【春季课外拓展】13：概要写作之说明文 能力综合练-2022年高二春季课外拓展精品讲义15讲（上海）.docx

1、 第十三讲 概要写作之说明文+能力综合练 词汇打卡考纲词汇默写131. 蚊子 n. mosquito 2. 电动机，马达 n.motor3. 泥泞的 adj.muddy4. 乘；做乘法 v.multiply5. 谋杀 vt.n.murder6. 肌肉；体力 n.muscle7. 音乐家 n.musician8. 顽皮的；不听话的 adj.naughty9. 海军的 adj.navy10. 必要的；必须的 adj.necessary11. 项圈，项链 n.necklace12. 谈判；洽谈；协商 v.negotiate13. 邻近地区；街坊；居民点 n.neighbourhood14. 侄子；外

2、甥 n.nephew15. 报刊经售人 n.newsagent16. 激发学生努力学习 motivate students to study17. 爬山 climb the mountain18. 口头上的 by word of mouth19. 一部感人的电影 a moving movie20. 五四运动 May Fourth Movement21. 乐器 musical instruments22. 多项选择 multiple choice23. 一次神秘事件a mysterious event24. 午后小睡片刻 have/take a nap after lunch25. 九死一生 a

3、 narrow escape from death26. 天生地 by nature27. 满足需要 meet/answer/fulfil/satisfy/fill the needs of28. 对工作消极的态度 negative attitude to/towards work29. 忽视自己的健康 neglect ones health30. 保持中立 remain/keep neutral1. 胡说，废话 v. nonsense2. 许多的 adj. numerous3. 托儿所；苗圃 n. nursery4. 营养品 n. nutrient5. 障碍(物) n. obstacle6.

4、 显然的，明显的 adj. obvious7. 犯法行为，过错；冒犯；得罪 n. offence8. 官方的；正式的 adj. official9. 单边的；片面的 adj. one-sided10. 操作员；话务员 n. operator11. 对手 n. opponent12. 反对；反抗 vt. oppose13. 管弦乐队 n. orchestra14. 普通的，平常的 adj. ordinary15. 东方 n. orient16. 人体的正常温度 the normal temperature of the human body17. 打中他的鼻子 hit him on the no

5、se18. 记上课笔记 take lesson notes19. (和)没关系 have nothing to do with20. 没注意，不理会 take no notice of21. 不时；每隔些时候就 now and then22. 大量地 in large/great numbers23. 核武器 nuclear weapons24. 反对被如此对待 object to being treated like this25. 遵守交通规则 observe the traffic rules26. 有时 on occasion27. 提供一份工作 offer a job28. 偶尔 o

6、nce in a while29. 独子 the only son30. 开幕式 the opening ceremony专题精选 概要写作（2）说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon(主题)，which(补充解释)利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses

7、 the impact of sth.On the positive side, but it may also研究显示类：The study reveals that; The purpose of the report is to show that （五）说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new

8、 or significant)（六）说明文概要写作样文展示Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”The UK government has just published a report on the

9、 future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 19

10、82 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joa

11、nne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher-but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”Its not just about the money, howev

12、er. The survey concluded that another reason why people dont want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past. Heres the view of Dave Halla

13、m, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should

14、 raise teachers pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.做题步骤：Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文

15、主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。Step 2：划分要点。 本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题两点原因两点建议。和要点可以合并。Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step 4：概括。 As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kids bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obe

16、y stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers income and promote a teaching campaign to display teachings bright side.(55words).SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and

17、 how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.In fact，great white sharks are not white. The name is thought to have come about because these sharks are white in one circumstance when they are lying dead on the deck of a boat.It would be more proper to call this species the “black sha

18、rk”They have a dark upper surface，which means their prey(猎物) are difficult to spot them approaching from the dark depths.Speaking of prey，they have been recorded dining out on a wide range of species，including whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles and occasionally penguins.“If you make a list of everything thats

19、 been found in a white sharks stomach，youd get a variety of things，” says marine biologist George Burgess of the University of Florida in Gainesville.But whats clear is that their tastes change as they age.“They are almost just fisheaters until they are 7，8，9 feet long，” says Burgess.“As they get bi

20、gger，they will begin to start eating mammal prey if they get the opportunity.”These older sharks prefer seals，sea lions and walruses.When they strike from below，at speed，white sharks can clear the surface by as much as 3 m.To locate their prey，white sharks use almost every trick in the book.“They ha

21、ve a series of senses，” says Burgess.In a 1963 study，researchers hung a speaker over the edge of their boat off Miami to see if they could attract sharks with sound.No great white sharks were spotted in this study，but its reasonable to assume they have good hearing too.As a great white shark gets cl

22、oser to its prey，its sense of smell begins to kick in.A study of the brains of different species of sharks shows that the great whites olfactory bulb (嗅球) is especially large.Their vision is not bad，either.“They see particularly well，” says Burgess.They also have two less familiar senses.Their later

23、al lines，which run along their sides，can detect changes in water pressure that reveal their preys movements.【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.to us，especially its.，from which we know.(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The passage tells us.，in

24、cluding.(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因结果”：(The author/writer said/talks about).of.，because/but.。本文可以采用第一种模板。【参考范文】The passage introduces something about white sharks，such as the origin of the name and how they get their prey.(要点1)When they are lying dead on the deck of a boat，they are white，but they have a

25、dark upper surface.(要点2)What they eat are various，including a wide range of species.When they are small they eat fish.As they become bigger，they eat mammal prey.(要点3)Their senses such as hearing，smell and vision are good.(要点4)SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 6

26、0 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.The poaching, or illegal killing, of rhinos(犀牛) in South Africa is growing worse each year. The government recently reported that a record number of rhinos were poached in 2014, a year which had mor

27、e rhino killings in South Africa than ever before.The World Wildlife Fund，or WWF, says about 20，000 rhinos live in South Africa. That is more than 80 percent of the rhinos in the worldEdna Molewa，South Africas environmental issues minister，says，“During 2014，we are sad to say this：1, 215 rhinos were

28、killedThis is a rise in the number of poached rhinos from 1004 in 2013 and indeed very worrying”The animals are hunted for their horns.Many people in Asia believe the horn has curing power, which drives poachers, at all costs, mad for more horns. But there is no scientific evidence for this belief.

29、The horn is made of keratin. That is the same thing as human hair, fingernails and toenails.Ms. Mo1ewa said 386 suspected poachers were arrested last year, an increase from the year before. But rhino protection workers say poachers often go unpunished after arrest. South Africas legal system is inef

30、fective. Ms. Molewa said more needs to be done and South Africa is taking strong measures to protect rhinos. The efforts include moving some of the animals to secret places in neighboring countries. “Now approximately 100 rhinos have been moved to neighboring states in the SADC region during 2014 an

31、d 200 more rhinos will be moved this year”Molewa said.Jo Shaw, the rhino program manager at the WWF, said,“were talking about a loss of a hundred rhinos a month. Or more than three a day. We really need to see effective action not just at a national level but internationally. ”She says officials sho

32、uld find the criminal groups responsible for the poaching and punish them.【参考范文】 The poaching of rhinos is getting worse in South Africa each year. Many rhinos are killed for their horns which is believed to have curing power. Although more poachers are arrested, they hardly get punished. So the mem

33、bers of WWF are calling on more measures which should taken to protect rhinos.,including effective legal system,rhinos living place and even international cooperation.能力提升练一、十一选十Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is

34、 one word more than you need.A. keepB. marketC. issue D. perspective E. relevantF. avoidG. developH. switchI. naturalJ. responsibleK. codeFDA OKs Genetically Modified Salmon for Human ConsumptionThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday approved genetically modified salmon (转基因的三文鱼), the fi

35、rst such altered animal allowed for human consumption in the United States.The government had tried to _31_ approving the fast-growing salmon for more than five years due to consumer concerns about eating genetically modified foods. But the agency said Thursday the fish is safe to eat.In announcing

36、the approval, the FDA said that there are “no biologically _32_ differences in the nutrition of AquAdvantage Salmon compared to that of other farm-raised Atlantic salmon.”AquAdvantage Salmon was created by the Massachusetts-based company AquaBounty. Ron Stotish, the companys CEO, said in a statement

37、 that the fish is a “game changer that brings healthy and nutritious food to consumers in an environmentally _33_ manner without damaging the ocean and other marine habitats.”The fish grows twice as fast as normal salmon, so it reaches _34_ size more quickly. It has an added growth hormone (激素) from

38、 the Pacific Chinook salmon that allows the fish to produce growth hormone all year long. The engineers were able to _35_ the hormone active by using another gene from an ocean pout (a kind of fish) that acts like an “on” _36_ for the hormone. Typical Atlantic salmon produce the growth hormone for o

39、nly part of the year.There is no evidence that the foods would be unsafe, but for some people, its an ethical (伦理的) _37_. Some people have promised not to sell the salmon, and its still unclear whether the public will _38_ an appetite for the fish if it is approved. Genetic engineering is already wi

40、dely used for crops, but the government until now has not considered allowing the consumption of modified animals. Although the potential benefits and profits are huge, many people have doubts about controlling the genetic _39_ of other living creatures.Critics worry that it could cause human allerg

41、ies (过敏) and the eventual extinction of the _40_ salmon population if it escapes and breeds in the wild.【答案】FEJBA HCGKI二、完型填空Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context

42、.The responsibilities of job, home and family all too often transform the daily routine into a huge burden. Enjoying quality leisure time becomes _41_.True leisure means engaging in a _42_ and rewarding activity without being _43_ by other aspects of your life. Sometimes, the _44_ you experience dur

43、ing the week make you place great emphasis on weekends and other days off. You hope to relax, but the pressure is _45_. You cant rest even when you have the time to do so. When time is limited, leisure activities are usually the first items to _46_ from the daily schedule.If you routinely _47_ your

44、leisure time because you have “more important things to do,” you may be underestimating how much time the things _48_ take. Most people routinely shortchange themselves on the amount of time required to complete a given task. The problem is a _49_ to evaluate performance honestly._50_, simplifying y

45、our life will let you have more windows of opportunity to do stuff just for fun. Maybe you need to relearn to relax.Spare Time for Your _51_: Devote one afternoon or evening per week _52_ to doing something that you enjoy, listening to music, assembling a jigsaw puzzle. Do whatever you always wish t

46、o but never seem to find time for. And do it where theres nothing to remind you of other _53_.Choose Low-Tech: The popular fascination with technological advances in all areas of life has diverted(偏离) attention from the simple pleasures of many _54_ pastimes. People think they must have the best, mo

47、st up-to-date equipment available to enjoy themselves. When keeping up with trends becomes the _55_, the pure pleasure of leisure is lost.41. A. essential B. difficult C. noticeable D. incapable42. A. reluctant B. disgusting C. delicate D. pleasurable43. A. preoccupied B. ashamed C. cultivated D. op

48、pressed44. A. favour B. risk C. thirst D. stress45. A. enormous B. reasonable C. ignorant D. adjusted46. A. destroy B. consider C. disappear D. recognize47. A. estimate B. abandon C. fulfill D. expand48. A. constantly B. initially C. actually D. equally49. A. variety B. delay C. record D. failure50.

49、 A. However B. Consequently C. Moreover D. Therefore51. A. Instincts B. Desires C. Images D. Tasks52. A. occasionally B. dramatically C. primarily D. entirely53. A. expectations B. obligations C. stimulations D. limitations54. A. individual B. uncommon C. traditional D. physical55. A. threat B. obst

50、acle C. source D. focus【答案】BDADA CBCDA BDBCD三、阅读A篇【2020七宝期末】(A)Have you ever had the experience of talking to someone and you think they are lying? Well, you are not alone. Weve all had that feeling. But did you know that there are several things you can look for to see if you are being lied to?Some

51、times you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. When people are lying they tend not to move their arms, hands or legs very far from their body. They dont want to take up very much space because they dont want to be noticed. Sometimes a person who is lying will not

52、look you in the eyes. Other times people who lie try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth. Liars also use deflection. For example, if you ask a liar the question “Did you steal Fatimas bag?”, they may answer with something like “Fatima is my fri

53、end. Why would I do that?” In this situation the person is telling the truth, but they are also not answering the question. They are trying to deflect your attention. Liars may also give too many details. They may try to over-explain things. They do this because they want to convince you of what the

54、y are saying.Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. If you think someone is lying, quickly change the subject. If the person is lying, they will appear more comfortable because they are not talking about their lie any longer. A little later, change the su

55、bject back to what you were talking about before. If the person seems uncomfortable again, they may be lying. Its very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you. He or she wants you to believe the lies being woven; silence gives no feedback on whether or not youve bought the story. If

56、youre a good listener, youll already be avoiding interruptions, which in itself is a great technique to let the story unfold.Just because a person is showing these behaviors, it does not mean they are lying. They might be shy or nervous. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to use some

57、 of these techniques. Hopefully, you wont need to very often. 71.By saying “Liars also use deflection”, the writer means that liars may _.A. tell great storiesB. change tone of voiceC. ask a question in replyD. avoid direct answers72.According to the passage, a person could be lying if he or she _.A

58、. offers more information than necessaryB. appears to be shy or nervousC.changes the subject of the conversationD. speaks very fast and vaguely73.Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Liars always try to avoid direct eye contact when they tell lies.B. We can make people lie by ch

59、anging the subject in a conversation.C. Liars are often expansive in hand and arm movements while talking.D. We make liars uncomfortable by giving no feedback in a conversation.74.The passage mainly talks about _.A. who deceives usB. why people tell liesC. how to detect liesD. what to do with liars【

60、答案】DADC四、翻译Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 我们认为口罩是有效阻止疾病传播的工具。(regard)73. 只有与世界其他国家互相合作，我们才能在这场战斗中取得胜利。(Only)74. 进入上海音乐厅，他看看周围，发现很多观众都已经入座。(seat)75. 他既有音乐天赋又有幽默感，这使得他在大学的朋友中很受欢迎。(which)【答案】72. We regard masks as an effective tool

61、 to stop disease from spreading. 73. Only by cooperating with other countries in the world can we win the battle. 74. After entering the Shanghai concert hall, he looked around, finding a large audience seated in their seats. 75. He has a gift for music and a sense of humor, which makes him popular with his friends in the college.