天津专用2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破十四文章结构题优选习题.doc

1、十四、文章结构题一、篇章结构题(2018“六校联盟”第三次联考)Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，including research，conservation，veterin

2、ary(兽医的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may come true.Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies.These careers may allow those with a good theoretical science background to develop and run studie

3、s that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.Careers in zoology that focus on conserva

4、tion attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on potential threats to the health of glob

5、al ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from extinction.Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field，and

6、may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work with exotic species in zoos and wildlife

7、 preserves.Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the proper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the t

8、igers cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals.1.What is the purpose of researching on animals in zoology?A.To help governments make laws.B.To improve researchers scientific knowledge.C.To create safe and effective products for humans.D.To educate people to

9、 protect animals.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.”可知，动物学研究动物的目的是教育人们保护动物。故选D。2.What can careers in zoology th

10、at focus on veterinary medicine help?A.Better understand animals.B.Protect animals health.C.Clean the animals cages.D.Increase the number of animals.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary med

11、icine is an important specialty field.”可知，动物易得疾病且易受伤害，动物学方面的某些职业如兽医学有助于创造一个安全、稳定的动物种群。由此可知，B项描述正确，故选B。3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage?(P1Paragraph 1；P2Paragraph 2；P3Paragraph 3；P4Paragraph 4；P5Paragraph 5)答案A解析篇章结构题。第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物

12、学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。后边四个段落从不同角度对第一段进行分述，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。4.What does the passage mainly present?A.Volunteers passion for zoology.B.A new idea of careers in zoology.C.Different types of careers in zoology.D.Effective measures of animal protection.答案C解析

13、主旨大意题。文章介绍了动物学的相关职业是非常多样和独特的，并就四种职业进行了讲解。故选C。二、写作手法题There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adven

14、ture，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lil

15、ies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible

16、 to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delt

17、a and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.L

18、ooking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by .A.following space orderB.following time orderC.making classificationsD.giving

19、 examples答案B解析写作手法题。整篇文章是根据在非洲观赏野生动物的时间顺序组织的。一、题型解读近几年天津卷均未对篇章结构题这一考点进行考查，但近几年地方卷偶有涉及。此类题目能全面地、深层次地考查考生的阅读理解能力，为防止2019年高考爆冷，仅编写此考点，供学有余力的考生选用。二、解题技巧把脉络看结构篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following shows the developme

20、nt of ideas in this passage?(2)Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the (whole) passage?因此这类题的解题方法也分为两种，如下图所示：注意：1.文章的段落组织通常采用“总分；分总；总分总”的框架。2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况。空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明。例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。对比或类比关系：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。例如：【感悟体会】 一中第3

21、题，通读全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。分析每一段的关系发现：后面四个段落从不同的角度对第一段进行了分述，所以这篇文章是“总分”结构，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。【感悟体会】二中，通读全文发现文章中出现很多线索词，如The morning ride，In the evening，Back at the camp，可知文章是根据时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故

22、选B项。ADuring the high school career，students may begin to question the importance of a college education.They might find themselves asking，“Why is it important to go to college？” The answer is that，more than ever，college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have

23、 not received a college education.For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.They may also be affected by the rising cost of tuition，and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever

24、face，the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential within todays economy.Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunities.As opposed to generations of the past，high school graduates today are unable to obtain hig

25、h-paying jobs that were once available.The U.S.has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge，and the importance of a college education today can be compared to that of a high school education forty years ago.It serves as the gateway to better options and mo

26、re opportunities.There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college.When students experience a post secondary education，they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields.This encourages students to think，ask questions，and explore n

27、ew ideas，which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education.The importance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources dur

28、ing the study.The more connections which are collected during your college career，the more options you will have when you begin your job search.Once you have ended your job search and have started your career，however，the importance of a college education has not been exhausted.Having a college degre

29、e often provides for greater promotion opportunity.So，why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect.A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints，and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students，w

30、hat is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.1.Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study?A.To obtain high-paying jobs.B.To earn money at an early age.C.To spend less money on tuition.D.To adapt to the knowledge-based society.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“For many h

31、igh school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.”可知，对许多高中生来说，高中毕业后能立即获得收入是一个吸引人的想法。2.The author most likely agrees with the idea that .A.too much time is spent on lectures in college studyB.high school education is a gateway to more opportuni

32、tiesC.college graduates gain more chances over others in job marketD.a college degree guarantees promotion in American companies答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段中的“provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education”可知，大学毕业生在就业市场上会获得更多的机会。3.What

33、 is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage?A.Refusing college education.B.Changing college education.C.Receiving college education.D.Affording college education.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education”可推知

34、，下文应该讨论怎样为大学教育付费。4.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Importance of College EducationB.Education Means OpportunityC.Which Is More Important，Job Or Education?D.How to Survive in the College答案A解析标题归纳题。通读全文并根据各个段落的首句可知，本文主要讨论大学教育的重要性。故A项作本文标题最佳。5.Which of the following shows the development o

35、f ideas in the passage?I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub-point(次要点)C：Conclusion答案D解析篇章结构题。第一段说明高中生认识到大学教育的重要性；第二段说明高中生面对继续上大学还是工作的矛盾选择；第三、四、五段说明接受大学教育的重要性；最后一段总结大学教育的好处。B(2018天津部分区县二模)Society tells us that we should count our blessings，focus on all that we have and feel grateful for what weve been given.B

36、ut there is nothing wrong with “healthy discontent”.In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.I always have a certain level of discomfort.That discomfort drives me to work hard a

37、t my job.I dont just want to remain where I am.Professionally，I want to keep getting better.Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.My feelings of discontent about my job and my home dont mean that I dont

38、 appreciate them.Its an incredible blessing to be able to work and be paid for ones efforts.Similarly，if you live in a safe place，with running water，heating，and air conditioning，you are incredible fortunate.These are not things to be taken for granted.However，we should be striving(力争) to improve.If

39、you happen to be good at playing the piano，you should work to continually improve your skills.The same hold true for our personal development.If you have areas in your personality that need improvement，you should work on them，too.For instance，I can be very impatient.As a result，I work hard to try to

40、 conquer that flaw(缺点) by keeping my impatience to myself.When we feel discontent about ourselves，we have to be honest with ourselves.Its easy to make excuses for our bad behavior，but we need to face our discontent head on and say to ourselves，“I need to work on this.” This week，consider whether you

41、 have a healthy discontent in your life.Have you become so settled in your life that you dont see regular improvement? Do you have a character flaw that you wish you didnt have? Dont ignore these things.Instead，take steps to address your areas of discontent and keep improving your life every day.No

42、matter how great we think things are going，theres always room for improvement.6.What is stressed in Paragraph 1? A.The gratitude for what we have.B.The importance of healthy discontent.C.The lessons from society.D.The easiness of standing still.答案B解析段落大意题。根据第一段最后两句“In fact，healthy discontent is what

43、 motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.”可知，第一段强调了健康不满的重要性。7.Why does the author have feelings of discontent about his job and home? A.He doesnt treasure them.B.He is particular about them.C.He desires to impro

44、ve them.D.He is difficult to satisfy.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.”可知，作者对他的工作和家庭感到不满是因为他希望改进它们。 8.When we are in safe and comfort zone，we tend to .A.feel lucky B.go wild wi

45、th excitement C.spare no effort to change ourselves D.make no attempt to make progress 答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章第四段可推知，当我们处于安全舒适区时，我们往往不会试图取得进步。9.What does the author advise you to do if you have personal flaws? A.Leave them as they are.B.Make efforts to overcome them.C.Make excuses for them.D.Be patient with

46、 ourselves.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句及第六段作者举的自己克服缺乏耐心的缺点的例子可知，如果你有缺点，作者建议你努力克服它们。10.The author supports his view mostly by .A.listing some questions B.telling his own experiences C.analyzing various causes of healthy discontent D.revealing frustrating consequences of healthy discontent 答案B解析写作手法题。通读全文可知，作

47、者主要是通过讲述自己的经历来支持他的观点的。题型组合练(十七).单项填空1.Word power section should be taken seriously because of the benefits can have on students vocabulary building.A.this B.thatC.it D.one答案C解析句意为：因为词汇拓展部分对学生词汇积累有好处，它应该被认真对待。benefits后是一个定语从句，从句中省略了关系代词that或which，it作从句的主语，指代前文的Word power section，故选C项。2.As Charles Dar

48、win wrote in The Descent of Man，“The highest possible stage in moral culture is we recognize that we ought to control our minds.”A.that B.how C.where D.when答案D解析when为连接副词，引导表语从句，在从句作时间状语。3.However difficult it seems to be，you will make it you put your heart into it.A.so that B.as thoughC.as long as

49、D.in that答案C解析句意为：无论它看起来有多困难，只要你全身心地投入，你就会成功。so that以便，所以；as though好像，仿佛；as long as只要；in that 因为。4.Mr Black had such a wonderful time he travelled all over the country last year.A.when B.that C.which D.as答案A解析句意为：当布莱克先生去年游遍全国各地时，他度过了非常愉快的时光。前后文构成时间关系，而不是因果关系，排除B项。5.I must have eaten something wrong.

50、I feel like .I told you not to eat at a restaurant.Youd better at homeA.to throw up；to eat B.throwing up；eatingC.to throw up；eat D.throwing up；eat答案D解析feel like想要，后接名词或动名词；had better最好，后接动词原形。故选项D正确。6.He had been afraid of being slapped down before he entered the office，but it turned out that he was

51、 with a smile and a cup of tea.A.granted B.greetedC.guarded D.guaranteed答案B解析句意为：他在进入办公室之前担心被批评，但是结果迎接他的却是一个微笑和一杯茶。根据句意可知，greet欢迎，迎接，符合语境。grant同意，准许，承认；guard监视，守卫；guarantee保证，担保。7.Journalists are evenly split on whether or not they should interview their personal heroes: Some say you shouldnt becaus

52、e youll find your idol has ，while others argue the opportunity is too good to miss.A.butterflies in his stomachB.a green fingerC.feet of clayD.a wet blanket答案C解析butterflies in ones stomach(某人)感到很紧张；a green finger园艺高手；feet of clay缺陷，弱点；a wet blanket令人扫兴的人。由语境“你会发现你的偶像有缺点”可知选C。8.Sherry rang to say she

53、 was too busy to come.Well，she say that.She is always making excuses.(2017苏锡常镇四市一模，23)A.mustnt B.wouldC.neednt D.should答案B解析句意为：雪莉打电话过来说她很忙不能来了。嗯，她是会说这种话的。她总是编造借口。would表示某人过去的习惯，根据上句中的rang可知是在讲发生在过去的事情。mustnt表示禁止；neednt不需要，不必；should应该，居然。根据题意选B项。9.According to the news report，France has decided to e

54、xpand governments security powers Paris attacks.A.in search of B.in the wake ofC.in memory of D.in the case of答案B解析句意为：根据新闻报道，在巴黎恐怖袭击之后，法国已决定扩充政府的安全力量。in search of寻找；in the wake of随着，紧跟着；in memory of为了纪念；in the case of至于，在的情况下。10. ？ Your dog can get jealous when you pay attention to other dogs，other

55、 people or even other things.A.Guess what B.How comeC.Whats up D.Why not答案A解析Guess what？你猜怎么着？ How come？怎么会(那样)？Whats up？怎么了？出了什么事？Why not？为何不？(用于提出建议)。.阅读理解A(2018河东区一模)Most people may think that people who write computer code must be good at math and logical thinking.However，people who write comput

56、er code say that creativity is also an important quality for coding.Software developers in the American state of California have created a game called Osmo Coding Jam.The game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code.Children can play the game on iPads.

57、There are many activities they can do by the game.Tanya Dodge is the mother of two children，nine-year-old Dylan and his 11-year-old sister Meghan，who play the game.According to her，these activities give them important skills for the future.“Its an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to

58、have as they grow up today，” said Dodge.But the developers of Osmo Coding Jam believe writing code should be more than just an analytical skill.“We want to explore the creative side of coding that I think is often not as explored，” said Felix Hu，an Osmo engineer.Hu added，“The coolest part is that we

59、re teaching kids how to be creative with code and thats a really important thing that kids should get comfortable with because coding is creative.”Hu also sees a growing number of parents who feel that software code is a second language that children need to learn to succeed in future jobs.Tanya Dod

60、ge，the mother of Dylan and Meghan，consents.She said，“I think youre going to have to understand at some point the idea of coding will work well in the future.”Hu also explained that very often kids grow up not understanding how a computer works or just thinking that its like a magical machine.He said

61、 by breaking it down to a lower level，kids can understand that the computer isnt as smart as they think it is.11.Osmo Coding Jam is designed for .A.training kids logical thinkingB.helping kids learn to code fastC.helping children learn math wellD.helping kids become more creative答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的“T

62、he game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code.”可知，Osmo Coding Jam是为了帮助孩子们在学习代码的过程中开发他们头脑中创造性的一面，即：使孩子们更具有创造性。故选D。12.What does Tanya Dodge think of Osmo Coding Jam?A.It needs to be improved.B.It is highly addictive for kids.C.It is of great help to to

63、days kids.D.It is imperfect in training kids analytical skill.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“According to her，these activities give them important skills for the future.Its an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to have as they grow up today，said Dodge.”可知，Dodge认为这款游戏能为孩子们的未来提供重要的技能，这是孩子们在成长过程中需要的一

64、种分析技巧。由此可见她认为这款游戏对孩子们有很大帮助。故选C。13.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Tanya Dodge agrees that coding is good for children to succeed in future jobs.B.Many parents doubt whether coding will help children work well in the future.C.Creativity is not so important as logical

65、 thinking for coding.D.Tanya Dodge has two girls，who play the game，Osmo Coding Jam.答案A解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“.software code is a second language that children need to learn to succeed in future jobs.Tanya Dodge，the mother of Dylan and Meghan，consents.”可知，Dodge也认为这款游戏对孩子在未来工作中的成功有帮助。故选A。14.What can we kno

66、w about kids learning coding from the last paragraph?A.It makes them much more confident and creative.B.It makes them like using computers more.C.It helps them know better about computers.D.It helps them know better about themselves.答案C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“He said by breaking it down to a lower level，ki

67、ds can understand that the computer isnt as smart as they think it is.”可知，通过学习代码，孩子们能更多地了解电脑。故选C。15.Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage?A.To tell how to learn to code well.B.To tell about a new game for kids.C.To encourage kids to learn to code.D.To show the importance of creativity.答案

68、B解析写作意图题。文章主要介绍了一款帮助孩子们在学习代码的过程中，同时开发其创造力的游戏。作者的目的是为孩子介绍这款新游戏。故选B。B(2018红桥区一模)No one can claim such mastery of the fantasy sound as British film-music composer John Williams.Its a style of music he did much to define in Star Wars and then for many other films for the director Steven Spielberg.There

69、are distinctive melodies which give the feeling of flying，parts of music to represent different characters and complex details.In addition，everything follows the symphonic style of a hundred years ago.Its what the film industry in Hollywood wants，and what audiences everywhere expect.Can we call it a

70、rt，or is it simply a sort of factory product？For the cinema-goer sitting with a popcorn bag the question doesnt arise.But since film music now spreads to a different audience far outside cinemas，on promoted soundtrack CDs and serious concert platforms，it may be interesting to answer the question.Com

71、posers themselves have expressed very diverse opinions.Interviewed some years ago，Williams himself proudly referred to film music as “the opera of the 20th century”.On the other hand，Richard Rodney Bennett，the composer of the music for the film Murder on the Orient Express，declared that “in writing

72、film music one is really using only a sixth of ones musical mind”.Everyone agrees on one point though：the rewards are pleasingly high.There are royalties(版税).And if you hit the right buttons you can get into the sideline(副业) of a concert career，regularly mounting(举办) live performances of film compos

73、itions.But if you consider the working conditions that composers put up with，it may be hard to class film music as art.First of all，film music is composed in snippets(片段)，timed to the second，and written after the film is shot.Then there are mad deadlines.Next，the composer has to live with the fact t

74、hat he has no artistic control.Finally，the worst thing is that what is written struggles to get itself noticed against a background of dialogue and every possible visual delight from cartoon character Shreks green body to actor Tom Cruises chin.But think of the German composer Bach in the eighteenth

75、 century，satisfying his employers by writing one cantata(清唱剧) a week.Few composers can write without a task.And for the true artist，rules and restrictions stimulate.So，whats my conclusion？Art or factory product？Both，in fact，although theres rather more of the factory product than I would like at time

76、s.16.What is the author trying to say about John Williams music?A.It is more popular in Hollywood.B.It has certain characteristics easy to identify.C.It is similar to other composers music.D.It is too old-fashioned.答案B解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“There are distinctive melodies which give the feeling of flying.

77、”可知，John Williams的音乐有一些很容易识别的特征，很独特。17.What does the author imply about the attitude of cinema-goer to film music?A.They think it is mass-produced.B.They are only interested in soundtrack CDs.C.They dont care whether it has artistic quality.D.They feel it is an important part of the cinema experienc

78、e.答案C解析推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“For the cinema-goer sitting with a popcorn bag the question doesnt arise.”可知，观众不关心电影音乐是否有艺术品质，不会提出疑问。18.Which view of film music do all composers share?A.They can use it as a way into an alternative career.B.They consider that it is a worthy outlet for their talents.C.They app

79、reciate the financial gains they make from it.D.They need it to supplement their main source of income.答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Everyone agrees on one point though：the rewards are pleasingly high.”可知，作曲家他们感谢电影使他们从中获得的经济利益。19.What is the worst aspect of a film composers working conditions?A.The deadlines

80、 cannot be met.B.He has no control over how the music is used.C.The music has to be composed after the film is completed.D.The music has to compete for attention with other parts of the film.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Finally，the worst thing is that what is written struggles to get itself noticed against

81、a background of dialogue and every possible visual delight from cartoon character Shreks green body to actor Tom Cruises chin.”可知，一个作曲家最糟糕的处境是得和其他的内容抢关注度。20.The author compares modern film composers with Bach to show that .A.some composers work better under pressureB.most composers need some financial helpC.composers must aim to please their employersD.composers have unreasonable demands placed on them答案A解析推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，本文作者将现代电影作曲家与巴赫进行了比较，以证明一些作曲家在压力下工作得更好。