专题04动词的时态和语态-2024年高中英语语法精讲精练.docx

1、专题04 动词的时态和语态-2024年高中英语语法精讲精练高中时态和语态的主要考察题型考察题型考察方式语法填空给提示的空格会考察3-4题，涉及到动词的多种时态和被动语态，例如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时等。比如说“The residents 61 (give) options of remaining in their homes or moving elsewhere. ”这道题的答案是“were given”。再比如说“A cultural square whose stage is shaped like a semi-circle has

2、been built, and the neighborhood 65 (become) more organized and attractive.”这道题的答案是“has become”。书面表达应用文写作中时态一般用到的是现在时、过去时和将来时三种，有时候也会用到被动语态来增加句式的丰富感。读后续写基本上用到的都是过去时，有时候也会用到虚拟语气中的特殊时态。比如说“ Just as quickly, the school was showered with so many items that the library stood unusable, piled high with pac

3、kages from donors. ”和“All the needy kids were enveloped in the warmth from the nice and generous strangers.”这两句话中都使用了被动语态。高中时态和语态的主要考察点 一般现在时的特殊考点 常用一般过去时的句型 一般将来时中 be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别 现在进行时的特殊考点 常用现在完成时的句型 常用过去完成时的几种情况 将来完成时的用法 将来进行时的主要用法 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别 被动语态的固定

4、句式 主动形式表示被动意义高中阶段常用的11种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面具体讲解以上表格中的11种考察点：一、一般现在时的特殊考点- 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时（主将从现）。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。 If you will （愿意）accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我

5、们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.倒装句，表示动作正在进行 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.二、常用一般过去时的句型- 用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气If I

6、were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help. It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该了”It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”Id rather you came tomorrow.用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 I didnt know you were

7、 here.（现在已经知道）Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.（“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了）三、一般将来时中 be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别- be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will能，表意愿。 If it is fine, well go fishing.be to do s

8、th.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.【注意】be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。四、现在进行时的特殊考点- 表示趋向行为的动词，如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。I am meetin

9、g Mr. Wang tonight. At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the body before six.)与always、often、constantly、frequently等频度副词和forever连用，表经常反复发生的行为或说话时带有某种感情色彩。The girl is always talking loud in public.五、常用现在完成时的句型- It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时

10、This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时六、常用过去完成时的几种情况- 在by、by the end of、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。 By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station

11、. All the students had been there before 5 o clock yesterday afternoon.He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 表示未实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用ha

12、d hoped / planned / meant / intended/ though / wanted / expected或 用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 表示“一就.”的2个句型：Hardly / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时或者 No sooner had+主语+过去分词+ than+ 一般过去时。We had no sooner been seated than th

13、e bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.He had hardly got on the train when the train started out.Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in. 我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。七、将来完成时的用法- 表示将来某时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所 完成的动作。 常和by the time, by the en

14、d of next year或before next summer等结构连用。Ill have arrived there by noon. Ill have finished reading the book by the end of this week.When we get there theyll probably have left.-Its a complete mess. Where are the kitchen table tops?-At the back. We will have placed them by 7 p.m. this evening.八、将来进行时的主

15、要用法- 谓语动词构成形式：will+be+ving(1) 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作，常表示安排好之事。常与this time tomorrow morning、at 7:00 tomorrow, at that time next week等连用。(2) 表示预料不久要发生或势必发生的动作。I will be watching the sunrise at the top of the mountain this time tomorrow.I will be having a meeting tonight.These monkeys will be enjoying your b

16、ananas when you realize what has happened. 九、现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别- 谓语动词构成形式：have/has been +ving表示一个动作从过去某开始，一直持续到说话时还在继续或刚刚结束。常与表示一段时间的状语连用。 (1) 表示动作从过去到现在为止，在此期间动作持续；(2) 表示动作从过去到现在，并将继续持续下去。I have been teaching English for twenty years.She has been playing the music of Beethoven and Mozart for two hour

17、s.I have been cleaning the room all the morning!She has been writing a book recently, but I dont know when she can finish it.【注意】在不用时间状语时，现在完成时态表示动作已结束，而现在完成进行则表示动作仍在进行。He has written an essay.他已经写好了一篇论文。（表明动作已经完成）He has been writing an essay.他一直在写论文。（表示动作仍在继续）I have talked to the students for two h

18、ours. 我已经同该生谈了两个小时。（强调可能完成）I have been talking to the students for 2 hours. 我一直同该生交谈，已经谈了两个小时了。（强调可能还在继续）十、被动语态的固定句式- 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：It is believed that. It is generally considered that. It is said that.It is well known that. It must be pointed out that. It is supposed that. It is repor

19、ted that. It must be admitted that. It is hoped that. 十一、主动形式表示被动意义- 1. 表示主语的品质和状态的动词与修饰语连用，用主动表被动。常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。

20、2. 一些系动词的主动式形容词。常见如：look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true.Cotton feels soft. 3. 不定式to blame, to let, to seek用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？The house is to let. 此屋出租。4. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动

21、形式表示被动意义：(可在to前添上for sb.)The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书写没法认。Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝起来安全吗? 5. 不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义：I have some letters to write. 我有一些信要写。I want

22、 something to drink. 我想喝点什么。I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西阅读。【注意】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)6. 不定式用于某些双宾动词(如give, show, buy, lend, get等)的直接宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是直接宾语前的间接宾语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义：Give me some m

23、agazines to read. 给我几本杂志看。He lent me some magazines to read. 他借给我一些杂志看。【注意】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是直接宾语前的间接宾语，则应用被动式，比较：He will show you the path to take. 他将告诉你走什么道路。He will show you the room to be used as the meeting-room. 他将带你去看看用作会议室的房间。7. 不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义差不多：There is too much work

24、 to do to be done. 要做的工作太多了。但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb，用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb)。There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)There is nothing to see. 没什么可看的。(即不值一看)There is nothing to be seen. 没看见什么。(指没东西看)8. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动：In all, the book is worth reading. 总

25、之，这本书值得一读。This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。【注意】与worth相似的worthy却不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of)，且要用被动式表示被动含义：This book is worthy to be read of being read. 这本书值得一读。9. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义，相当于need, require, want to be done：The plants want watering every day. 这些花草得

26、天天浇水。=The plants want to be watered every day.【补充习题】一、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The idea of a taxi that flies over a traffic jam and drops you home is an exciting proposal.It appears that we are almost there.German air-taxi startup Volocopter will build its first56_(fly)taxi station by the end

27、 of this year in Singapore,paving the way for major changes in 57_ humans will commute in the future. These air taxis,or urban air mobility(UAM)vehicles,are usually 58_(electrical)powered taxis based on drone(无人机）technology 59_(design)to carry two people.The aim of the technology is 60_(save)people

28、time and help cities transform their transportation systems toward a more sustainable future by adding a new mobility option for citizens.Many companies,including Uber,61_(compete)fiercely in this space now.Chinese automaker Geely led a round of investment worth 50 million euros 62 _will help the st

29、artup finance its commercialization in the next three years.Li Shufu,chairman of Geely Holding,said,Our latest work 63 _Volocopter builds up our confidence in Volocopter air taxis as the next 64_(ambition)step in our wider expansion in both electrification and new mobility services.It definitely sti

30、ll seems to be unusual,65_ at the same time it is not completely unexpected,he added.Still,practical problems remain unsolved,such as getting the go-ahead from regulators and ensuring the trips are safe as many taxis will be flown without pilots.【答案】56.flying 57.how 58.electrically 59.designed 60.(t

31、o)save 61.are competing 62.that/which 63.with 64.ambitious 65.but二、阅读理解The universe likes to be shy about its age,but astronomers believe they have a pretty good idea of the range.Currently,the most widely accepted age for the universe is around 13.8 billion years,but determining the age of.well,eve

32、rything,is no easy feat(功绩）.Now.new studies have investigated the question using different methods-and theyve come up with two different answers,separated by more than a billion years.Because the universe is expanding at an accelerating pace,the further away anobject is,the faster it appears to be m

33、oving away from us.This is expressed as the Hubble constant（哈勃常数），and its a key factor in figuring out the age of the universe.After all.if we can determine how fast moving away from us,we can rewind that process to its beginning-the Big Bang.Researchers from the University of Oregon set out to map

34、the distance to dozens of galaxies The team calculated that the universe is only 12.6 billion years old-that,you might notice is much younger than the 13.8 years usually stated.In the second study,the method of figuring out the age of the universe is by mapping the oldest light we can detect.We are

35、restoring the baby photo of the universe to its original condition, removing the wear and tear of time and space that distorted(扭曲）the image, says Neelima Sehgal, co-author on the study.Only by seeing this sharper baby photo or image of the universe can we more fully understand how our universe was

36、born.In doing so, the researcher determined that the universe is 13.8 billion years old-in agreement with the accepted age.The real problem though,is that the studies disagree so wildly with each other, to the tune of a billion years.But they are not the only ones-the battle lines are commonly drawn

37、 by the methods used. Obviously.more research is heeded to determine where the truth lies.24.What do we know about the universe from the first two paragraphs?A.It doesnt exist long. B.It becomes larger. C.It runs away. D.It causes the Big Bang.25.What makes the researchers in the first study think t

38、he universe is much younger?A.The speed of moving objects. B.The number of galaxies.C.The process of the universe evolution. D.The distance to other objects.26.How does Neelima Sehgal explain their method in the second study?A.By referring to a similar thing. B.By using hard scientific data.C.By int

39、roducing a new concept. D.By quoting an experts words.27.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Whose method is better? B.Which result can you believe?C.How old is the universe? D.Why is the universe so old?【答案】24-27 BDAC Global finance is being changed as billionaires get richer and cut out t

40、he middlemen（中间商）by creating their own family offices”，personal investment firms that look for opportunities in global markets. Largely unnoticed，family offices have become a force in investing，with up to S4 trillion of assets（资产）equal to 6%of the value of the worlds stock markets. As they grow even

41、 bigger，family offices are sure to face uncomfortable questions about how they concentrate power and feed inequality.These trends are unlikely to fade. The number of billionaires is still growing-199 newbies（新手）made the grade last year. Family offices weight in the financial system，therefore，looks l

42、ikely to rise further. As it does，some concerns about them will rise.The first is that family offices could endanger the stability of the financial system. A $100 billion fund backed by the super-rich，blew up in 1998，almost bringing down Wall Street. Scores of wealthy people collapsed（崩溃）in 2008. St

43、ill，as things stand，family offices look like the next disaster waiting to happen. They have debt equal to 17%of their assets，making them among the least leveraged participants in global markets.The second worry is that family offices could expand the power of the wealthy over the economy. This is po

44、ssible: were Bill Gates to invest in Turkey，he would own 65%of its stock market. But a healthy economys aim is usually to diversify risk，not concentrate power，by taking capital（资本）from the original family business and putting it into a widely spread field.It is the third danger that has most bite: f

45、amily offices might have privileged（有特权的）access to information，deals and tax schemes，allowing them to perform better than ordinary investors. So far there is little evidence for this. If all this did lead to an unfair advantage，the effect，when combined over decades，would make wealth inequality disas

46、trously worse.Most authorities are beginners when it comes to dealing with family offices，but they need to ensure that rules on trading and the equal servicing are observed. And they should require family offices with assets of over，say，$10 billion to publish accounts detailing their workings. In re

47、turn，they should be free to operate undisturbed. They may even have something to teach asset managers serving ordinary investors, many of whom may look at their monthly fees and wish that they, too, could get away from the middlemen.41. What do we know about family offices in the first paragraph?A.

48、They made the global investments for billionaires.B. Their influence on global markets will go unnoticed.C. The rise of them contributes to equality in economy.D. They contribute more to world economy than middlemen.42. The least leveraged participants(Paragraph 3) refer to the financers who.A. make

49、 the successful investmentsB. easily fall into the financial crisisC. work well with the super-rich classD. play a positive role in global markets43. What effects could family offices have according to the passage?A. Their concentration of power brings potential risks to economy.B. Their various pri

50、vileges have greatly angered ordinary investors.C. Their investments are beneficial to the stability of global markets.D. Their workings could narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.44. What should the authorities pay attention to when monitoring the family offices?A. The quality of their inve

51、stments.B. The freedom of their operation.C. The equality in trading and servicing.D. The interests of ordinary investors.【答案】41. A 42. B 43. A 44. CWe dont choose our siblings（兄弟姊妹）the way we choose our partners and friends. Of course，we dont choose our parents either，but they usually make that up

52、to us by accompanying us on the way to adulthood. Brothers and sisters are just sort of there. And yet，when it comes to our development，they can be more influential than parents.Whether these relationships make our life better or worse is a more complicated question. On the upside，positive interacti

53、ons with siblings during adolescence foster（培养）empathy，prosocial（亲社会的）behavior，and academic achievement. However，when a sibling relationship is bad，it can be really bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover，sibling bullying makes a

54、kid involved in self-harm as a teen and develop mental problems in adulthood.Whether a person models himself after his siblings or tries to distinguish himself has particularly important consequences. One study found that siblings who felt positive about each other tended to achieve similar educatio

55、n levels while those who spent unequal time with their dad and got unequal parental treatment had different educational fortunes. That difference is changeable. One the one hand，as siblings relationships with their parents grow more different over time，their relationship with each other may become w

56、armer. On the other hand，following your sibling can be a mistake: teenagers are more likely to be involved in risky behavior if an older sibling did so first.One way or another，sibling influence is lasting. A study of more than I million Swedes found that ones risk of dying of a heart attack multipl

57、ies after a sibling dies of one，due not only to shared DNA but also to the stress of losing such a key figure. The findings make sense: Most of us are different people than wed have been if our brothers or sisters were never born.38. Sibling bullying is mentioned in Paragraph 2 to indicate_.A. the c

58、omplicated situation of sibling relationshipsB. the major cause of tense sibling relationshipsC. the typical example of the sibling relationshipsD. the negative influence of bad sibling relationships39. We can conclude from Paragraph 3 that _A. sibling relationships play a significant role in ones l

59、ifeB. enough parental attention ensures higher education levelsC. following older siblings does great harm to teenagersD. sibling relationships have little to do with their parents40. What is the main idea of the passage？A. Siblings are precious gifts from parents.B. Sibling relationships are easy to handle.C. Sibling influence is strong and lasting.D. Siblings have negative effects on ones life.【答案】38. D 39. A 40. C