名词性从句的句法功能（讲义）.docx

1、高中英语名词性从句的句法功能1. 掌握名词性从句的分类及各自的句法功能。2. 初步了解主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。重点：名词性从句的分类及判定。难点：同位语从句与定语从句的辨析。1. 作为三大从句之一，名词性从句是高中英语中需要重点掌握的知识，也是高考考查的重点。在高考试题中对名词性从句的考查非常频繁，而且出现多年连续考查的情况。2. 在近年的高考试题中，涉及名词性从句的题目突出了对what, that, whatever等引导词的考查，从考查形式来看，试题的设置也越来越灵活，越来越新颖多样：其一，把两种名词性从句融合在一起考查；其二，与状语从句或强调句型结合起来考查；其三，名词

2、性从句与it作形式主语、形式宾语相结合的考查。What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信, 由于地球上长期有水存在, 使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。本句包含两个名词性从句，一是由what引导的主语从句，在从句中作believe的宾语；二是由that引导的表语从句。此句还可转换为：Many scientists bel

3、ieve that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. (宾语从句)It is believed by scientists that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. (主语从句) 名词性从句：具有名词作用的从句。包含：

4、主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. （主语从句）No one knows who will attend the meeting. （宾语从句）My question is who will attend the meeting. （表语从句）The question who will attend the meeting remains to be discussed. （同位语从句）主语从句（1）What it was to become was uncertain until bet

5、ween 4. 5 and 3. 8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.地球会变成什么（样子），直到45亿至38亿年前这个云团变成一个固体的球状物，才确定下来。（2）The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。（3）What is even more important is that as the earth cooled do

6、wn, water began to appear on its surface.更重要的是，随着地球的冷却，地球的表面就开始出现了水。（4）It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水对于生命的发展会起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。（5）Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.为什么他们突然消失了，至今还是个谜。（6）So whether life will continue on t

7、he earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.所以, 在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。主语从句：在主从复合句中，位于谓语动词之前充当句子主语的从句即为主语从句，主语从句一般位于句首，放在谓语动作之前。如：What surprised me most was so few people attending the meeting.最使我吃惊的是参加会议的人这么少。That he was late for the class aga

8、in made the teacher very angry. 他又迟到了，这使老师很生气。有时，主语从句作主语，而谓语部分较短，会使句子结构显得头重脚轻，所以常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放到后面去，如：That you should learn some new words by heart is important in learning a foreign language.背单词对学习外语来说很重要。=It is important in learning a foreign language that you should learn some new words by h

9、eart.When we will start for the trip hasnt been decided.我们什么时候出行尚未决定。=It hasnt been decided when we will start for the trip.连接词从属连词：that, whetherWhether there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasnt been proved up to now.外太空是否存在像地球上一样的生物迄今尚未确定。连接代词：who, what, which, whoever,

10、whatever, whicheverWhat Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.Barbara Jones给她粉丝的就是诚信和快乐。连接副词：when, where, how, whyWhy he did it remains a mystery. 他为什么做那事是个谜。it作形式主语It+be+表语+主语从句It was never clear why the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.为什么这个人没有尽快报告这起事故还不清楚。It+不及物动词+主语从句It

11、 never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.我真想不到你竟然说服了他，使他改变了主意。It+及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays. 经决定展览会星期日不开放。It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.A. whether B. h

12、owC. if D. when答案：A思路分析：本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意为“在这个十字路口你向左或右转弯都没有关系，因为两条路都通向公园”。题干中it作形式主语，所以所选的连词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意,而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether.or.表示“是还是”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等只能用whether而不能用if。宾语从句1. Oliver believes that with a million pound bank note a man could survive a month

13、in London.奥利弗相信一个拥有一张百万英镑钞票的人可以在伦敦生存一个月。2. It is Henry Adams, an American businessman, who is lost in London and does not know what he should do.他叫亨利亚当斯，一个美国商人，在伦敦迷了路，不知道该怎么办。3. I wonder, Mr. Adams, if youd mind us asking a few questions.亚当斯先生，不知你是否介意我们问你几个问题。4. May we ask what youre doing in this c

14、ountry and what your plans are?可不可以问问，你在这个国家要干点什么？你的计划又是什么呢？5. Well, I cant say that I have any plans.嗯，谈不上有什么计划。6. I didnt know whether I could survive until morning.我不知道是否能活到早晨。7. Im afraid I dont quite follow you, sir.对不起，先生，你的话我没有听懂。宾语从句：在主从复合句中，位于及物动词、介词以及情感形容词之后充当宾语的从句。如：He said (that) he woul

15、d come to see me the next day.他说第二天会来看我的。I dont agree with what you said.我不同意你说的话。Im sorry that I didnt take part in the party yesterday.我很抱歉昨天没有参加聚会。I think it necessary that we should save some money for old age.我认为我们有必要储备一些钱来防老。I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.我喜欢秋天晴朗的

16、天气。种类连接词例句说明宾语从句陈述意义thatI believe (that) he is honest.我相信他是诚实的。I think (that) he is honest and that he is always keeping his promise.我认为他是诚实的他一直遵守诺言。that在从句中不充当任何成分; 在口语或非正式文体中常被省去, 但若从句并列时后面的从句that不能省略疑问意义if /whetherI dont know if / whether it is interesting.我不知道它是否有趣。He doesnt care if it isnt a fi

17、ne day.他不在乎天气是否好。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他来还是不来Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。if和whether一般可以互换, 但当与or not连用和作介词宾语时要用whether, 不能用if; 从句为否定句时一般用if特殊疑问意义who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, etc.Please tell me who will go with you.请告诉我谁将与你一起

18、去。I wonder why he hasnt called me.我想知道他为什么没打电话给我。She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。宾语从句作及物动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语。宾语从句用陈述语序注1We must make it clear that anybody who breaks the law will be punished.我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。如果宾语是复合宾语, 则用it作形式宾语, 将从句放在后面注2We dont think you are right. 我们认为你不对。

19、I dont believe he will do so.我相信你不会这样做的。think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词后的宾语从句, 否定前移到主句中It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life.A. whose B. whatC. which D. that答案：B思路分析：本题考查连接词的用法。句意：对公众来说，并不总是很容易知道一项新发明对人类的生活有什么用处。根据结构可知，本题考查宾语从句，what“什么”表示泛指；whi

20、ch“哪一个”，表示特指，根据句意B项正确。表语从句1. The fact is that I earned my passage by working as an unpaid hand, which accounts for my appearance.我是作为一个不拿工资的帮手赚来我的船费的，这就是我为什么会衣冠不整的原因了。2. Thats why weve given you the letter.这正是我们给你这封信的原因。表语从句：在主从复合句中，位于be动词之后充当表语的从句，称之为表语从句，如：My hope is that I will be another Einstei

21、n some day.但愿有一天我会成为另一个爱因斯坦。His suggestion was that we should ask the teacher for help.他的建议是我们应该向老师请求帮助。种类连接词例句说明表语从句连词that whether as ifMy decision is that all of us are to start at 600 tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。The problem is whether we can get enough money.问题是我们能否弄到足够的钱。他会受到惩罚的。在非正式的文体中

22、that可以省略连接代词who what whichChina is no longer what she used to be.中国再也不是从前的中国了。连接副词when where why howThe reason why I couldnt go to your birthday party yesterday was that I had to prepare for the coming examination.我昨天没能去参加你生日聚会的原因是我不得不为即将到来的考试做准备。表语从句位于主句连系动词之后Im afraid hes more of a talker than a d

23、oer, which is _ he never finishes anything.A. that B. whenC. where D. why答案：D思路分析：句意：我觉得与其说他是个实干家倒不如说他是个空谈家，这就是为什么他从来不会完成任何事情的原因。分析句子结构可知,which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代前面的整个句子hes more of a talker than a doer；在定语从句中，is后面为表语从句，由句意可知which指代的内容是表语从句内容的原因，故用why引导表语从句。同位语从句The thought that they could cross the w

24、hole continent was exciting.他们要横贯整个大陆的想法很是令人兴奋。同位语从句：在主从复合句中，位于抽象名词之后，用于对该名词进行解释说明的从句，称之为同位语从句，换句话说，同位语从句即是对其前名词之内容的进一步阐述，如：I have a dream that people, black or white, can be treated equally some day.我有一个梦想，将来有一天不管是白人还是黑人都能够被平等地对待。种类连接词例句说明同位语从句从属连词: that, whether等There seems to be no possibility th

25、at Li Hua can win the first prize in the 100meter race.看起来似乎李华在一百米比赛中没有可能获得一等奖。There is a popular belief among the Europeans that chicken soup can help cure flu.欧洲人普遍相信鸡汤可以帮助治愈流感。The question has been raised at the meeting whether each member country should equally share the expense of the committee

26、.每一个成员国是否均等分担委员会的费用在会议上被提出来。（1）如果同位语从句意义完整, 则用that引导。that不充当任何成分, 只起连接作用。（2）如果同位语从句意思不完整，需增加“是否”的含义, 则应该用whether引导。（3）if不能引导同位语从句。连接代词: what, who等Next comes the question what you want to put in the box. 其次就是这个问题: 你要在盒子里放些什么。I have no idea who he is. 我不知道他是谁。在 have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句。连接副词: how, w

27、hen, why等I have no idea when Chaplins film will be on. 我不知道卓别林的电影什么时候放映。I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike. 我记不清他是怎样回家的, 或许是骑自行车回去的。如果同位语从句意义不完整, 需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义, 应该用when, where, how等词引导。注意：当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。如： The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had

28、 fled the city. 他突然想到敌人可能已经逃出城了。Word came that he had left his wife.他离开妻子的消息传来。同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明，引导词只起引导作用，不在句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制，引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(此句为同位语从句，进一步解释“the news”的内容)Th

29、e news you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(此句是定语从句，它指的是“你昨天告诉我的那个消息”)从以上例句可以看出，两种从句虽然结构相似，但有两点重要区别：一是连接词不同，定语从句的连接词叫关系词，常用的有九个，它们起连接作用；在含义上代替先行词；在从句中充当成分。而在同位语从句中，连词that只起连接作用，没有实际含义，也不充当句子成分。二是从句前的名词不同，定语从句所修饰的名词称之为先行词，可以是表示各种人或事物、概念等的名词或者代词；而同位语从句所解释说明的名词则多为抽象名词，常用的有：表

30、示希望、要求的：hope, wish, expectation, desire, demand, request, requirement;表示命令的：command, order;表示观念、思想的：idea, opinion, view, thought, dream;表示建议、打算的：suggestion, advice, proposal, plan;表示信息的：information, news, word, etc.The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed.A. when

31、B. thatC. whether D. how答案：B思路分析：本题考查名词性从句。句意：会议将被推迟的通知于下午2点钟左右发布。分析句式结构可知，所填词语引导的从句_the meeting would be postponed说明的是主语the notice的内容，即同位语从句。由于从句与先行词the notice被主句谓语部分came around two in the afternoon分隔，从而加大了识别的难度。从句内容完整，不需要添加when或how作状语，也不含有不确定因素，不能使用whether，故选B项。1. _ that there is another good harv

32、est this year.A. It says B. It is saidC. It was said D. He was said2._ surprised me most was that she didnt even know _ the differences between the two lies.A. What；where B. What；whatC. That；where D. That；what3. I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.Thats _ I dont agr

33、ee. You should have a more active life.A. what B. whenC. how D. where4. Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.A. what B. whichC. that D. where答案：1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 思路分析：1. 考查固定句型。It is said that.据说。It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that there is another good harvest this year.。句意：据说今年我们又有一个好收成。2. what surprised me most是主语从句，因其中缺主语，所以用what，第二个是where引导的宾语从句，因为从句中的谓语动词lies是不及物动词，不可接宾语，不能用what。3. where引导的从句作表语，此句句意：那就是我不同意的地方。须注意：agree是不及物动词，后面不能接宾语，所以不能用what。4. 本题考查同位语从句的引导词。从句结构完整，并且对evidence的内容起到了补充说明的作用，故应该用that引导该从句。句意：现代科学提供了明确的证据表明吸烟能导致很多疾病。