2022版高考英语（外研版）总复习课件：语法必备 专题一　句子成分 .pptx

1、真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨专题一 句子成分真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨1.(2020课标全国)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 (find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.解析 考查非谓语动词。设空处作目的状语,主语Chinese researchers与find为逻辑上的主动关系,故填to find。真题悟法to find真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨2.(2020课标全国)This is why decorating with plants,fr

2、uits and flowers (carry)special significance.解析 句意:这就是用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。分析句子结构可知,设空处在从句中作谓语。根据主句谓语动词is可知,时态为一般现在时;从句的主语是decorating with plants,fruits and flowers,属于第三人称单数概念。故填carries。carries真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨3.(2020新高考)Often,only a small part of a museums collection(be)on display.Most of it is stored a

3、way or used for research.解析 句意:通常,只有一小部分博物馆的藏品被展出。分析句子结构可知,设空处是句子的谓语动词。因为陈述客观事实,所以应该使用一般现在时,且主语是单数形式,故填is。is真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨4.(2020浙江)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of Technology _(change)lives.to change解析句意:农业让人们第一次体验到了科技改变生活的力量。分析句子结构可知：句子的主语是Agriculture，谓语动词是gave，宾语是双宾语：g

4、ive sb.sth.结构。设空处作定语，修饰前面的名词power。the power to do sth.做某事的力量。故填to change。真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨在近几年高考中,句子成分主要通过谓语动词、非谓语动词、主谓一致、词性变换或词形变换进行间接考查,知道句子成分是应对语法填空的重要手段。真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨成分用法例句主语在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子的主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(

5、短语)和从句等。当主语为从句时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语The patients family have expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名词作主语)Studying English is very important.(动名词短语作主语)Its obvious that he was wrong.(It充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)考点清单真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征,常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词、动词短语、

6、系表结构或“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下:简单谓语(由一个动词或动词短语构成)和复合谓语(由情态动词或其他助动词加动词的适当形式构成;由连系动词加表语构成)The sun rises in the east.They must have finished their tasks.It was late at night when we finally arrived.I believe that the committee will cons-ider our suggestion.By the end of last

7、 month,they had finished half of their work.真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨宾语宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语Mr.Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our die

8、ts and mental health and to take regular examinations.表语表语一般位于系动词(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后,用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态,一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词或表语从句等充当The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.(形容词作表语)My suggestion is that we should start at once.

9、(从句作表语)真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨定语修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作定语)The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)The boy under the tree is Jack.(介词短语作后置定语)状语修饰动词、形容词

10、、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。状语一般表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当He did his homework carefully.(副词作状语)She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语作状语)Feeling tired,he went to bed without supper.(非谓语动词作状语)真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨补语补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语。补足语可由名词、形容词、

11、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语等充当I found myself in the dark.(介词短语作宾语补足语)He always has others wait for him.(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语)These things should be kept in the box.(介词短语作主语补足语)同位语对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明,与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它“爱玩失踪”,如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等Th

12、e youngest boy,Peter,refused to accept the money.(名词作同位语)We four were greatly touched after hearing the old mans story.(数词作同位语)They each have a dictionary.(代词作同位语)We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.(从句作同位语)真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨单句填空1.The(disappear)of dinosaurs is not necessarily

13、 caused by as-tronomical incidents.解析 句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起的。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,空格处填名词disappearance。disappearance真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨2.In the 1950s in the USA,most families(have)just one phone at home,and wireless phones hadnt been invented yet.解析 句意:在美国20世纪50年代,多数家庭家里只有一部电话,无线电话还没有被发明出来。空格处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状

14、语In the 1950s和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时态。故空格处填had。had真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨3.I cannot control my body well.My legs become(pain).解析 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作表语,因此空格处应用提示词的形容词形式。故空格处填painful。painful真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨4.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back,and then I noticed a man(sit)at the front.解析 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作宾语补足语,且与宾语

15、man之间是逻辑上的主动关系,故空格处应填sitting。sitting真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨5.I was driving down to London when I(sudden)found that I was on the wrong road.解析 空格处在句中作状语,因此空格处应用提示词的副词形式。故空格处填suddenly。suddenly真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨6.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total beliefyou are better than anyone else in the

16、sports field.解析belief后面是同位语从句,从句句意完整,不缺少成分,故用that作为引导词。that真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨7.There is no doubt that doing exercise(be)beneficial to our health.解析 句意:毫无疑问,锻炼对我们的健康是有益的。分析句子结构可知,that引导的是同位语从句。从句的主语是doing exercise,设空处是从句的谓语动词,要用单数形式。根据主句谓语动词is可知此处要用一般现在时。故填is。is真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨8.I found the test difficult,but

17、I tried hard to do it;suddenly Mary,my best friend,(ask)me to let her copy my answers.解析 句意:我发现这次测验很难,但我尽力去做了。突然,我最好的朋友玛丽要求我让她抄我的答案。分析句子结构可知,分号后句子的主语是 Mary,my best friend是同位语,所以设空处是句子的谓语动词。根据分号前句子中的found和tried可知,此处也要用一般过去时。故填asked。asked真题悟法考点清单技巧点拨 分析英语句子结构,准确分析句子成分,是解决语法填空中有关句子成分题目的首要技能。在整体快速阅读短文的基础上,逐句研读。首先分析句子结构,然后准确翻译整个句子,推出正确答案。技巧点拨