2020-2021学年八年级英语上册 第十单元 语法知识素材 （新版）人教新目标版.docx

1、语法单词语法if引导的条件状语从句1.if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，既可放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。若if条件句放在句首，从句后面要加逗号与主句隔开。If you go there, Ill go, too.如果你去那儿，我也会去。My mother will take me to the park if she is free.如果我妈妈有空，她就会带我去公园。2.时态运用：在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句为下列情形之一的，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时。(1)主句是一般将来时，即遵循“主将从现”的原则。If he comes, he will bring his

2、violin.如果他来，就会带上他的小提琴。(2)主句是含有情态动词的句子，如may/might/can/must/should在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时，即遵循“主情从现”的原则。If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.You can get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习，你可以取得好成绩。If you drive too fast, you may have an accident.如果你超速驾驶，就可能会出交通事故。如果你想减肥，就必

3、须少吃面包。(3)主句是祈使句。If you are not strong enough, please dont take part in such an activity.如果你不是很健壮，请不要参加这种活动。3.句型转换：(1)借助“祈使句+and/or+陈述句（一般将来时）”这一句型来转换。其中，在句意上and表示顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。If you work hard, youll pass the exam easily.=Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily.努力学习，你将很容易通过考试。(2)借助without或with来

4、转换条件状语从句。If there is no air or water, people cant live.=People cant live without air or water.如果没有空气和水，人们将无法生存。If you help me, Ill finish the work soon.=With your help, Ill finish the work soon.如果你帮助我，我将很快完成工作。连词unless的用法例句：But unless he can hide his tail, he cannot turn himself into a man.语法讲解：1. u

5、nless用作连词，意为“除非；如果不”，引导条件状语从句，若主句为一般将来时、祈使句或谓语中含有情态动词时，从句常用一般现在时表示将来。例如：The milk will go bad quickly in summer unless you put it in a fridge.除非你把牛奶放在冰箱里，否则在夏天它很快就会变质。Dont touch the instruments unless the teacher allows you.除非老师允许，不要乱动仪器。We cant understand the disease unless we first understand the p

6、erson who has the disease.除非我们先了解患这种疾病的人，否则我们将无法了解这个疾病。2. unless可与if.not引导的条件状语从句进行相互转换。I will go there unless it rains. =I will go there if it doesnt rain.如果不下雨，我就去那儿。情态动词should的用法1.should为情态动词，意为“应该；应当”，后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求和义务等。(1) should用于表达义务或责任，意为“应该”。As students, we should follow

7、 the school rules.作为学生，我们应该遵守学校的规章制度。(2) should用于表达建议或劝告，意为“应该”。You should give up smoking.你应该戒烟。(3) should用于表达推断，意为“可能，应该”。They should be there by now, I think.我想他们现在应该到了。(4) should用于表达要求或命令。You shouldnt talk loudly in class.你不许在课堂上大声讲话。(5) should用于表达意外或惊讶，意为“竟然”。I am surprised that he should say s

8、o.他竟然这样说，这使我很惊讶。2.基本句式动词不定式作宾语,作宾语补足语,状语，表语动词不定式的肯定形式是“to+动词原形”，否定形式为“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语。句法功能：1.作宾语：ask/wish/hope/want/expect/need/help/learn/promise/agree/ prepare + to do sth.如：She promised to come.Tom needs to buy some bananas.2.作宾语补足语：ask/tell/want/advise/allow/invite/warn + pr

9、on./n.+to do sth.如：He asked me to open the door. The doctor advises him to rest. The teacher helped students to solve some problems.注意：以下两类动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语要省略to。(1)使役动词：make/let/have如：Dont make her think about it.(2)感官动词：see/notice/watch/observe/hear/feel如：I often see the old woman walkher dog in the

10、 park.动词不定式在句中可以作表语，动词不定式作表语通常表示将要做的行为或一次性的行为。例如：My dream is to be a teacher.我的梦想是成为一名老师。His wish is to be a policeman.他的愿望是成为一名警察。单词Advice/advise 1.advicen.意见，建议；忠告，劝告advice为不可数名词，常用piece这样的量词来修饰。This is a good piece of advice.这是一个好的建议。advice on/about sth./doing sth.关于的建议/意见I need some advice about

11、 my computer.我需要一点有关我的电脑的意见。on sbs advice听从某人的建议On her doctors advice, Mrs.Smith decided to take early retirement.Mrs.Smith听从她医生的建议，决定提前退休。常用词组搭配：give sb. some advice给某人一些建议get some advice获取建议ask sbs advice征求某人的建议take/follow/accept sbs advice采纳/听从某人的意见go/turn to sb. for advice向某人求教2.advisev.劝告，忠告；建议

12、advise (sb.) on sth.或advise (sb.)about (doing) sth.关于给某人忠告/建议；(向)提供(专业的)建议We employed an expert to advise on new technology.我们聘用了一位专家担任新技术顾问。advise (sb.) against (doing) sth.劝告/建议不做（避免）某事Id advise you against saying anything to the press.我建议你对新闻界保持沉默。advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事Evans advised him to

13、leave London.Evans劝他离开伦敦。advise+that从句表示“建议”that从句中的谓语动词用(should) do的形式。They advise that you (should) carry your passport at all times.他们建议你要随身带着护照。Understand/understandingunderstandv.（不用于进行时）1.懂得；理解；明白She doesnt understand English.她不懂英语。I am sorry, I dont understand. Can you explain that again?对不起，

14、我不明白。你能再解释一下吗？make oneself understood清楚表达自己的意思；被别人理解Im not very good at German, but I can make myself understood.我德语不是太好，不过我能说清楚自己的意思。2.（尤指通过学习或经历）了解，知道Doctors still dont understand much about the disease.医生对这种疾病还了解不多。understand how/why/where等+句子I could never understand why she was fired.我怎么也不明白她为何被

15、解雇。3.理解；谅解；体谅If you tell him how you feel, Im sure hell understand.如果你告诉他你的感受，我相信他会理解的。understandingn.&adj.1.(不可数名词)理解；领悟；了解；认识understanding of sth.对的了解The committee has little or no understanding of the problem.委员会对这个问题了解不多或根本不了解。2. (可数名词，常用单数形式) (非正式的)协议come to/reach an understanding达成协议We finally

16、 came to an understanding abouthow manyhours we would work.我们最终就工作时长问题达成协议。3.(不可数名词)理解；谅解；体谅We are looking for a better understanding between the two nations.我们正在力求增进两国间的理解。4.(形容词)善解人意的；体谅人的Luckily, I have a very understanding boss.幸运的是，我有一位非常善解人意的老板。experienceexperiencen.&v.经验；经历；体验；感受到1.experience

17、 (不可数名词)经验；阅历experience in/of.表示在某方面有经验/有某方面的经验I had some experience in fashion design.我有一些时装设计方面的经验。gain/get experience获得经验in ones experience根据某人的经验know/learn/speak from experience 从经验中得知/习得/据经验而谈experience (可数名词)经历Failing an exam was a new experience for me.考试不及格对我来说还是第一次。2. experiencev.经历；经受；感受；体

18、会Everyone experiences these problems at some time in their lives.每个人在人生的某个阶段都会经历这些问题。I experienced a moment of panic as I boarded the plane.我上飞机时曾一度感到恐慌。3.experiencedadj.有经验的；有阅历的；有见识的；老练的Hes very experienced in looking after animals.他照顾动物很有经验。keepkeepv.保持；处于；保留；继续1.keep作系动词，意为“（使）保持，（使）处于”，常用keep (

19、sb./sth.) +adj.We huddled around the fire to keep warm.我们挤在火堆边取暖。Please keep your room tidy.请保持房间整洁。keep away (from sb./sth.)远离；勿靠近Keep away from the edge of the cliff.切莫靠近悬崖边。keep (sb./sth.) back/off/out使远离；不接近The police put up barriers to keep the crowds back.警方设置了障碍物来挡住人群。2.keep (on) doing sth.保持

20、一直做某事I keep telling you, but you wont listen.我一再跟你说，但你就是不肯听。keep (sb./sth) from (doing) sth.不让某人做某事；不让某事发生You must keep the little boy from hurting himself.你一定要提防那小男孩伤了自己。keep sb. waiting让某人一直等候3.keep.to oneself对保密；绝口不提Youd better keep your salary to yourself.你最好保密自己的工资。注意：此用法经常和下面的表达互换。keep ones wo

21、rd/promise遵守诺言keep a secret保守秘密careful/carelesscareful/carelessadj.1.carefuladj.谨慎的；小心翼翼的；细心的；周密的Be careful!当心！He is a careful driver.他是一个谨慎的司机。be careful (not) to do sth.小心做（不做）某事He was careful to keep out of sight.他小心翼翼地躲开别人的视线。be careful of/with/about sth./doing sth.当心Mara was careful about what

22、she ate.Mara吃东西很小心。sb. cannot/never be too careful.越小心越好，再小心也不为过。2. carelessadj.粗心的；不在意的It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked.他忘了锁门，真是粗心大意。be careless with/about sth.在某方面粗心Hes careless with his glasses and has lost three pairs.他用眼镜很马虎，已经丢掉三副了。3.caren.照看；照料；小心；谨慎take care保重，珍重；小心，当心take care of sb./sth照看/照料某人或某物carev.在乎；在意care about关注；在乎The only thing he seems to care about is money.他好像只在乎钱。care for照顾；照料(=take care of=look after)；喜欢He thanked the nurses who had cared for him.他向照料他的护士致谢。She does not care very greatly for art.她对艺术不十分感兴趣。