专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇（第一期）-2023高考英语名校模拟真题速递（新高考专用）.docx

1、2023高考英语名校模拟真题速递（新高考专用）第一期专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2023河北校联考模拟预测）Earths natural resources include air, minerals, plants, soil, water, and wildlife. Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive for future generations. It includes maintaining diversity of species, genes,

2、 and ecosystems, as well as functions of the environment, such as nutrient cycling. Continued human population growth has led to unsustainable rates of consumption of our natural resources, resulting in a loss of Earths biodiversity. The main factors driving biodiversity loss include habitat destruc

3、tion, climate change, invasive (入侵的) species and pollution. Declining biodiversity is closely intertwined with species extinction. While extinction is a normal process of nature, the rate at which it is happening today is not. Scientists estimate that current extinction rates are about a thousand ti

4、mes higher now than would be expected based on the fossil record, and that we may be experiencing a mass extinction event, which is when 75 percent or more species are lost at a time. The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a famous example of an extinction caused by human activity. It was once th

5、e most richest land bird in North America, with a population of approximately three to five billion when Europeans arrived. Despite its vast numbers, this pigeon became extinct in the wild by the 1900s because of overhunting. The last individual bird, named Martha, died in captivity in 1941 at the C

6、incinnati Zoo. Conservation practices and policiesranging from the removal of invasive species, to setting aside protected land for wildlife and plants, to establishing the U. S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)have been put in place to deal with these extinction pressures. Currently, more than 26,500 s

7、pecies are estimated to be at risk of extinction, though the exact number is difficult to calculate.1How does the author illustrate “conservation” in the text?ABy giving a definition.BBy offering an example.CBy listing some facts.DBy making comparisons.2What does the underlined part “intertwined wit

8、h” mean in paragraph 3?ACaused by.BConnected to.CDisturbed by.DSimilar to.3Why does the author take the passenger pigeon as an example?ATo show that animals die out quickly.BTo tell North America is perfect for animals.CTo explain how species die out in a short time.DTo state that man is to blame fo

9、r extinction.4Whats the suitable title for the text?AConservation, Necessary and Urgent.BThe Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon.CEffective Ways Done to the Environment.DProtection, More Than the Care for Animals.（2022广东惠州统考三模）When the Titanic sank, approximately 1, 509 of its 2214 passengers passed

10、away. A majority of them died because the ship carried lifeboats for only half of the people on board. By all accounts, most died either by drowning or of hypothermia, since the temperature of the water was -2 C (28 F), in which death occurs in about fifteen minutes. The survival rate for men was 19

11、%, for women 72%, and for children, 50%. Most survivors were first class passengers, followed by second class, and finally third class. Six of the seven children in first class survived, and all of the children in second class survived, but only about 31 percent were saved in third class. In short,

12、the available evidence from the Titanic disaster suggests that we often care for others, even at some cost to ourselves. But why? Do we in fact psychologically tend to be altruistical? Or are we blank slates (白板) on which culture and education draws our character, for better or worse? The survival r

13、ates of women and children appear to support the former explanation; but the culturally prejudiced explanations of those facts appear to support the latter. Is there a way to judge between them?The blank slate theory of human nature is related to the seventeenth-century English philosopher, John Loc

14、ke. He argued that the mind should be considered as a blank sheet of paper until it is furnished by experience, which varies from person to person. Lockes theory was a particularly effective way to weaken the influence of the church and of kings right to rule, both of which were held to be self-evid

15、ently true. The belief of the blank slate has proved to be greatly influential, extending far beyond the field of political theory. The social sciences generally have tried to explain human behavior as a product of the socialization of children by culture and education.5Which group has the highest s

16、urvival rate in the Titanic accident?AMen in second class.BMen in third class.CChildren in first class.DChildren in second class.6What does the underlined word “altruistical” in paragraph 2 probably mean?ABenefiting others.BHurting oneself.CReceiving education.DMaking explanations.7Why does the auth

17、or mention the survival rate?ATo make a survey.BTo describe a scene.CTo provide evidence.DTo summarize the event.8Which of the following would John Locke probably agree with?ACulture and education shape our character.BAdult minds are like a blank sheet of paper.CHumans are born kind and willing to s

18、acrifice.DA powerful government will change the culture.（2023秋湖南益阳高三统考一模）If youre in the market for a new food or water dish for your cat, you might want to check out Free the Oceans Bamboo Cat Bowls. These are made from bamboo fibers and rice husks(稻壳).The presence of bambooused as a renewable fill

19、er in the dishs compositionis part of what makes it greener. Bamboo, which is technically a grass, grows faster than trees. Not surprisingly, it produces more oxygen and absorbs more carbon dioxide than trees.Rice husk is a byproduct of rice production that poses a challenge to farmers, due to its r

20、esistance to decomposition (分解), digestion, and low nutritional value as animal feed. Its use as a filler provides a purpose for an otherwise useless material and, along with the bamboo, reduces the need for plastic fillers.While plastic is still needed to make the cat bowl, the rationale behind the

21、ir increased eco-friendliness is that less actual plastic is required when more natural fillers are used. The total amount of plastic required to make each product is reduced, because the bamboo fibres make up a significant percentage of the overall composite(合成) material.Plastic cat dishes harbor b

22、acteria even if pet owners clean them regularly, which can put your cats health at risk. However, the bamboo cat bowl is BPA-free and will not release harmful chemicals into your pets water the way that conventional plastic can. Bamboo is naturally antibacterial. And, of course, you can throw it in

23、the top rack of the dishwasher for easy cleaning.One customer said, “I prefer these cat food bowls and so do my cats. The cats like the low lip that makes it easy to eat out of and I like the fact that theyre made of bamboo and that purchasing them makes a difference for plastic pollution! Easy to w

24、ash in the dishwasher.”9What is the purpose of the text?ATo recommend a new product.BTo introduce the benefits of bamboos.CTo raise peoples environmental awareness.DTo call on people to make good use of bamboos.10What does the underlined word “rationale” in paragraph 4 probably mean?ACost.BReason.CD

25、oubt.DFunction.11What can we learn about the bamboo cat bowl?AIt is cheap to buy.BIt is light to carry.CIt is safe to use.DIt is easy to make.12How is paragraph 5 developed?ABy listing numbers.BBy giving examples.CBy asking questions.DBy making comparisons.（2023春江苏泰州高三统考一模）After the season for givin

26、g, it is the one for throwing away. Each year in late December and early January a massive amount of plastic packaging is discarded worldwide. In Britain alone households generate 30% more waste, an extra 3m tonnes, in the month over Christmas. Most is destined for landfill. Sweden will do less dama

27、ge than many, though. The country now recycles at a record level. Almost three-quarters (74%) of plastic packaging waste was recycled there in 2021, the highest proportion in Europe.Much of Swedens success is due to a deposit refund scheme. Customers pay 0.10 extra when buying drinks containers. Aft

28、er use, these can be fed into reverse vending machines installed in shops, which spit the deposit back out. The machines contents are sent directly to recycling centres. By the end of 2021, 92% of all bottles and cans sold in Sweden were being returned. The overall plastic packaging recycling rate i

29、ncreased by almost 20%.The Swedish government says the scheme has aroused a potential enthusiasm for recycling in its citizens. Nearly 90% of Swedes have used the machines at least once. However, Swedes do not generally describe themselves as eco-fighters. A 2021 survey by the European Commission fo

30、und they were less likely than most other Europeans to regard environmental issues as “very important”.The eagerness of Swedish recyclers may stem not from a love of the Earth but from a low net worth. A tenth of the population get by on less than 245 a month. In big cities it is common to see peopl

31、e scooping recyclable items out of bins to take to the machines.Less litter and money for people who need it seems like a win-win. But it might not in fact be best for the environment in the long run. In Germanywhere a similar, widely used refund deposit scheme has been in place since 2003the earnin

32、gs from keeping the deposits from unreturned bottles seem to have discouraged producers from switching to more sustainable packaging.13What might most Swedish customers do under the deposit refund scheme?AThey send their drinks containers directly to recycling centres.BThey spend more on drinks than

33、 other European customers.CThey return their used drinks containers.DThey use vending machines to buy drinks.14What did the 2021 survey find out?ASweden beat many countries in plastic recycling.BSwedes had low environmental awareness.CSwedes made much money from recycling.DSweden had an unequal inco

34、me distribution.15What is the authors attitude to the deposit refund scheme?APositive.BUninterested.CAmbiguous.DUnfavourable.16Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?AWhy Swedes cash in on their trash.BHow waste turns into treasure in Sweden.CWho are recycling plastic bottles in Swe

35、den.DWhere Swedes throw away their plastic packaging.（2023春湖北高三校联考一模）Deep within the Yukon, one of the most densely wooded areas of Canada, sits a patch of land that is unlike any other forest on the planet. Instead of a canopy of treetops spreading across the horizon, tens of thousands of signposts

36、 perch haphazardly one on top of the other. They are all part of the Signpost Forest, the largest collection of signs from places around the world. At last count, the Signpost Forest in Watson Lake, located about 10 miles north of the U.S.-Canadian border, contains 91,000 signs from spots near and f

37、ar.The tradition began during the Alaska Highway Project in 1942, when U.S. soldier Carl K. Lindley spent time in Watson Lake recovering from an injury. A commanding officer asked him to repair and erect the directional signposts, and while completing the job, the homesick soldier added a sign that

38、indicated the direction and mileage to his hometown: “Danville, Illinois, 2,835 miles.” Others followed suit, and the trend caught on. Each year, an average of 1,000 new signs are being added to the collection. Lindleys original sign has since been lost to time. Fifty years later, in 1992, Lindley a

39、nd his wife Elinor made the pilgrimage back to Watson Lake to place a replica, which is still there.The Signpost Forest takes up a couple of acres, with huge panels snaking through the trees. There are street signs, welcome signs, signatures on dinner plates, and license plates from around the world

40、. There are also a lot of familial signs; for example, a grandfather will put up a sign and then years later family will come back and try to find it. A lot of these are personal signs to literally say that they are here. Though the visitor center has wood and paints on hand to help create a sign, m

41、any people opt to bring their own signs, though illegally, by snatching a metal sign from their hometown and nailing it to one of the wood posts. The forest has grown so vast that the visitor center no longer tries to keep a detailed list of the signs.17What does “The tradition” in the second paragr

42、aph refer to?ACounting the number of signs in the Signpost Forest.BReplacing the natural forest with signs of different kinds.CPutting directional signposts on the highways of the Yukon.DBringing signs to the Signpost Forest from around the world.18According to the passage, which of the following is

43、 true about the first sign in the Signpost Forest?AIt remained in the Forest until 1992.BIt was erected by an American soldier.CIt was first put on the Alaska Highway.DIt was brought from Lindleys hometown.19Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “replica” in the second paragraph?A

44、List.BTrunk.CCopy.DBorder.20What is the last paragraph mainly about?AThe origins and sizes of the signs in the Signpost Forest.BThe quantity and variety of the signs in the Signpost Forest.CThe difficulty of categorizing the signs in the Signpost Forest.DThe practice of nailing illegal signs to the

45、posts in the Signpost Forest.（2023春江苏泰州高三统考一模）As experts warn of a coming food crisis, the vertical farming industry aims to create plants that offer more nutritional value and require fewer resources. In vertical farms, plants are grown indoors. Each set of plants is placed above another. Workers c

46、ontrol the climate and closely monitor each plants growth.AeroFarms is one of the top indoor-farming companies. One of its vertical farms is in a large building near a busy road in Newark. It grows more than 250 kinds of greens and herbs. Farmers wear gloves, coats and coverings on their heads. Thei

47、r shoes must be cleaned.AeroFarms grows crops at the same rate throughout the year. The methods it uses lower soil destruction. They also reduce the amount of pesticides and water needed to grow the crops. The company says carbon emissions are heavily reduced. “We could do this whether it is in the

48、Sahara Desert or a city like Newark,” David, the chief executive officer of AeroFarms, said. “We think about how we can really bring and celebrate different types of greens.”Alina, a dietitian and nutritionist at AeroFarms, says she wants people to eat more leafy greens like kale, one of the most nu

49、tritionally dense foods. She says if her company is to successfully encourage this kind of healthy eating, it must grow crops that taste good. “Americans especially dont eat enough vegetables, and so for me the most exciting part is all of the different flavors that we have here. It makes eating you

50、r vegetables so much more exciting and so much more fun.” CEO David believes the companys kale is tasty. “A lot of people like the nutritional density of kale, but they dont like the taste. So we can make a sweeter kale,” he said. “AeroFarms is helping the world deal with a growing food shortage and

51、 people must change their focus from the number of calories they consume to the nutrition levels of the foods they eat.”Recent World Bank studies predict that an estimated global population of 9 billion in 2050 will require at least 50 percent more food. Experts say the crisis will be worsened by cl

52、imate change, which they believe will reduce crop harvests by more than 25 percent during that time. They say the food crisis will have a larger effect on the worlds poorest citizens than on those who live in developed countries.21What can we learn about vertical farms?AThey are mostly of vast size.

53、BThey aim to plant tasty foods.CThey grow crops half the year.DThey can control the environmental factors.22Which of the following is a requirement for farmers in Aero-Farms?AComplete confidence.BPhysical strength.CSociability.DTidiness.23How are the crops in AeroFarms?AMuddy.BEnergy-efficient.CWate

54、ry.DQuick-growing.24What does the last paragraph imply?AThe popularity of vertical farming.BThe consequence of climate change.CThe necessity of new farming approaches.DThe seriousness of population problems.（2023春河北邯郸高三校联考一模）Once upon a time, there was a beautiful milkmaid. One day, she declared to

55、a 13-year-old boy, “I shall never have an ugly face because I have already had cowpox (牛痘).”The boy was Edward Jenner, who would one day be famous for developing the worlds first vaccine (疫苗), which would eventually rid the earth of smallpox (天花). And the story of his inspiration for developing the

56、vaccine first appeared in an 1837 biography and was repeated endlessly over the years.But was the milkmaid really Jenners muse?Perhaps not, because there is another storyline, backed by letters, diaries and research notes that Dr. Arthur Boylston uncovered in the course of his research. Instead, it

57、involves a country doctor named John Fewster.Like other doctors of the time, Fewster used smallpox virus to protect people from smallpox. In 1768, he treated a group of farmers in Thornbury. But something unusual happened: All of them didnt respond to the smallpox virus at all. Fewster inquired furt

58、her and found that all the farmers never had smallpox but did previously have cowpox.Today, Fewsters discovery would have led to a larger study and publication of results. But that wasnt the way medicine worked in the 18th century. “In those days, there were no medical journals,” says Boylston. “Doc

59、tors communicated by having little dinner parties and drinking themselves silly.”One such meeting took place at an inn called The Ship. Fewster presented his discovery at the meeting. Records show that Jenner later also became a member of the medical society and was known for his enthusiasm about th

60、e topic in the members debates.So how did the milkmaid myth (神话) get started?At the time, the first and only mention of the milkmaid story was by Jenners friend and first biographer, John Baron, several years after Jenners death. According to Boylstons research, other doctors were then criticizing J

61、enner, questioning how he had ever made the connection between cowpox and smallpox immunity.“Jenner himself never explained how he developed the theory,” Boylston says. “To protect his friend, the biographer probably made up the milkmaid story as a way to show how Jenner had come across the idea of

62、a cowpox-smallpox connection.”25Which of the following can replace the underlined word “muse” in paragraph 3?AAdmirer.BInspiration.CTeacher.DSecret.26From whom did Edward Jenner most probably learn the cowpox-smallpox theory?AA milkmaid.BA writer.CA reporter.DA country doctor.27Why did Jenners first

63、 biographer mention the milkmaid?ATo protect his friend.BTo popularize science.CTo complete the test.DTo promote his own book.28What is the text mainly about?AThe cowpox-smallpox connection.BThe effective treatment for smallpox.CThe myth of the worlds first vaccine.DThe development of smallpox vacci

64、ne.（2022广东惠州统考三模）Morogoro, Tanzia, British research scientist, Dr. Donna Kean is training 170 rats to be sent into earthquake ruins to do vital work in finding earthquake survivors. The project has trained about seven rats to date, taking around two weeks to get the rescue rats up to speed. These re

65、scue rats are sent into mock(模拟的)earthquake ruins with tiny backpacks that contain microphones, video gears, and location trackers. These tools will allow the rescue teams to communicate with earthquake survivors in real-time. “I train these clever creatures to save victims trapped in collapsed buil

66、dings after earthquakes. We kit them out with a rat backpack, and train them to activate a switch when they find a victim and come back for a tasty treat. ” posted Dr Donna Kean on Twitter on May 26, 2022. Dr. Kean expressed how the rescue rats are ideal for this type of work saying, “Rats would be

67、able to get into small spaces to get victims buried in rubble. ” The highly swift rats never set off landmines and their natural swiftness makes them ideal for use in hard-to-navigate disaster zones. Their suitability for this work goes further, with rats being good at surviving in different environ

68、ments and living off of anything. The rescue rats are even being trained to respond to beeps that call them back to their base. Dr. Keans team collaborates(合作) with the non-profit organization APOLO for their “Hero Rats” project. These “Hero Rats” are set to start working with a search and rescue te

69、am in Turkey, joining earthquake rescue efforts in the high-risk area. The group of 170 rats is being trained for additional projects involving landmines, tuberculosis (肺结核), and even sniffing out Brucellosis, an infectious disease that impacts farm animals. Dr. Kean feels hopeful about her projects

70、 promising results and is excited to be the only organization in this space working with this species.29Why are the rescue rats equipped with backpacks?ATo monitor the rats.BTo locate the survivors.CTo record the rescue process.DTo keep track of the survivors.30According to the passage, what can a t

71、rained rescue rat do?ASet off landmines accurately.BDig out those buried in rubble.CFigure out the signal from beeps.DComplete the task without a reward.31What make(s) rats outweigh other animals in this project?ATheir efforts in training.BTheir nature of rescuing.CTheir eagerness for survivals.DThe

72、ir adaptability to environments.32What can be inferred about the “Hero Rats“ project?AThe results fail to prove the potential.BThe rats have to be trained repeatedly.CThe project probably pioneers in the space.DThe rats have been widely used in various fields.（2023春湖北高三校联考一模）Ever wondered why your h

73、otel pool seems overly small compared to its website picture? A new graph reveals just how far companies will go to make their products seem more appealing, from replacing actual ice cream with mashed potato for a more solid appearance, to using motor oil for honey. One of the most common examples i

74、s that of advertised images of hamburgers, which show items between the bun to be larger and brighter than they really are, leading consumers to think the food is fresher than it really is.Frozen food packages are repeat offenders which show the meals perfectly plated with fresh ingredients. Where a

75、n image includes ingredients not included in the purchase, a “serving suggestion” disclaimer is a legal requirement. However, if a customer fails to notice the tiny caption, they often incorrectly assume that all illustrated items are included.Deception in advertising is not just limited to food pro

76、ducts. Hotels and resorts often alter images or use deceptive angles to manipulate the buildings real surroundings. For example, one hotel advertisement used a cleverly positioned low angle to feature what appears to be an endless pool. In truth, the pool is simply round in shape.Children are also o

77、ften cheated by commercials. When they finally receive that toy or outdoor paddling pool, they find that the product is far smaller than advertised. With nearly half of American consumers believing advertising to be “fairly honest”, it seems they will continue to be tricked into buying disappointing

78、 products.33The writer writes the first paragraph in order to _.Ainform an issueBintroduce the topicCcatch readers attentionDdeliver some phenomena34According to the text, which of the following issues might consumers have with food products?AThe food is not healthy enough.BIt is difficult to know h

79、ow to serve a frozen meal.CSome items shown on the box disappear.DThe burger bun is smaller than they were expecting.35According to the article, almost 50% of American buyers _.Ado not trust advertising companiesBbelieve that advertising is not honest enoughCthink that the products are disappointing

80、Dwill continue being deceived by false advertising36The overall purpose of the text is to _.Apersuade people to boycott advertisingBpraise advertising companies for their creativityCraise public awareness regarding unreliable advertisingDpromote the use of advertisements and marketing material（2023春

81、安徽高三校联考一模）In many casual discussions of language and the Internet, its common to hear about how “social media language” is ruining language. Some people argue that technology has made us lazy about how we speak and write. And major media such as the BBC and The Daily Mail have all bemoaned the way i

82、n which people communicate through technology.Of course, language does change when its used to write messages online. Social media language is an evolution(进化)of language. Its even the focus of the field of linguistics(语言学)called Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). This field concentrates on the

83、study of interaction brought about by technology like computers, mobile phones and tablets. People have been making complaints about language being “ruined” for as long as theyve been writing and speaking. In a TED Talk, linguist John McWhorter shared stories of people being annoyed about language c

84、hange through the ages. In AD 63, for example, a Roman scholar complained that students of Latin were writing in an “artificial language”. In fact, this writing was a new language that would become French!Today, people are able to communicate rapidly using a wide variety of tools and technologies. P

85、erhaps no linguistic development better indicates changes in the ways we communicate than the popular emoticon(表情符号).The emoticon “:)” is a visual performance of a smiley face turned sideways.Although an emoticon may look like a smile, a frown or any other kind of facial expressions, it doesnt reall

86、y represent a face. Instead, its intended to express a feeling, such as “Im happy,” or “just joking”. Words that represent these feelings are what linguists call discourse particles(话语小品词). These are little pieces of language that offer information about the tone of the statement.Far from ruining la

87、nguage, these examples indicate how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple, direct manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world.37What does the underlined word “bemoaned” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?AComplained about.BApproved of.CChecked up.DPut forward.

88、38Why is the TED Talk mentioned in Paragraph 3?AAs evidence of complaints about shared stories.BAs an example to support the authors argument.CAs a proof of language ruined by social media language.DAs a way to explain language change through the ages.39Whats the function of emoticons according to t

89、he text?ATo represent a smiling face.BTo express intentions.CTo communicate feelings.DTo set the tone.40Whats the authors attitude towards social media language?AUnclear.BSkeptical.COpposed.DApproving.参考答案：1A2B3D4A【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章分析了地球上的自然资源因人类活动而不断减少的现状，阐明了要采取措施来保护自然资源的必须性和迫切性。1推理判断题。根据第一段“Conservati

90、on is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive for future generations. It includes maintaining diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems, as well as functions of the environment, such as nutrient cycling.”（保护是对这些资源的照顾和保护，使它们能够为后代生存。它包括维持物种、基因和生态系统的多样性，以及营养循环等环境功能。）可知，作者是

91、通过下定义的方式来阐述“conservation”（保护）的概念的。故选A。2词句猜测题。根据第三段“Scientists estimate that current extinction rates are about a thousand times higher now than would be expected based on the fossil record, and that we may be experiencing a mass extinction event, which is when 75 percent or more species are lost at

92、a time.”（科学家们估计，目前的灭绝率比根据化石记录预测的要高1000倍左右，我们可能正在经历一次大规模灭绝事件，即75%或更多的物种一次消失。）可知，物种大规模的灭绝也是造成生物多样性下降的一个因素，二者密切相关，所以根据划线词所在句可知，划线词的意思是“与有关联”。故选B。3推理判断题。根据第四段“The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a famous example of an extinction caused by human activity.”（候鸽的灭绝是由人类活动引起的物种灭绝的一个著名例子。）可知，作者拿候鸽作例子是为了说

93、明人们应对物种灭绝负责任。故选D。4主旨大意题。根据第一段“Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive for future generations”（保护是对这些资源的照顾和保护，使它们能够为后代生存）和最后一段“Conservation practices and policiesranging from the removal of invasive species, to setting aside protected land for wildlife and

94、plants, to establishing the U. S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)have been put in place to deal with these extinction pressures. ”（为了应对这些灭绝压力，已经制定了保护措施和政策，包括清除入侵物种、为野生动物和植物留出受保护的土地，以及建立美国濒危物种法案（ESA）。）以及“Currently, more than 26, 500 species are estimated to be at risk of extinction, ”（目前，估计有超过26500个物种面临

95、灭绝的危险）并结合全文内容可知，文章主要阐明了保护自然资源是必要的、迫切的。故选A。5D6A7D8A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以泰坦尼克号沉没时多为女性儿童获救这件事，讲述了文化和教育塑造了我们的性格，做出利他行为。5细节理解题。由第一段中的“The survival rate for men was 19%, for women 72%, and for children, 50%. (男性的存活率为19%，女性为72%，儿童为50%)”和“Six of the seven children in first class survived, and all of the children

96、in second class survived, but only about 31 percent were saved in third class. (头等舱的七个孩子中有六个幸存下来，二等舱的所有孩子都幸存下来，但三等舱只有31%的孩子获救)”可知，二等舱的孩子们存活率最高。故选D项。6词句猜测题。由第二段中的“In short, the available evidence from the Titanic disaster suggests that we often care for others, even at some cost to ourselves. But why

97、? Do we in fact psychologically tend to be altruistical? Or are we blank slates (白板) on which culture and education draws our character, for better or worse? The survival rates of women and children appear to support the former explanation; but the culturally prejudiced explanations of those facts a

98、ppear to support the latter. (简言之，泰坦尼克号灾难的现有证据表明，我们经常关心他人，甚至付出某些代价。但为什么呢？我们实际上在心理上倾向于altruistical吗？或者是在白板上文化和教育塑造了我们的性格，是好是坏？妇女和儿童的生存率似乎支持前一种解释；但对这些事实的文化偏见解释似乎支持后者)”可知，作者就泰坦尼克号灾难上的关心他人行为（把登救生船求生机会给他人）提出问题，且“妇女和儿童的生存率似乎支持前一种解释”中的“前一种解释”指的是“Do we in fact psychologically tend to be altruistical?”，可得出作者

99、认为人类可能在心理上存在“使他人受益”的心理，画线词意为“使他人受益（Benefiting others）”。故选A项。7推理判断题。由第二段中的“In short, the available evidence from the Titanic disaster suggests that we often care for others, even at some cost to ourselves. But why? Do we in fact psychologically tend to be altruistical? Or are we blank slates (白板) on

100、which culture and education draws our character, for better or worse? The survival rates of women and children appear to support the former explanation; but the culturally prejudiced explanations of those facts appear to support the latter. (简言之，泰坦尼克号灾难的现有证据表明，我们经常关心他人，甚至付出了一些代价。但为什么？我们实际上在心理上倾向于利他吗

101、？或者是在白板上文化和教育塑造了我们的性格，是好是坏？妇女和儿童的生存率似乎支持前一种解释；但对这些事实的文化偏见解释似乎支持后者)”可知，作者提到泰坦尼克号的存活率是为了总结这件事中体现的利他行为。故选D项。8推理判断题。由第三段中的“The blank slate theory of human nature is related to the seventeenth-century English philosopher, John Locke. He argued that the mind should be considered as a blank sheet of paper

102、until it is furnished by experience, which varies from person to person. (人性的白板说与17世纪英国哲学家约翰洛克有关。他认为，在经验提供之前，大脑应该被视为一张白纸，经验因人而异)”和最后一段中的“The social sciences generally have tried to explain human behavior as a product of the socialization of children by culture and education. (社会科学通常试图将人类行为解释为文化和教育使儿

103、童社会化的产物)”可知，约翰洛克认为人是一张白纸，受社会经验影响，文化和教育使儿童社会化，让他们做出相应的社会行为，可得出约翰洛克认为文化和教育塑造了我们的性格。故选A项。9A10B11C12D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种竹制的猫碗，相比塑料碗这种猫碗的特点是环保、使用安全，因此深受猫主人的喜爱。9推理判断题。文章第一段“If youre in the market for a new food or water dish for your cat, you might want to check out Free the Oceans Bamboo Cat Bowls. Th

104、ese are made from bamboo fibers and rice husks(稻壳)(如果你在市场上为你的猫买一种新的食物或水盘，你可能想看看自由海洋竹制猫碗。这些是由竹纤维和稻壳制成的)”介绍了竹猫碗，然后进一步分析这种猫碗的使用材料以及特点等，由此可推知，文章的写作目的是为了推荐新产品。故选A。10词义猜测题。根据划线词后的内容“less actual plastic is required when more natural fillers are used(当使用更多的天然填料时，所需的实际塑料更少)”可知，在猫碗的使用材料中竹纤维占的比例增大，因此更加环保，此处是在解

105、释猫碗增加生态友好性的原因。由此可推知划线单词所在句子While plastic is still needed to make the cat bowl, the rationale behind their increased eco-friendliness is that less actual plastic is required when more natural fillers are used.的意思是：虽然制作猫碗仍然需要塑料，但它们增加生态友好性的理由是，当使用更多的天然填料时，实际需要的塑料更少。因此划线词意为“原因，理由”。故选B。11推理判断题。根据第二段“The

106、presence of bambooused as a renewable filler in the dishs compositionis part of what makes it greener.( 竹子作为一种可再生的填充物存在于菜肴的成分中，这是它更绿色的一部分。)”以及倒数第二段“However, the bamboo cat bowl is BPA- free and will not release harmful chemicals into your pets water the way that conventional plastic can.( 然而，竹猫碗是不含B

107、PA的，不会像传统塑料一样向宠物的水中释放有害化学物质。)”可知，这种猫碗绿色环保、使用安全。故选C。12推理判断题。在第五段“Plastic cat dishes harbor bacteria even if pet owners clean them regularly, which can put your cats health at risk. However, the bamboo cat bowl is BPA- free and will not release harmful chemicals into your pets water the way that conve

108、ntional plastic can. Bamboo is naturally antibacterial.( 即使宠物主人定期清洗塑料猫碟，它们也会滋生细菌，这会危及猫的健康。然而，竹猫碗是不含BPA的，不会像传统塑料一样向宠物的水中释放有害化学物质。竹子天然抗菌。)”可知作者对比了新款猫碗和传统猫碗的不同。由此可推知，作者使用了对比的写作手法。故选D。13C14B15D16A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是瑞典通过押金退还政策，成为欧洲塑料包装回收再利用比例最高的国家，但是这一政策可能阻碍了生产商转向可持续的包装。13细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Customers pay 0.10

109、 extra when buying drinks containers. After use, these can be fed into reverse vending machines installed in shops, which spit the deposit back out.(客户在购买饮料容器时额外支付 0.10 欧元。使用后，这些可以送入安装在商店中的反向自动售货机，这些自动售货机将押金吐出。)”可知，顾客在消费完产品后，将包装退还，售货机就会退回之前交的押金，所以瑞典人在押金退还计划下会将包装退回。故选C项。14推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A 2021 survey

110、by the European Commission found they were less likely than most other Europeans to regard environmental issues as “very important”.(欧盟委员会 2021 年的一项调查发现，与大多数其他欧洲人相比，他们不太可能将环境问题视为“非常重要”。)”可知，瑞典人相比其他欧洲人认为环境问题很重要的可能性不大，由此可知，研究发现瑞典人有较低的环保意识。故选B项。15推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Less litter and money for people who need

111、 it seems like a win-win. But it might not in fact be best for the environment in the long run.(为需要它的人减少垃圾和金钱似乎是双赢的。但从长远来看，这实际上可能不是对环境最好的。)”可知，作者认为，从长远看来，这种押金退还政策对环保不是最好的，由此可知，作者对此政策的态度不是很支持。故选D项。16主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“The Swedish government says the scheme has aroused a potential enthusiasm for recycling

112、in its citizens.(瑞典政府表示，该计划激起了公民对回收的潜在热情。)”可知，该计划激起了公民捡拾废品热情，但是第四段中的“The eagerness of Swedish recyclers may stem not from a love of the Earth but from a low net worth.(瑞典回收商的热情可能不是源于对地球的热爱，而是源于其较低的净资产。)”表明，瑞典的回收商不是看中对环境保护的作用，而是源于其低净资产，所以很多人都热衷于捡瓶子换钱，综上信息可知，瑞典人之所以捡拾垃圾，而且回收利用率在整个欧洲中最高，不是看在对环境保护的重要作用上，

113、而是通过捡拾垃圾可以增加收入，所以全文的题目应该为：为什么瑞典人在垃圾中获利。故选A项。17D18B19C20B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大Yukon的路标森林。17词句猜测题。根据第二段“The tradition began during the Alaska Highway Project in 1942, when U.S. soldier Carl K. Lindley spent time in Watson Lake recovering from an injury. A commanding officer asked him to repair and ere

114、ct the directional signposts, and while completing the job, the homesick soldier added a sign that indicated the direction and mileage to his hometown: “Danville, Illinois, 2,835 miles.” Others followed suit, and the trend caught on. Each year, an average of 1,000 new signs are being added to the co

115、llection.(这个传统始于1942年的Alaska Highway计划，当时美国士兵卡尔K林德利在沃森湖养伤。一位指挥官让他修理和竖立路标，在完成这项工作的同时，这位思乡的士兵在上面加了一个标志牌，标明了到他家乡的方向和距离：“伊利诺斯州丹维尔，2835英里。”其他人纷纷效仿，这一趋势开始流行起来。每年，平均有1000个新标识被添加到这个收藏中)”中“Others followed suit, and the trend caught on.”和“an average of 1,000 new signs are being added to the collection”可推知，上文的

116、“The tradition”是指人们开始将世界各地的标识带到路标森林。故选D项。18细节理解题。根据第二段中“The tradition began during the Alaska Highway Project in 1942, when U.S. soldier Carl K. Lindley spent time in Watson Lake recovering from an injury. A commanding officer asked him to repair and erect the directional signposts, and while comple

117、ting the job, the homesick soldier added a sign that indicated the direction and mileage to his hometown: “Danville, Illinois, 2,835 miles.” Others followed suit, and the trend caught on. (这个传统始于1942年的Alaska Highway计划，当时美国士兵卡尔K林德利在沃森湖养伤一位指挥官让他修理和竖立路标，在完成这项工作的同时，这位思乡的士兵在上面加了一个标志牌，标明了到他家乡的方向和距离：“伊利诺斯州

118、丹维尔，2835英里。”其他人纷纷效仿，这一趋势开始流行起来)”可知，路标森林中的第一个标志牌是一个美国士兵竖起来的，所以B项是正确的说法。故选B项。19词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Lindleys original sign has since been lost to time. Fifty years later, in 1992, Lindley and his wife Elinor made the pilgrimage back to Watson Lake to place a replica, which is still there. (林德利最初的标志已经随着时间的流逝而消

119、失了。50年后的1992年，林德利和他的妻子埃丽诺朝圣回到沃森湖，放置了一个replica，它仍然在那里)”可知，林德利最初的标志牌已经找不到了，50年后他故地重游，重新放了一个“复制品”，所以划线词与copy同义。故选C项。20主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The Signpost Forest takes up a couple of acres, with huge panels snaking through the trees. There are street signs, welcome signs, signatures on dinner plates, and license

120、 plates from around the world. There are also a lot of familial signs (路标森林占地几英亩，巨大的面板蜿蜒穿过树木。这里有街道标志、欢迎标志、餐盘上的签名，还有来自世界各地的车牌。还有很多家族标志)”和“The forest has grown so vast that the visitor center no longer tries to keep a detailed list of the signs.(森林已经变得如此广阔，以至于游客中心不再试图保留一个详细的标志列表)”可推知，最后一段主要讲了路标森林中指示牌的

121、数量和种类。故选B项。21D22D23B24C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了垂直农业的种植方式、优势以及实施的必要性。21细节理解题。根据第一段“Workers control the climate and closely monitor each plants growth.(工人们控制气候并密切监测每一株植物的生长)”可知，垂直农场可以控制环境因素。故选D项。22细节理解题。根据第二段“Farmers wear gloves, coats and coverings on their heads. Their shoes must be cleaned.(农民们戴着手套、穿着外套，

122、头上有遮盖物。他们的鞋子必须擦干净)”可知，AeroFarms的农民需要保持清洁。故选D项。23推理判断题。根据第三段“The methods it uses lower soil destruction. They also reduce the amount of pesticides and water needed to grow the crops.(它使用的方法减少了土壤破坏。它们还减少了种植作物所需的杀虫剂和水的数量)”可知，AeroFarms的农作物所需的杀虫剂和水的数量减少，由此可推知，AeroFarms是高效节能的。故选B项。24推理判断题。根据最后一段“Recent Wo

123、rld Bank studies predict that an estimated global population of 9 billion in 2050 will require at least 50 percent more food. Experts say the crisis will be worsened by climate change, which they believe will reduce crop harvests by more than 25 percent during that time.(世界银行最近的研究预测，预计2050年全球人口将达到90

124、亿，将需要至少再多50%的粮食。专家们表示，气候变化将使危机恶化，他们认为，在这段时间内，作物收成将减少25%以上)”可知，人口增多使得食物需求量增加，且气候变化使得食物供应量相对减少，这两方面都体现了垂直农业这种新的农业方法的必要性。故选C项。25B26D27A28C【导语】这是一篇说明文。在爱德华詹纳的1837年的自传中讲述他关于牛痘天花理论的灵感来自于一名挤奶女工，本文作者对此说法存疑，并进行了探讨。25词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“And the story of his inspiration for developing the vaccine first appeared in

125、 an 1837 biography and was repeated endlessly over the years.(他开发疫苗的灵感故事首次出现在1837年的传记中，多年来不断被重复)”可知，此处是指这位挤奶女工是否真的是詹纳的灵感来源，所以muse意为“灵感”。故选B。26细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Instead, it involves a country doctor named John Fewster.(相反，它涉及一位名叫约翰费斯特的乡村医生)”和第五段“Like other doctors of the time, Fewster used smallpox vir

126、us to protect people from smallpox. In 1768, he treated a group of farmers in Thornbury. But something unusual happened: All of them didnt respond to the smallpox virus at all. Fewster inquired further and found that all the farmers never had smallpox but did previously have cowpox.(和当时的其他医生一样，费斯特使用

127、天花病毒来保护人们免受天花的侵害。1768年，他在桑伯里治疗了一群农民。但不寻常的事情发生了：所有人对天花病毒完全没有反应。费斯特进一步询问，发现所有农民都没得过天花，但以前都得过牛痘)”可知，爱德华詹纳很可能是从一名乡村医生那里学到牛痘天花理论的。故选D。27细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“To protect his friend, the biographer probably made up the milkmaid story as a way to show how Jenner had come across the idea of a cowpox-smallpox conn

128、ection.(为了保护他的朋友，这位传记作者可能编造了一个挤奶女工的故事，以此来展示詹纳是如何发现牛痘和天花之间的联系的)”可知，詹纳的第一位传记作者提到挤奶女工是为了保护他的朋友。故选A。28主旨大意题。根据第三段“But was the milkmaid really Jenners muse?(但挤奶女工真的是詹纳的灵感吗？)”和最后一段最后一句“To protect his friend, the biographer probably made up the milkmaid story as a way to show how Jenner had come across the

129、 idea of a cowpox-smallpox connection.(为了保护他的朋友，这位传记作者可能编造了一个挤奶女工的故事，以此来展示詹纳是如何发现牛痘和天花之间的联系的)”可知，文章主要是讲世界上第一种疫苗的发现灵感是否真的是一名挤奶女工。故选C。29D30C31D32C【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了救援鼠应用于地震救援工作中。29细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“These rescue rats are sent into mock(模拟的)earthquake ruins with tiny backpacks that contain micro

130、phones, video gears, and location trackers. These tools will allow the rescue teams to communicate with earthquake survivors in real-time. (这些救援鼠被带着装有麦克风、视频设备和位置追踪器的小背包送入模拟地震废墟。这些工具将使救援队能够与地震幸存者实时沟通。)”可知救援鼠配备了背包是为了追踪幸存者，故选D。30细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“The rescue rats are even being trained to respond to beeps t

131、hat call them back to their base. (救援鼠甚至正在接受训练，以对呼叫它们返回基地的哔哔声做出反应。)”可知根据短文，一只受过训练的救援鼠能从哔哔声中辨别出信号，故选C。31细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“The highly swift rats never set off landmines and their natural swiftness makes them ideal for use in hard-to-navigate disaster zones. Their suitability for this work goes further, wi

132、th rats being good at surviving in different environments and living off of anything. (它们对这项工作的适应性更进一步，因为老鼠善于在不同的环境中生存，并以任何东西为生)”可知.在这个项目中，老鼠比其他动物更重要的原因是原文它们对环境的适应性，故选D。32推理判断题。文章最后一讲到“Dr. Kean feels hopeful about her projects promising results and is excited to be the only organization in this spac

133、e working with this species. (基恩博士对她的项目取得的有希望的结果感到充满希望，并且很高兴成为这个空间中唯一一个与这个物种合作的组织。)”可知从“英雄鼠”项目可以推断出该项目可能是该领域的先驱，故选C。33B34C35D36C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是广告宣传中的欺骗现象。33推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ever wondered why your hotel pool seems overly small compared to its website picture? A new graph reveals just how far compani

134、es will go to make their products seem more appealing, from replacing actual ice cream with mashed potato for a more solid appearance, to using motor oil for honey. One of the most common examples is that of advertised images of hamburgers, which show items between the bun to be larger and brighter

135、than they really are, leading consumers to think the food is fresher than it really is.(你有没有想过，为什么你住的酒店的游泳池比网站上的图片看起来太小了?一份新图表揭示了企业为了让产品看起来更有吸引力会做多少努力，从用土豆泥代替真正的冰淇淋来获得更坚实的外观，到用机油来代替蜂蜜。最常见的例子之一就是汉堡的广告图片，在广告中，面包夹着的东西比实际更大、更亮，导致消费者认为这些食物比实际更新鲜。)”可知第一段举例说明在图片广告中存在着与事实不相符的现象，所以作者写第一段的目的是为了引入话题。故选B项。34细节理

136、解题。根据文章第二段“Frozen food packages are repeat offenders which show the meals perfectly plated with fresh ingredients. Where an image includes ingredients not included in the purchase, a “serving suggestion” disclaimer is a legal requirement. However, if a customer fails to notice the tiny caption, they

137、 often incorrectly assume that all illustrated items are included.(冷冻食品包装是惯犯，包装上的食物都是用新鲜的食材完美包装的。如果图片中包含的食材不包含在购买商品中，“食用建议”免责声明是法律要求。然而，如果客户没有注意到这个小标题，他们通常会错误地认为所有的插图项目都包括在内。)”可知图片中宣传的食材有的可能会不包括在购买商品中，所以顾客会发现包装盒图片上有的东西在实际购买的商品中可能会没有。故选C项。35推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“With nearly half of American consumers believ

138、ing advertising to be “fairly honest”, it seems they will continue to be tricked into buying disappointing products.(由于近一半的美国消费者相信广告是“相当诚实的”，看来他们将继续被骗去购买令人失望的产品。)”可知近一半的美国人依旧相信广告的真实性，所以可以推知50%的购买者将继续被虚假广告所欺骗。故选D项。36推理判断题。文章第一段提出广告图片中存在欺骗的现象，二、三段举例进行说明，第四段“Children are also often cheated by commercia

139、ls.(孩子们也经常被广告欺骗。)”进一步告诉我们孩子们也经常被虚假的广告图片所欺骗，广告中的欺骗无处不在，既然如此我们就应该提高警惕，所以作者的写作目的就是为了提高公众对于不可靠广告的认识。故选C项。37A38B39C40D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了社交媒体言语是不是语言杀手的问题。语言一直在演变之中，社交媒体言语不是语言的杀手，它是新时代的产物。37词义猜测题。根据上文“Some people argue that technology has made us lazy about how we speak and write.(许多人认为，在我们的读写方式方面，科技使我们变得懒

140、惰)”可知一部分人认为科技对我们的交流方式有不利的影响，因此主流媒体对这种方式进行抱怨，故选A 项。38推理判断题。分析第三段结构可推知，第一句话“People have been making complaints about language being “ruined” for as long as theyve been writing and speaking(远至自从有了读写以来，人类一直在抱怨语言被破坏)”是该段的主题句，第二句“In a TED Talk, linguist John McWhorter shared stories of people being annoye

141、d about language change through the ages.(在一次TED演讲中，约翰麦克沃特讲述了一个人们对经历多年的语言变化感到烦恼的故事)”，是对主题句的说明，它的作用是用来支持作者观点的，故选B 项。39细节理解题。根据第六段内容“Although an emoticon may look like a smile, a frown or any other kind of facial expressions, it doesnt really represent a face. Instead, its intended to express a feelin

142、g(尽管表情符号可能看上去像是个微笑、皱眉或者其他种类的面部表情，但是它并不代表面部表情，相反它是用来表达一种情感的)”可知，这些表情符号的作用是用来表达情感的，故选C 项。40推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“Far from ruining language, these examples indicate how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple, direct manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world(上述例子远没有破坏语言，他们表明现在的人们如何用一种简单、直白的方式来传达复杂的情感。这种变化对我们这个现代化的、快节奏的世界来说是极好的)”，可推理出作者对社交媒体言语持支持的态度，故选D 项。