专题17 阅读理解解题策略指导-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考阅读理解解题策略指导 知识导图要点精析得阅读者得天下！阅读理解历来都是英语测试的重中之重，阅读恐惧也是每位考生最大的应试恐惧。以总结了“重、定、划、看、防、读”阅读理解六字真诀，希望对阅读理解解题有所启示。一、“重”“重文本”“重文本”。读懂文章最重要。文本是题源所在，如果将考生比作勘探人员，那么文本就是他们的勘探场所。撰题者正式通过对文章的深入剖析，才将一个个地宝藏埋藏其中，让考生去发掘。所以读懂文本不仅是正确解题的第一步，也是最关键的一步。1、首尾在心，紧扣中心任何一位作者都会有自己的写作意图，任何一篇文章都会有自己的中心主旨，而能否明晰作者的写作意图，能否把握文章的主旨，是理解一篇文

2、章的关键，也是阅读水平高低的体现。为了考察考生对文章的理解程度和阅读水平，出题者必然会以各种方式对作者的写作意图与文章的主旨要义进行考察。一般来说，文章的主旨经常会被表述在文章的首尾中，首尾既包括文章的首段尾段，又包括每一段的段首句和段尾句。要想快速把握文章中心，文本之首尾段和各段之首尾句是最佳切入点，因此同学们应格外注意它们。2、学会跳读，心中有图阅读理解要做到心中既有森林，又有树木，既要统揽全文，又要主次有别。跳读即可用来通读全文，了解大意，又可用来搜寻细节，锁定被考察信息如此既把握了整体，又不会忽视细节。在跳读时一定不要借用母语翻译，而要通过情景想象、提纲列表、重点连线、简图示意等手段来

3、梳理文章脉络，使之直观化、形象化、具体化。3、善于猜测词义各类考试都允许出现3%的超纲词汇，这些词汇往往文中都会给出暗示，考生可以根据上下文来推断他们的意思；有些其后则会紧跟其同位语，直接对其进行解释说明；有的词汇（多数为名词）只需判定它是某类事物即可，比如人名、地名、某类动、植物等等，而无须弄明白其具体意思；有些词真是猜不出意思也不必太在意，因为一、两个词不认识根本不会对文章理解带来障碍，一定不能因之而恐慌，从而影响发挥。对于词义猜测试题中的超纲词，文中肯定会对其进行或解释、或同义、或暗示，只要细心，只要思路开阔，就一定能发现线索，确定其含义。二、定“定区间”“定区间”。就是能够圈定各题答案

4、的范围。出题者一般都是根据文本的某一段，或某一段的某一句，或某一句的某一词，或根据隐藏在字里行间的作者的暗示进行题设。这就要求做题时要进行回想、返查，锁定与问题相关信息的所在区域，为正确解题打基础。这个过程就像捉迷藏一样，要想找到文本中躲藏的“猫猫”，就必须对藏躲“猫猫”的区域谙熟于心，进而准确定位，圈定范围，定能一抓一个准。三、划“划根据”作答时理由要充分，并在文章中划出解题依据。能够在文本中划出解题根据是正确解题的关键，更是阅读理解不丢分的保障，在做阅读理解时要做到“不见根据不做题”。理由充分，根据凿实，这是“不仅知其然，而且知其所以然”的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。从这种意义上讲

5、，“划”字诀是“重、定、划、看、防、读”六字真诀之尤为重要者。四、看“看转换”注意同一意思的不同表述（同意转述）。英语语言相当丰富，同一意思会有多种不同表达，以避免语言表述上的单调重复。考试中常见的题型“同意改写”就是考察学生的这一能力的。以句型“决定做某事”为例，英语中就有不下就中表达：1. decide to do sth.2. make a decision to do sth.3. determine to do sth.4. be determined to do sth.5. make a determination to do sth6. resolve to do sth.7.

6、 make a resolution to do sth.8. make up ones mind to do sth.9. set ones mind to do sth.出题者设计试题时总会用不同的语言结构对文本中的某些信息进行同意转述。有的转述会很明显，可以一目了然；但也不乏隐含很深的转述五、防“防陷井”锁定是“true”还是“not true”，辨明形近词。英语阅读中的陷阱设置最常见的有两种，判断对错真假型和词形相近型。对于判断对错真假型，考生做题前一定要认真审题，看准是“true”还是“not true”，是“right”还是“wrong”，然后才着手解题。对于词形相近型要做只有两个

7、字“细心”，三思而后选。只要细心，此类陷阱就会很容易被识破。归根到底，“防”的主要对象是自己，防止慌张，防止粗心大意，防止那些“想当然”的想法，防止自己的骄傲情绪只要沉着应对，处处留心，任何陷阱都会被识别发现的。六、读“读全项”做判断时要通读每一题的所有选项，区分鉴别，选择最佳。阅读理解是从三个或四个选项中选出一个最佳选项，解题时考生要通读所有选项，比较鉴别，确定最佳。切不可挑读臆断，匆匆作答。比如做判断对错真假型试题时，选项中会有“一对三错”或“三对一错”，通读全项就会补救误读题干所造成的过失。课堂典例一、“重”“重文本”，读懂文章最重要。1、首尾在心，紧扣中心例如：What do you

8、want to be when you grow up? A teacher? A doctor? How about an ice-cream taster?Yes, there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice-cream. Just ask John Harrion, an “Official Taste Tester” for the past 21 years. Testing helps manufacturers to be sure of a products quality. During his care

9、er Harrison has been responsible for approving large quantities of the sweet ice cream as well as for developing over 75 flavors (味道).Some people think that it would be easy to do this job, after all, you just have to like ice cream, right? No theres more to the job than that, says Harrison, who has

10、 a degree in chemistry. He points out that a dairy or food-science degree would be very useful to someone wanting a career in this “cool” field.In a typical morning on the job, Harrison tastes and assesses 60 ice-cream samples. He lets the ice cream warm up to about 12. Harrison explains, “You get m

11、ore flavor from warmer ice cream, which is why some kids like to stir it, creating ice-cream soup.”While the ice cream warms up, Harrison looks over the samples and grades each one on its appearance. “Tasting begins with the eyes,” he explains. He checks to see if the ice cream is attractive and ask

12、s himself, “Does the product have the color expected from that flavor?” Next its time to taste!Continuing to think up new ideas, try out new flavors, and test samples from so many kinds of ice cream each day keeps Harrison busy but happy working at one cool job.65. What is John Harrisons job? A. An

13、official.B. An ice-cream taster. C. A chemist.D. An ice-cream manufacturer.66. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage? A. Tasting with EyesB. Flavors of Ice Cream C. John Harrisons LifeD. One Cool Job【答案】B D【解析】本文讲述社会上出现的一种很酷的工作（cool job） 冰淇淋调味师。根据文章首尾段，可以很快锁定答案。例如：Chimps w

14、ill cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their chil

15、dren，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull

16、at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello

17、 has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and sha

18、re are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that so

19、cial intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of

20、 what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that int

21、ends to work toward a shared goal.60The passage is mainly about _ .A. the helping behaviors of young childrenB. ways to train childrens shared intentionalityC. cooperation as a distinctive human natureD. the development of intelligence in children【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题，从文章首段及尾段即推断。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无

22、私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类具有愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。例如：Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that scien

23、ce as an effortthe desire to explore，explain，and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children

24、.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”53What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A

25、The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.BStudying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.【答案】B【解析】段落大意题。根据本段内容尤其是第一句可知

26、，本段主要讲“研究孩子的游戏可以让人们更好地理解科学”，故选B。2. 学会跳读，心中有图例如：Stop wasting your time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings.Instead，realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born.Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.The seeds，and the power to grow them，are

27、contained in the human mind.Success is a choice and not a chance.You can be a success if only you make the right choice.You cannot be successful without first developing your selfesteemYour level of selfesteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself，and t

28、hus over your life.People with low selfesteem do not believe that they have any power，or responsibility for their lives.They are leaves tossed(摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that

29、 you are responsible for whatever happens in your life.Failures think that everything happens by accident while successful people realize that they are responsible.Everything happens as a result of something.If we can identify the cause，we can control the effect.We are responsible for what we consci

30、ously choose to accept and believe.Thoughts and beliefs cause everything.Our attitudes and actions are a result of habits ingrained in us over a period of time.One generally rises to the level that one expects.We are responsible for setting our expectations.Our success depends upon our level of conf

31、idence.We are responsible for either reinforcing(强化) good habits or kicking bad habits and consciously replacing them with consistently practiced good habits.If you associate with positivethinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success.On the contrary，the opposite happens.We are respons

32、ible for finding，planting，and nurturing(培育) the seeds that contain future victory，born from setbacks.In short，in all areas of your life，whether they are financial，physical，emotional，or spiritual，you are responsible.Once you recognize this，accept it，and firmly believe it, you are on the road to succe

33、ss.1People with low selfesteem are compared to leaves because they .Aare ready to change their mindsBare easily affected by windy weatherCDont have the power to face their fateDCant exercise control over themselves【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段第三句话“People with low selfesteem do not believe that they have an

34、y power，or responsibility for their lives.”以及第四句话“They are leaves tossed(摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.”可知不自信的人是因为他们不相信自己有能力，也不相信自己能够为自己的生活做主。他们就像随风摇摆的落叶。也就是说他们不能掌控自己。故选择D。2Losers would think that .Asuccess is the result of hard workBworking hard will l

35、ead to successCtheir failure is only because of bad luckDthey dont make efforts to succeed【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段第二句话“Failures think that everything happens by accident.”可知，失败者总是认为事情的发生都是偶然的。故选择C，认为自己的失败只是由于时运不济。3、 善于猜测词义例如：1.2Do you know what a “territory” is? A territory is an area that an animal，usu

36、ally the male，claims as its own.Only he and his family are welcome there.No other families of the same species are welcome.Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome.If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you，you might shout.Probably this wo

37、uld be enough to frighten him away.What is a birds “territory”？AA place where families of other species are not accepted.BA place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice.CAn area for which birds fight against each other.DAn area which a bird considers to be its own.【答案】D【解析】文章第二段首先提出什么是“terri

38、tory”，紧跟着就是对“territory”的解释，由定义可推知，这里“territory”指的是“鸟类的地盘”。例如：A study involving 8,500 teenagers from all social backgrounds found thai most of them are ignorani when it comes to money. The findings, the first in a scries of reports from NatWesl that has started a five-year research project into teena

39、gers and money, arc particularly worrying as this generation of young people is likely to be burdened with greater debts man any before.University tuition fees (学费) are currently capped at 3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and the Government is under enormous pressure to raise the

40、ceiling.73. The phrase to raise the ceiling in paragraph 2 probably means _.A. to raise the student loans B. to improve the school facilitiesC. to increase the upper limit of the tuition D. to lift the school building roofs【答案】C【解析】这是一道词义猜测题，由第二段可知，目前大学里每一年的学费都已经高达3000英镑，但是，明年政府由于压力还可能会提高学费的上限。所以答案为

41、C。raise表示“增加、提高”，ceiling表示“（物价、工资等的）最高限度、上限”。例如：“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.The program allows users to display al

42、erts on the missing computers screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.72. The expression “to give the thief a piece of their mind

43、” can be understood as “_”.A. to give the thief an alert mindB. to express the owners anger to the thiefC. to remind the thief of his conscienceD. to make the thief give up his mind【答案】B【解析】细节理解。根据文章的第一段和第二段内容可知答案B最佳。二、 “定”“定区间”，圈定各题答案的范围。例如: Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston, Massachusetts, U. S

44、. Last Thursday, she didnt go to school. She went to work with her father instead. Every year, on the fourth Thursday in April, millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and 15. They spend the day at work with an adult, usually a mot

45、her, father, aunt, or uncle. They go to offices, police stations, laboratories, and other places where their parents or other family members work. Next year, the day will include sons, too. The Ms. Foundation, an organization for women, started the program about ten years ago. In the U.S., many wome

46、n work outside the home. The Ms. Foundation wanted girls to find out about many different kinds of jobs. Then, when the girls grow up, they can choose a job they like. Caras father is a film director. Cara says, “It was very exciting for me to go to the studio with my dad. I saw a lot of people doin

47、g different jobs.” Many businesses have special activities for girls on this day. Last year, Cara went to work with her aunt at the University of Massachusetts. In the engineering department, the girls learned to build a bridge with toothpicks and Candy. In the chemistry department, they learned to

48、use scales. They learned about many other kinds of jobs, too. Right now, Cara does not know what job she will have when she grows up. But because of Take Our Daughters to Work Day, she knows she has many choices.65. What is Caras father?A. An engineer. B. An official. C. A movie maker. D. A professo

49、r. 【答案】C【解析】从第三段，第一句中可以看出是一名导演，故选C。66. According to the passage, Take our Daughters to work Day is _. A. on every Thursday in April B. a holiday for girls of all agesC. a day for girls to know about jobs D. a day for girls to get a job easily【答案】C【解析】从整个第二段可以看出，故选C。67. On this special day, Cara has

50、done all the following EXCEPT that _.A. she learned to use scalesB. she worked as an actressC. she went to work with her auntD. she used toothpicks and Candy to build a bridge【答案】B【解析】“带女儿去工作”节。该节日的目的就是使得女孩子能够了解各种各样的工作，以便将来选择工作时候有所参考。定位文章倒数第二段，而充当女演员并没有提及，故选B。68. What is probably the best title for

51、the passage?A. Cara Lang, a Fortunate GirlB. Take Our Daughters to Work DayC. Childrens Day and Work DayD. Ms. Foundation, an Organization for Women【答案】B【解析】从文章结尾段可以看出，介绍了美国的一种特殊节日，故选B。三、“划”“划根据”。作答时理由要充分，并在文章中划出解题依据。例如:Are we getting more stupid? According to Gerald Crabtree, a scientist at Stanfor

52、d University in the US, we are.You may not want to hear this, but Crabtree believes that human intelligence reached its peak more than 2,000 years ago and ever since then has been going downhill. “If an average Greek from 1,000 BC were transported to modern times, he or she would be one of the brigh

53、test among us,” Crabtree told The Guardian.At the heart of Crabtrees thinking is a simple idea. In the past, intelligence was critical for survival when our ancestors had to avoid dangerous animals and hunt for food. The difference of being smart or stupid is often life or death. However, after the

54、spread of agriculture, when our ancestors began to live in dense farming communities, the need to keep their intelligence in peak condition gradually reduced.This is not hard to understand. Most of the time, pressure is what keeps us going you need the pressure from your teachers to finish your home

55、work; the pressure of looking pretty prompts you to lose weight when summer comes. And the same is also true of our intelligence if we think less, we become less smart.These mutations(变异) are harmful to our intelligence and they were all developed in the past 3,000 years. The other evidence that Cra

56、btree holds is in our genes. He found that among the 2,000 to 5,000 genes that we have that determine human intelligence, there are two or more mutations in each of us.However, Crabtrees theory has been criticized by some who say that early humans may have better hunting and surviving abilities, but

57、 people today have developed a more diverse intelligence. For example, spearing a tiger doesnt necessarily require more brainpower than playing chess or writing a poem. Moreover, the power of modern education means a lot more people have the opportunity to learn nowadays.“You wouldnt get Stephen Haw

58、king 2,000 years ago. He just wouldnt exist,” Thomas Hills of the University of Warwick, UK, told Live Science. “But now we have people of his intellectual capacity doing things and making insights that we would never have achieved in our environment of evolutionary adaptation.”65. Some argue that C

59、rabtrees theory is false because they think _.A. people today are under much more pressure than early humansB. its ridiculous to compare a hunters and a poets intelligenceC. modern education is far more advanced than ancient educationD. human intelligence nowadays is different from that of the dista

60、nt past【答案】D【解析】根据题干，从倒数第二段划线部分可以找到答案依据。三、 “看”“看转换”。注意同一意思的不同表述（同意转述）。例如:.Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes, contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henrys w

61、inning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases(偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelman had

62、 little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldnt make his mind up about things.75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.C. To illustrate t

63、he harm of prejudices in management.D. To warn executives against power misuse.【答案】A【解析】根据“Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. 相反，他们强调年轻人的故事。这些年轻人能够抓住机会以及成为有能力的领导” 可以知道答案是强调抓住机会的重要性。其中highlight强调和emphasize 是同义词，seizes opportunity 和cat

64、ch opportunities 是同义词。五、“防”“防陷井”。锁定是“true”还是“not true”，辨明形近词。例如:West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre in London, or sometimes more specifically for shows staged in the large theatres of Londons “Theatreland”. Along with New Yorks Broadway Theatre, West End theatre is

65、 usually considered to represent the highest level of theatre in the English speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London.Total attendances broke the 12 million in 2002, and in May and June 2005. The Times reported that this record might be broken in 2005. Factors be

66、hind high ticket sales in the first half of 2005 included new hit musicals such as Billy Elliot, the Producers and Mary Poppins and the high number of film stars appearing. Since the late 1990s there has been an increase in the number of American actors on the London stage.Londons main theatre distr

67、ict is located in the heart of the West End of the city centre. Renowned theatre streets include Drury Lane, Shaftesbury Avenue, and the Strand. This area contains approximately forty large theatres and is often referred to Theatreland. The works staged are mainly musicals, classic or plays, and com

68、edy performances.Most of the theaters in “Theatreland” are late Victorian of Edwardian, and they are privately owned. Most of them have their own characteristics with a splendid past. On the other hand, present audience will find them not comfortable as the leg room of the seat is often cramped (peo

69、ple were smaller a hundred years ago) and audience facilities such as bars and restrooms are often much smaller than those in modern theatres. The protected status of the buildings and their confined urban locations, combined with financial limit, mean that it is very difficult to make through impro

70、vements to the level of comfort offered. In 2004, it was estimated that an investment of 250 million was required for modernization, and the theatre owners failed to request a lower tax to help them meet the costs.56. Which of the following statement does not describe West End theatre right?A. West

71、End theatre refers to the professional theatre in London.B. West End theatre is one of the famous theatres in London.C. West End theatre also refers to the plays in the theatreland in London.D. Seeing West End theatre show is a must for tourists to London.57. What might not be the reason for the inc

72、reasing ticket sale?A. West End theatre often stages best musicals.B. West End theatre has attracted quite a number of film stars.C. Theatreland is located in the heart of the West End.D. The facilities of traditional theatres have been improved.58. Which can you not infer from the passage?A. Broadw

73、ay theatre also reflects the high level of theatre in the English-speaking world.B. West End theatre came into existence around 100 years ago.C. West End theatre used to belong to Queen Victoria and King Edward.D.The theatre owners did not succeed in persuading government to reduce their tax to rebu

74、ild the theatres.【答案】BDC【解析】注意题干中 “does not describe”; “not be the reason”; “ not infer”。审题需细心，防止陷阱。六、“读”“读全项”。做判断时要通读每一题的所有选项，区分鉴别，选择最佳。例如:You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass，dirt and water.

75、Our ancestors enjoyed the healing(治愈) power of nature，and now scientists are starting to catch up.Researchers have documented how contact with nature can decrease mental tiredness，and enhance moods，concentration and problemsolving.Just having a view of nature has been shown to improve hospital patie

76、nts recovery and reduce illness rates.Exposure to the open air，horseback riding，hiking and camping can also be helpful for a variety of health conditions in adults and children.Much of this type of research is focusing on children，and in fact an entire movement has developed quickly to connect kids

77、with the healing power of nature.Obesity. Rates of childhood，adult obesity and related conditions including diabetes(糖尿病) and heart disease have grown greatly in recent years，partly because of reducing the time of outdoor activities.This problem can be partly addressed by increasing the time student

78、s spend learning about nature，both in and outside the classroom.Such lessons are more engaging to students and often lead them to become more active outside.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)(注意力缺失多动症)An exposure to ordinary natural settings in the course of common afterschool and weeken

79、d activities may be widely effective in reducing attention shortness symptoms(症状) in children.Participation in green activities helps ADHD patients keep focused and complete tasks.Stress. Access to nature，even houseplants，can help children deal with stress.Depression and seasonal affective disorder.

80、 Major depression requires medical treatment，but physical activities，especially those done outdoors，can help ease symptoms.Staying in the sunshine for just a few minutes can also help supply bonebuilding vitamin DExperts say that simply walking in a city park can enjoy natures benefits.14The effects

81、 of outdoor activities include all of the following EXCEPT .Ahelping children to control stressBhelping people to increase the vitamin D levelChelping children to reduce the symptoms of ADHDDhelping scientists to believe the healing power of nature【答案】D【解析】根据文中第三、四、五段可知，户外活动可以帮助我们缓解注意力缺失多动症，减轻压力，增加维

82、生素D的合成。例如:Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.Until now, psychological

83、 research has maintained that both men and women have the same fight-or-flight reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (fight), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (flight). However, the UCLA res

84、earch team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called tend and befriend. That is, they often react to stressful condition

85、s by protecting and nurturing their young (tend), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females (befriend).Scientists have long known that in the fight-or-flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones (澈素) released by the body. The

86、UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Sh

87、elley E. Taylor, explained that animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious. While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.73. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?A. Men hav

88、e the same level of oxytocin as women do.B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men. 【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Whilemenalsosecrete 分泌)oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormone

89、s.” 可知：尽管男性也分泌催产素，但是催产素对男性的影响为雄性激素所降低。由此推出答案D项。 实战演练Reading Comprehension(A)Every New Year, many people make promises to themselves, only to see them fall by the wayside within a few months, weeks, or even days. However, 26-year-old Luke Cameron is not among those people. After losing a close friend

90、 known for her generosity to cancer in 2013, the young man decided to do at least one good deed every day for 365 days and he has not missed one yet.Cameron performed his first good deed on January 1st, 2014, with the simple act of greeting a waitress at a cafe he visited. The next day he bought foo

91、d and drinks for some homeless people. Camerons good small deeds have been recorded in an online diary, like taking out the garbage for an elderly neighbor or spending a few hours helping a disabled lady pick out a dress for a party. Whats more, the young man has also spent close to 4000 of his own

92、money, buying gifts for children in need.Cameron has created a series of some cards, which he has called “Cards for Kindness”. Each card suggests a simple act of kindness things like giving a stranger a hug or making peace with an enemy, which is to encourage others to perform good deeds. Camerons g

93、enerosity has not gone unnoticed. To reward the young man as he nears the end of his journey, pizza chain Dominos recently awarded him a years supply of free pizza. Not surprisingly, the big-hearted young man has decided to use the gift to hold special pizza days for charity. His kind deeds have als

94、o won him a competition for the job of “National Philanthropy（慈善事业）Manager”.1. What made Cameron determined to do good deeds every day?A. The need of a competition. B. The requirement of his job.C. The death of a close friend. D. The influence of his families.2. What is the second paragraph mainly a

95、bout?A. The influence of simple acts of kindness.B. The good things that Cameron has done.C. The importance of having close friends.D. The awards that Cameron has received.3. Why did Cameron create “Cards for Kindness”?A. To record his good deeds.B. To make peace with an enemy.C. To raise money for

96、some charities.D. To encourage people to show kindness.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. No Pains, No GainsB. The Power of DreamsC. A Good Deed Every DayD. The Best Man in Britain【解析】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述了Cameron因朋友去世而决定日行一善，最终获得人们称赞的故事。1.C 【解题思路】细节理解题，根据第一段中的“After losing a c

97、lose friend.and he has not missed one yet.可知，Cameron是在失去朋友后决定日行一善的，故正确答案为C项，2.B 【解题思路】段落大意题，第二段主要介绍了Cameron做的一些善事，比如为无家可归的人买食物、帮助年老的邻居倒地级、帮助残疾女士为聚会挑选礼服等。故正确答案为B项。3.D 【解题思路】细节理解题，根据第三段中的“Each card suggests.可知，每一张卡片上都显示出一种善意行为，这都是为了鼓励他人做好事，故正确答案为D项。4.C【解题思路】主旨大意题，本文主要讲述了Cameron因朋友去世而决定日行一善，最终获得人们称赞的故事

98、。C项能全面概括。(B)There are thirty-four bridges on the Thames River in London, the following are among the most famous ones.Tower BridgeTower Bridge has stood over the River Thames in London since 1894 and is one of the finest, most recognizable bridges in the World. It is the bridge in London you may see

99、 in movies and on advertising writing for London. Tower Bridge is the only Thames Bridge that can be raised. It used to be raised about 50 times a day, but nowadays it is only raised 4 to 5 times a week.London BridgeThe construction of the first stone London Bridge started in 1176 and finished years

100、 later. Houses and shops were once built on the bridge, which made the road so narrow that it was often jammed with people, horses and carts. A keep left rule was made in 1733 to keep the traffic moving. This became the rule of the road in Britain. In 1757 the old bridge was pulled down and a new on

101、e was built in 1831. Interestingly, that one was pulled down again in 1967 but rebuilt in Lake Havasu City, USA, as a tourist attraction. The present London Bridge was opened in 1973.Millennium BridgeThe Millennium Bridge is a bridge for walkers. It was built to connect the Tate Modern Art Gallery t

102、o the City and St Pauls Cathedral (圣保罗大教堂) in 2000. Thousands of people rushed to see the new bridge. Almost immediately after opening, the bridge had to be shut because of the dangerous waving caused by too many visitors. It has now been reopened. The bridge is about 320 meters, costs 16 million po

103、unds to build and only takes walkers.Westminster BridgeWestminster Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth. The present bridge, opened in 1862, is the second on the site and took the place of an earlier bridge opened in 1750. The British romanti

104、c poet, William Wordsworth, wrote a famous poem “Composed Upon Westminster Bridge” in the autumn of 1802.Want to know more about the bridges on the Thames River? Click here .5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. The 1831 London Bridge is now in the USA.B. Tower Bridge is

105、much less frequently lifted today than before.C. Cars and buses are not allowed to cross Millennium Bridge.D. Westminster Bridge is for walkers only.6. The Passage is most probably taken from a _.A. school report B. website articleC. teenage magazine D. science fiction7. What can we learn from the p

106、assage?A. William Wordsworth wrote many poems of the bridges on the Thames River.B. Millennium Bridge wasnt built strong enough so that it had to be pulled down and rebuilt.C. That all the traffic is kept left in Britain was from a rule of an old London Bridge.D. Tower Bridge is the symbol of London

107、 because it is the first bridge on the Thames River.【答案】. D B C【分析】这是一篇广告布告类阅读。文章从不同的方面介绍了伦敦泰晤士河上的著名的四座大桥塔桥、伦敦桥、千禧桥以及威斯敏斯特桥。【5题详解】细节理解题。答案定位在Westminster Bridge部分Westminster Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth.（威斯敏斯特桥是横跨泰晤士河，连接威斯敏斯特和伦敦朗伯斯区的公路

108、桥和人行桥。）由此可知D选项“威斯敏斯特桥只供行人使用。”的描述错误，故选D。【6题详解】推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段Want to know more about the bridges on the Thames River? Click here .可知这篇文章很可能摘自一篇网站文章，故选B。【7题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段The British romantic poet，William Wordsworth，wrote a famous poem1802只提到英国浪漫主义诗人威廉华兹华斯，于1802年的秋天写了一首关于威斯敏斯特桥的著名的诗；并没有提到他写了许多有关泰晤士桥的诗

109、，故排除A；根据Millennium Bridge部分中的the bridge had to be shut because of the dangerous waving caused by too many visitors可知，由于客流量过大，会产生危险，所以伦敦的千禧桥曾经被关闭；文中并没有提到千禧桥是由于不够结实而被拆了重建，故排除B；根据Tower Bridge部分Tower Bridge hasand is one of the finest，most recognizable bridges in the world只提到塔桥是世界上最好的，最知名的桥梁之一，并没有提到因为塔桥

110、是伦敦泰晤士河上的第一座桥，而使得它成为伦敦的象征，故排除D；根据London Bridge部分Akeep leftrule was made in 1733 to keep the traffic movingThis became the rule of the road in Britain讲到了英国靠左行走的道路交通规则正是源于伦敦桥上的交通规则，故选C。【点睛】通过对关键词，关键短语或者是关键的句子的把握是解决推理判断题的重要解题方法之一，它们往往隐藏着深层的意思。小题1，答案定位在Westminster Bridge部分Westminster Bridge is a road an

111、d foot traffic bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth.（威斯敏斯特桥是横跨泰晤士河，连接威斯敏斯特和伦敦朗伯斯区的公路桥和人行桥。）其中a road and foot traffic bridge是关键词，由此可知D选项“威斯敏斯特桥只供行人使用。”的描述错误，故选D。(C)A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechan

112、ical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.“Its extremely important for us to think about thi

113、s as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added d

114、ifficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of inter

115、dependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything its connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project prove

116、s that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farm

117、ers fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “

118、You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drive

119、s us on a day to day basis.”8. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that _.A. they had no model in their mindB. they did not have sufficient timeC. they had no ready-made componentsD. they could not assemble the components9. It can be inferred from paragraph

120、s 3 and 4 that the robotic fly _.A. consists of a flight device and a control systemB. can just fly in limited areas at the present timeC. can collect information from many sourcesD. has been put into wide application10. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The robotic flyer is

121、designed to learn about insects.B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.D. Woods design can replace animals in some experiments.11. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Father of Robotic FlyB. Inspiration

122、from Engineering ScienceC. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life InsectD. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study 【答案】CBDC 【解析】: 这是一篇讨论微型飞行装置的说明文。首段开门见山，介绍了哈佛大学的工程师们受到了自然杂志的启发，决定自行研究机器苍蝇（roboticfly）一种微型飞行设备。第二段说明了制造这种飞行设备的实际困难：所需的构成原件没有现成的，需要自行开发。第三段主要介绍了该飞行设备的构成。第四、五两段介绍了该飞行装置技术成熟后能给我们带来生活上、科研上的详细用途。8.细节信息

123、题。由关键词difficulty定位至第二段最后一句话“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareoffshelfandsowehavetodevelopthemallonourown.”意为这个项目的困难实际上在于所需的元件都没有现成的，需要我们自己开发。ontheshelf（现货供应）与ready-made（现成的）同义。因此，正确答案为C。 9. 推理引申题。根据题干信息，定位至文章第3、4段。第三段主要介绍了飞行装置的构成，并由此引出第四段首句详细介绍飞行装置的外置电源（lin

124、kedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource），指出最终目的是实现内置电源的放置（equipitwithabuilt-inpower），是之有能力在更多场合自行完成数据收集的任务（data-gatheringwork），完成起飞、着陆、到处飞行的动作。由此可见，目前该飞行装置只能在有限的地区内飞行，所以B选项正确。 10. tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead.”意为当用动物这一途径研究生物问题比较困难时，我们可以用这些机器人取代动物的位置。因此，正

125、确答案为D。111. 主旨大意题。该题要求选定文章的标题，故需归纳文章的主旨大意。纵观全文，首段开门见山，介绍了哈佛大学的工程师们决定自行研究机器苍蝇（roboticfly）。第二段说明了制造这种飞行设备的实际困难：所需的构成原件没有现成的，需要自行开发。第三段主要介绍了该飞行设备的构成。第四、五两段介绍了该飞行装置在能运用至多种场合，还能在科研中代替动物。可见本文通篇都在围绕机器苍蝇（roboticfly）进行介绍。因此，正确答案为C。(D)Traditional surgical procedures require surgeons to make large incisions(伤口)

126、 in a patients body in order to gain access to the internal organs. It was once common for heart surgeons, who perform highly specialized and complex procedures, to make long incisions in a patients chest and then split the breastbone to reach the heart. Patients who undergo surgery are often at the

127、 risk of infection, as bacteria can infect the cut in the skin. In addition, there is often a lengthy recovery period.A surgical technique known as “keyhole surgery” has become more common in recent years. In general, the surgeon will make a couple of small incisions around the area where the operat

128、ion is going to be performed. Tubes are pushed into the holes, and a tiny camera, which is called an endoscope, is put into the body. The camera is attached to a large monitor screen that is positioned so that the doctor can see it while he performs the operation. In addition to the camera, doctors

129、also push their tiny surgical instruments through the tubes. The awkward part of keyhole surgery is that it is counterintuitive; that is to say, if a surgeon wants to move the tool to the left, he or she must push it to the right.Other advancements in technology are also being used today in the OR (

130、operation room). A new machine called the “da Vinci Surgical System” has been tested in hospitals in the U.S. Unlike keyhole surgery, the da Vincis robots moving parts are designed to imitate the natural hand and wrist movement of a surgeon, thus providing better control and sensitivity. The system

131、is controlled by a surgeon from a console(控制台). Sitting at a console a few feet from the patient, the surgeon can perform an operation by holding and moving highly sensitive pads that enable him or her to control the instruments. The area of the body on which the surgeon is working is enlarged on a

132、screen, which is attached to the console. This gives surgeons a realistic three-dimensional view of the area similar to what they would see during a traditional surgical procedure.Although the da Vinci Surgical System is undergoing some trials for some procedures, it has been welcomed as revolutiona

133、ry by many surgeons. Patients with serious illnesses must still undergo major surgery, but the smaller incisions and less invasive procedures typically mean that a shorter recovery time is needed. In some cases, the patients stay in the hospital has been cut in half when the da Vinci Surgical System

134、 was used. On the downside, some operations have taken up to fifty minutes longer because surgeons are inexperienced at using the new technology. As surgeons become more familiar with the machines, the time needed for surgical procedures is likely to decrease.12. What can be learned about the tradit

135、ional surgery according to the passage?A. The cost of the traditional surgery is very high.B. It often leaves a large wound in a persons body.C. Long incisions are made in a patients chest.D. The incision is often infected after the operation.13. Which of the following is one DISADVANTAGE of keyhole

136、 surgery?A. It requires the use of long, thin tools and a tiny camera.B. The doctor can not view the inside of the patients body clearly.C. The direction in which a doctor moves the surgical tools is reversed.D. An endoscope has to be inserted into the patients body in advance.14. The da Vinci Surgi

137、cal System differs from keyhole surgery in that _.A. requires that a surgeon make more small incisions on a patientB. reduces the amount of time it takes to perform a surgical procedureC. allows the surgeon to use the surgical instruments more sensitivelyD. eliminates the need for surgeons to make l

138、arge incisions on patients15. The passage mainly tells the reader _.A. the challenges brought about by new technologyB. the benefits and drawbacks of the da Vinci Surgical SystemC. the reflections on the development in medical scienceD. the application of new technologies in modern surgery【答案】 B C C

139、 D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要告诉读者新技术在现代外科手术中的应用。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句Traditional surgical procedures require surgeons to make large incisions(伤口) in a patients body in order to gain access to the internal organs.可知，根据这篇文章，我们可以了解到传统手术经常在一个人的身体上留下一个大伤口。故选B。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句The awkward part of keyhole sur

140、gery is that it is counterintuitive; that is to say, if a surgeon wants to move the tool to the left, he or she must push it to the right.可知，微创手术的缺点是医生移动手术工具的方向是相反的。故选C。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中the da Vincis robots moving parts are designed to imitate the natural hand and wrist movement of a surgeon, thus

141、 providing better control and sensitivity.可知，The da Vinci Surgical System不同于微创手术，它允许外科医生更敏感地使用手术器械。故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段第一、二句A surgical technique known as “keyhole surgery” has become more common in recent years. In general, the surgeon will make a couple of small incisions around the area where th

142、e operation is going to be performed.可知，这篇文章主要告诉读者新技术在现代外科手术中的应用。故选D。(E)To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates

143、 the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toil

144、ed to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard weeks sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional

145、or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire for them

146、a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from the avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.It may also be said that rational, ind

147、ustrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with

148、 them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortunes favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, a

149、nd ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who

150、most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind.16. What does “are toiled” in the 2nd paragraph mean?A. have hobbiesB. feel pleasedC. work very hardD. are busy17. Which is NOT true based on the first two paragraphs?A. Being late in life to attempt to cultivate hobbies adds to mental

151、 stress.B. Great knowledge irrelevant to the daily work cant guarantee benefit.C. Those tired out for a weeks labour are reluctant to play football on weekends.D. Unfortunate people need discipline to help them build up hope.18. For those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure, they _.A.

152、are very willing to work long hours in the office or the factoryB. earn a large amount of money due to their hard work for a long timeC. are keen to enjoy the pleasure when they are off dutyD. usually enjoy themselves in the simplest and most modest forms19. Which statement will the author agree wit

153、h according to the 3rd paragraph?A. The first class are lazy and the second class are bound to succeed.B. The second class never need holidays because their life is harmonious.C. The minority are more favoured by fortune because they never stop working.D. One really needs alternation for a change in

154、 order to work better.【答案】. C D C . D【解析】本文是一篇议论文。要想真正快乐和安全，一个人至少应该有两三种爱好，而且必须是真正的爱好。到了晚年才开始说“我会对这个或那个感兴趣”是没有用的。这样的尝试只会加剧精神上的紧张。一个人可能会在与日常工作无关的话题上获得渊博的知识，但却很难从中得到任何益处或宽慰。做你喜欢做的事是没有用的；你必须喜欢你所做的。【16题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段中Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled t

155、o death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. 概括地说，人可以分为三类:劳累至死的人，忧虑至死的人，无聊至死的人。由此可知划线词的意思是“工作非常努力”，故选C。【17题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desir

156、e for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.可知，根据前两段，“不幸的人需要纪律来帮助他们建立希望。”是不正确的。故选D。【18题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for

157、pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.可知，对于那些工作就是工作，娱乐就是娱乐的人来说，他们渴望在下班后享受这种乐趣。故选C。【19题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure

158、 are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind.可知，根据第三段，作者会同意“为了更好地工作，一个人确实需要改变。”的看法。故选D。【点睛】做推理判断题时，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。本题第3小题，根据第三段中They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.可知，对于那些工作就是工作，娱乐就是娱乐的人来说，他们渴望在下班后享受这种乐趣。故选C。