education in terms of the generalist or the specialist. Some universities require all students to take common courses from a broad range of subjects, appealing to the

68、generalist approach to education. Yet choosing the core courses in light of todays explosion in information and multicultural student populations has not been an easy task. How does one select what it is that everyone should know? Other universities continue to tailor their courses to the more immed

69、iate professional needs of their students, appealing to the specialist approach to education. But without a core curriculum, students often lack the shared knowledge necessary to participate effectively in an integrated（综合的）society. 5.In the 1960s, the college degree was viewed as nonsense because _

70、. A. students did their own things without care about realityB. too general an approach failed to meet social expectationsC. some innovative courses focused on too neglected subjects D. the generalist approach was adopted in most US universities 6. The crime on the Wall Street is mentioned in the pa

71、ssage in order to prove _.A. specialists with high salaries took risks B. the MBA degree was not worthy of its name C. specialist approach to education was far from perfect D. jobs like computer-programming were more practicable 7. The authors attitude toward the college education in the 21st centur

72、y is _.A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. ironic 8. What might be the best title for this passage?A. History of College Educational Approaches B. College Preparatory Education for the Changing World C. Generalization or Specialization, A Hard Choice for Universities D. Difference Between Generali

73、st Education and Specialist Education 【答案】BCBC解析 本文是一篇科教类阅读，主要讲述了随着技术时代的到来，越来越难成为一个知识渊博的人：只有太多的信息才能了解一切事情，那么二十一世纪的受过教育的人应该怎么办？并不总是明确是否应该尝试成为当今世界的专家或通才解答 5B推理判断题根据But with the media coverage of the crimes committed by insider-information spreader on Wall Street，even the reputation of the MBA degree w

74、as soiledThe more narrowly focused approach to professional education also seemed to fail可知，在1960年代，大学文凭被视为无稽之谈，因为未能满足社会的期望故选B6C细节理解题根据But with the media coverage of the crimes committed by insider-information spreader on Wall Street，even the reputation of the MBA degree was soiledThe more narrowly

75、focused approach to professional education also seemed to fail可知，采用华尔街犯罪的例子是为了说明专家的方法来教育远非完美故选C7B推理判断题根据全文内容，尤其是One of the puzzles of the twenty-first century is whether to approach modern education in terms of the generalist or the specialist可以看出，作者对21世纪的教育持消极的态度故选B8C主旨大意题阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了泛化或专业

76、化，是大学教育的一个艰难的选择故选C点评: 本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及多道词义猜测题，主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题做题时应仔细阅读原文，把握文章主要内容，联系文章上下文内容并结合所给选项含义，从中选出正确答案，一定要做到有理有据，切忌胡乱猜测(C)Is a mouse that can speak acceptable? How about a dog with human hands or feet? Scientists, the people with the know-how to make such things happen, are now thinking about

77、 whether such experiments are morally right or not. On Nov. 10, Britains Academy of Medical Sciences launched a study on the use of animals with human materials in scientific research. The work is expected to take at least a year, but its leaders hope it will lead to guidelines for scientists in Bri

78、tain and around the world on how far they can go mixing human genes into animals in search of ways to fight human diseases.“Do these constructs (构想) challenge our idea of what it is to be human?” asked Martin Bobrow, a professor of medical genetics at Cambridge University and chair of a 14-member gr

79、oup looking into the issue. “It is important that we consider these questions now so that appropriate boundaries are recognized.” Using human material in animals is not new. Scientists have already created monkeys that have a human form of the Huntingdons gene so they can study how the disease devel

80、ops; and mice with livers (肝) made from human cells are being used to study the effects of new drugs.However, scientists say the technology to put ever greater amounts of human genetic material into animals is spreading quickly around the world - raising the possibility that some scientists in some

81、places may want to go further than is morally acceptable. Last year in Britain there was a lively debate over new laws allowing the creation of human-animal embryos (胚胎) for experiments. On one side of the debate were religious groups, who claimed that such science interferes with nature. Opposing t

82、hem were scientists who pointed out that such experiments were vital to research cures for diseases. The experts will publish reports after the end of the study, in which they will give definitions for animal embryos with human genes or cells, look at safety and animal welfare issues, and consider t

83、he right legal framework to work within. 9. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Scientists in Britain and around the world.B. Leaders of the research. C. Guidelines for scientists. D. Scientific experiments.10. Scientists do research of mixing human genes into animals in

84、 order to _. A. test new drugs on animals B. to find ways to fight human diseases C. prove the research is morally acceptable D. create monkeys and mice with livers made from human cells 11. We can infer from the passage that _. A. the experts will release reports after the study B. scientists have

85、never doubted the use of animals with human materials C. the creation of human-animal embryos for experiments is legal in Britain D. religious groups hold that cures for diseases have to be done through experiments12. Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?A. Morally Right or

86、Not?B. A Debate about New LawsC. Cures for Diseases D. Animal Embryos with Human Genes 【答案】ABCA解析 本文是一篇科教类阅读，文章主要讲的是人们正在讨论将人与动物的基因混合是否符合伦理9题答案：A考查细节推理，根据原文第二段but its leaders hope it will lead to guidelines for scientists in Britain and around the world on how far they can go mixing human genes into

87、animals in search of ways to fight human diseases但是该研究的领导者们希望它（研究）能为英国及全世界的科学家在他们混合人类基因与动物基因从而找到抵抗人类疾病的道路上能走多远提供引导可知they指的是前面的scientists in Britain and around the world，故本题答案为A选项10题答案：B考查细节推理，根据原文第二段的 how far they can go mixing human genes into animals in search of ways to fight human diseases在混合人类基

88、因与动物基因以希望找到抵抗人类疾病的道路上他们能走多远可知本题答案为B选项11题答案：C考查细节推理，根据文章最后一段Last year in Britain there was a lively debate over new laws allowing the creation of human-animal embryos （胚胎） for experiments去年在英国有一场就新法律允许人与动物胚胎的制作用于试验合法化的激烈辩论可知本题答案为C选项12题答案：A考查主旨大意，文章主要讲的是人们正在讨论将人与动物的基因混合是否符合伦理，故本题答案为A选项点评: 本文是一篇科教类阅读，题

89、目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对 性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案 DHollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving

90、 something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere, we had better be quite sure that th

91、e purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;

92、 it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who migh

93、t interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concent

94、rate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is

95、secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out

96、of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that p

97、ossibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist L

98、eo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.13. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A. run out of human controlB. satisfy humans real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician14. Machines with specific purposes are

99、 associated with living things partly because they might be able to_.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches15. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls

100、 to _.A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robotsaffecting the world16. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will

101、get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.【答案】A A D C【解析】：本文主要介绍了人工智能，它会给我们的生活带来什么样的影响。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other t

102、han what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要

103、保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。【16题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。点评: 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。