备考2024届高考英语一轮复习课时提能 第一部分 过透教材 Unit 5 Into the unknown 外研版选择性必修第四册.docx

1、Unit 5 Into the unknown一、阅读理解A2024广东惠州一调The Roman Colosseum was built almost two thousand years ago. Despite its age and a 14th century earthquake that knocked down the south side， most of the tall feet building is still standing. Scientists and engineers have long suspected a key to the buildings d

2、urability （耐用性） is the use of specific Roman concrete. But exactly how this solid concrete has contributed to the architectures strength has been a mystery to researchers across the globe.A team of researchers recently discovered a potential answer to why these ancient Roman buildings have been able

3、 to weather the test of time while many modern concrete structures seem to fall apart after a few decades. The answer is self-healing concrete.The material has three components： limestone （石灰岩）， volcanic material and water. What the researchers found was that the self-healing feature might be simply

4、 caused by chemistry accidentally. The limestone in the concrete is likely the secret.When the ancient Romans made mortar （灰浆）， they heated up the lime to turn it into a substance called quicklime. And， because they introduced water into the quicklime during mixing， the heat it produced set up a che

5、mical foundation that could strengthen the concrete later. When tiny cracks started to form later， the quicklime stopped them from becoming bigger. When it rained， the lime reacted with the water to recombine into various forms of calcium carbonate （碳酸钙）， quickly filling the crack or reacted with th

6、e volcanic ash to heal the material.For materials scientist Ainissa Ramirez， this new understanding of ancient Roman concrete is a welcome discovery.This is one way that the material can be more environmentally friendly， says Ramirez.Its sort of like a message in a bottle. The Romans made the materi

7、al. We had to kind of figure out how they did it so that we can make better materials and then， you know， in turn， be better protectors of our environment.古罗马的混凝土结构为何能够屹立不倒，经受住时间的考验？科学家一直很好奇。文章介绍了古罗马混凝土结构能够很好地提高建筑强度，一个可能的答案就是：这种混凝土具有自我修复功能。【词语积累】knock down击倒；推倒（或拆掉、拆毁）建筑物suspect v.怀疑；觉得specific adj.

8、特定的mystery n.奥秘；神秘potential adj.可能的；潜在的fall apart 破碎；瓦解component n.组成部分；成分feature n.特点substance n. 物质strengthen v.巩固；加强crack n.缝隙react with 与起化学反应figure out 想出；弄明白in turn反过来；相应地1.What can we learn from Paragraph 1？A. The secret of Roman concrete has been revealed.B. The Roman Colosseum was built in

9、the 14th century.C. The whole Roman Colosseum survived the earthquake.D. Roman concrete is essential to the architectures strength.解析D推理判断题。由第一段，尤其是But exactly how this solid concrete has contributed to.across the globe可知，对全球的研究人员而言，古罗马混凝土究竟是如何提高古罗马斗兽场强度的一直是个谜。由此可知，古罗马混凝土对建筑的强度至关重要，故选D项。2.What does

10、the underlined word weather in Paragraph 2 mean？A. Take.B. Stand.C. Avoid.D. Fail.解析B词义猜测题。由画线词所在句的while many modern concrete structures seem to fall apart after a few decades可知，此处while表示前后两种情况的对比，画线词应与fall apart意思相反。许多现代混凝土结构似乎在几十年后就会瓦解，而古罗马建筑可以经得住时间的考验。由此可推知，画线词意为经受住，与stand意思一致，故选B项。3.What do we k

11、now about the self-healing process？A. The lime itself could fill the crack later.B. The quicklime should be made on rainy days.C. The chemical foundation could weaken the concrete.D. Combining water and quicklime would produce heat.解析D细节理解题。由第四段中的they introduced water into.that could strengthen the

12、concrete later可知，他们在搅拌过程中将水加到了生石灰中，它所产生的热量形成了一种随后可以强化混凝土的化学基础。由此可知，将水和生石灰混合会产生热量，故选D项。4.What can be inferred from Ramirezs words？A. People can be inspired to make greener materials.B. The secret of Roman concrete is hidden in a bottle.C. Roman concrete has greatly improved the environment.D. Roman c

13、oncrete is popular in making modern architecture.解析A推理判断题。由最后一段Ramirez的话可知，对古罗马混凝土的新理解让我们了解了一种使材料更加环保的方式。古罗马人制造了这种材料，我们必须弄清楚他们是如何做到的，这样我们才能制作更好的材料，反过来成为更好的环境保护者。换句话说，我们可以从古罗马人制作的这种材料中汲取灵感，去发明更环保的材料，故选A项。B2024南京六校调研The world may have a new supercontinent within 200 million to 300 million years as the

14、 Pacific Ocean shrinks and closes.Researchers at Curtin University in Australia and Peking University in China used a supercomputer to model the evolution of Earths tectonic plates （地壳构造板块） and the formation of a future supercontinent. Their findings were published in the journal NationalScienceRevi

15、ew.Over the past two billion years， Earths continents have collided （相撞） together to form a supercontinent every 600 million years， known as the supercontinent cycle. This means that current continents are due to come together again in a couple of hundred million years time， said lead author Dr. Chu

16、an Huang， a research fellow in Curtins Earth Dynamics Research Group and the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences.The teams simulation showed that due to the fact that Earth has been cooling for billions of years since its formation， the thickness and strength of the tectonic plates beneath the oc

17、eans have reduced over time. As a result， the formation of a new supercontinent is more likely to happen by the closing up of the Pacific Ocean. Reduced by a few centimeters per year， the Pacific Oceans current reach of 10，000 kilometers will close up in less than 300 million years.The resulting new

18、 supercontinent has already been named Amasia because some believe that the Pacific Ocean will close when America collides with Asia. Australia is also expected to play a role in this important Earth event， first colliding with Asia and then connecting America and Asia once the Pacific Ocean closes，

19、 Huang said.Changes in the distribution of continents and oceans will cause changes in climates， particularly when ocean currents are stopped by continental collision， or new ocean currents are formed when continents break apart， said study co-author Zheng-Xiang Li， distinguished professor in Curtin

20、s School of Earth and Planetary Sciences.Earth， as we know， will be completely different when Amasia forms. Sea level is expected to be lower， and the vast interior of the supercontinent will be very dry with high daily temperature ranges.Researchers expect more earthquakes as the continental plates

21、 collide. Surrounded by a new superocean， the newly formed supercontinent will also have decreased biodiversity.Scientists are still trying to understand Earths supercontinent cycle， which is driven by heat and gravity. The research team wants to establish how Earths tectonic plates started and when

22、 the first continents formed， as well as what kicked off the supercontinent cycle.We are only starting to look at the entire Earth system， from its core to its atmosphere， as a closely linked system that evolved together， Li said.随着太平洋的缩小和闭合，在2亿至3亿年内世界上可能会出现一个新的超大陆。研究人员使用超级计算机模拟了地球地壳构造板块的演化以及未来超大陆的形

23、成。【词语积累】shrink v.缩小evolution n.进化simulation n.模拟interior n.内陆；内部kick off开始【熟词生义】plate常用义：n.盘子；碟子文中义：n.板块1.What leads to the formation of the new supercontinent？A. The rising temperature of Earth.B. The expansion of the Pacific Ocean.C. The reduced strength of the tectonic plates.D. The appearance of

24、 many new tectonic plates.解析C细节理解题。由第四段中的Earth has been cooling for billions of years.by the closing up of the Pacific Ocean可知，地球自形成以来已经冷却了数十亿年，海洋下的地壳构造板块的厚度和强度随着时间的推移而减小。因此，一个新的超大陆的形成更有可能发生在太平洋闭合的时候，故选C项。2.What is believed by some scientists about the new supercontinent？A. The involving parts.B. It

25、s climate pattern.C. The way it breaks apart.D. Its distance from Australia.解析A细节理解题。由第五段中的some believe that the Pacific Ocean will close.once the Pacific Ocean closes可知，一些人猜想当美洲与亚洲相撞时，太平洋将闭合。澳大利亚大陆预计也会在这一重要的地球事件中发挥作用，它会首先与亚洲相撞，然后在太平洋闭合时连接美洲和亚洲。由此可知，一些科学家猜想新的超大陆应该包含很多部分，故选A项。3.What will probably hap

26、pen to the newly formed supercontinent？A. There will be a rise in sea level.B. There will be lots of water in the interior.C. The variety of its living things will be reduced.D. Its temperature will stay the same all year round.解析C细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的Surrounded by a new superocean， the newly formed superc

27、ontinent will also have decreased biodiversity可知，新形成的超大陆被一个新的超级海洋包围，生物多样性也将减少，故选C项。4.What does the last paragraph mainly want to show？A. The entire Earth system faces an uncertain future.B. The origin of the supercontinent cycle is hard to trace.C. Earths supercontinent cycle will pose a big threat.

28、D. There is more to discover about the supercontinent cycle.解析D段落大意题。最后一段讲科学家们仍在试图了解地球的超大陆周期，它是由热量和重力驱动的。研究团队希望确定地球的地壳构造板块是如何出现的，第一批大陆是何时形成的，以及什么开启了超大陆周期。由此可知，最后一段主要想说明关于超大陆周期还有更多的东西待发现，故选D项。C2024浙江杭州高三一模 That dinosaurs ate the mammals （哺乳动物） that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now an extra

29、ordinary fossil newly described in ScientificReports，unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China， shows that sometimes the tables were turned.The fossil dating back to about 125 million years ago， during the Cretaceous period was formed when

30、 a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal. This animal is a herbivorous species closely related to the triceratops （三角恐龙）. Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally rare in the fossil record.One possibility i

31、s that the mammal was eating something already dead， rather than hunting live prey. These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all o

32、ver the bones of the animals. The dinosaurs remains show no such marks. There is also a chance that the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fakes have emerged， as this one did though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons （骨骼） makes that un

33、likely， too.Assuming it is genuine， the discovery serves as a reminder that not all dinosaurs were enormous during the Cretaceous period and that not all mammals were tiny. From nose to tail， the dinosaur is just 1.2 meters long. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. Despite being half t

34、he size， the mammal has one paw firmly wrapped around one of its preys limbs， and another pulling on its jaw. It is biting down on the dinosaurs chest， and has ripped off two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted， it seems that the mammal was winning.本文主要介绍了中国海南科技职业大学韩刚团队发表在科学报告中的文章，描述了一块非同寻常的化石

35、，该化石表明恐龙会被小型的哺乳动物猎杀。1.Which idiom is closest in meaning to the underlined part the tables were turned in paragraph 1？A. The fittest survives.B. The hunters become hunted.C. Fortune always favors the brave.D. The truth will always come to light.解析B句意理解题。由第一段中的That dinosaurs ate the mammals（哺乳动物） that

36、 ran beneath their feet is not in doubt可知，恐龙捕食哺乳动物不足为奇，但根据韩刚团队的发现The one on top is a mammal可知，化石反映哺乳动物在捕食恐龙，由此可知，画线部分所在句的意思应为有时候局面也会有所逆转，即捕食者可能成为猎物，故B项与画线部分的意义最为接近。2.Why does the author mention the tooth marks in paragraph 3？A. To prove the fossil was fake.B. To show the forming of the fossil.C. To

37、illustrate the process of hunting.D. To suggest the dinosaur was hunted alive.解析D推理判断题。由第三段中的One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead， rather than hunting live prey可以推断，作者在第三段讲述韩刚博士及其同事提到了牙印，他们这样做是为了反击哺乳动物是在吃已经死了的恐龙的说法，从而证明恐龙是在活着的时候被猎杀的，故选D。3.What makes Dr. Han think the

38、fossil is genuine？A. The size of the fossil.B. The absence of fake fossils.C. The complexity of the skeletons.D. The consistency of the opinions.解析C细节理解题。由第三段中的Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons（骨骼） makes that unlikely可知，由于骨骼的复杂性，韩刚博士及其团队认为化石造假是不可能的

39、，故选C。4.What is the function of the last paragraph？A. It offers a cause.B. It highlights a solution.C. It justifies the conclusion.D. It provides a new discovery.解析C推理判断题。上文讲到了人们对化石的真伪存有疑问。由最后一段中的not all dinosaurs were enormous during the Cretaceous period and that not all mammals were tiny和对化石中捕食画面的

40、描述可以推测，最后一段提这些是为了证明第一段结论的合理性，故选C。二、语法填空2024安徽六校开学考Deep in the jungle， the Maya built an empire. And now， scientists are unlocking more secrets about this ancient civilization with the discovery of 417 cities 1（date） back to 2，000 years ago， said TheWashingtonPost.The cities2（find） to be connected by

41、 110 miles （about 177 kilometers） of highways in May， which consisted of the worlds first-ever extensive system of highways. The highways，3 Reuters reported， were spacious roadways 4（make） in stone. Plus， scientists also found pyramids， ball game courts and water engineering，5（include） dams and irri

42、gation canals.The Maya civilization was far 6（advanced） than we thought， noted TheWashingtonPost. As one of the greatest 7（civilization） of the Western Hemisphere， the Maya first established settlements around 1800 BC. Their empire spanned parts of Mexico and several countries in Central America， no

43、ted the website HISTORY Channel. People long believed that the Maya were still just hunter-gatherers. 8 the new findings showed that they were already busy creating cities in world history at the time. They did all this in a jungle environment， which is rare and impressive. They had to clear rainfor

44、est areas 9（farm） and built large underground reservoirs to store rainwater. However， by 900 BC， many Maya cities were abandoned， calling 10 end to the empire.本文主要讲述了随着417座2000年前的玛雅城市被发现，更多关于玛雅文明的秘密正在被揭示出来。1.dating考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词在句中作非谓语动词。date back to意为追溯到，无被动形式，且非谓语动词作后置定语，所以空处填dating。2.were

45、found考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词作谓语。由时间状语in May可知，此处时态用一般过去时；主语The cities与find是被动关系，且主语是复数，所以空处填were found。3.as考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句的内容，且从句意为正如路透社所报道的那样，所以空处填as。4.made考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词roadways，make与roadways是逻辑上的动宾关系，非谓语所表示动作已完成，所以空处填made。5.including考查介词。由常识可

46、知，空前的water engineering与空后的dams、 irrigation canals是包含关系，所以空处填介词including。句意：此外，科学家们还发现了金字塔、球场和水利工程，包括水坝和灌溉渠。6.moreadvanced考查形容词的级。由空后的than可知，空处应用比较级，所以填more advanced。7.civilizations考查名词的数。one of the最高级名词复数意为最的之一，所以空处填civilizations。8.But考查连词。由句意人们长期以来一直认为玛雅人仍然只是采猎者。然而，新发现显示，他们当时已经忙于在世界历史上创建城市了可知，前后句之间形成了转折关系，故填But，注意首字母大写。9.tofarm考查非谓语动词。由句意他们必须清理热带雨林地区来耕种并建造大型地下水库来储存雨水可知，空处用非谓语动词短语作目的状语，所以空处填to farm。10.an考查冠词。此处考查固定表达call an end to.宣布的结束或终止，故填an。