专题19 读写综合概要写作之说明文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考概要写作之说明文 知识导图要点精析（一）概要写作的考查能力 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。1.

2、 快速阅读,准确把握文章主旨及各段主要内容的能力。2. 熟练运用语法知识分析句子成分与结构的能力。主要体现在写作的语法结构和词汇的准确性。3. 对固定短语和固定搭配的识记与再现能力。主要体现在不能出现和原文同样的句子。4. 单词拼写能力。（二）概要写作的评分参考 阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：1. 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2. 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 3. 上下文的连贯性； 4. 各要点表达的独立性情况。 注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提

3、供内容无关不得分。（三）概要写作的备考建议 概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点： 1. 积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。解构句子结构的能力,并重点培养对语篇的速读与关键信息的捕捉能力及对语篇的再造能力。 2. 进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速

4、掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。（四）说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon(主题)，which(补充解释)利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/b

5、enefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side, but it may also研究显示类：The study reveals that; The purpose of the report is to show that （五）说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how

6、 it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)（六）说明文概要写作样文展示Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wish you were more creative? Just pretend! One great iro

7、ny about our collective obsession with creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways. That is to say, most of us marry creativity to our concept of self: Either were “creative” or we arent, without much of a middle ground. Dr. Pillay, a tech entrepreneur and an assistant professor at Har

8、vard University, has spent a good chunk of his career subverting (使放弃) these ideas. He believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to defy the clichd advice that urges you to “believe in yourself.” In fact, you should do the opposite: Believe you are someone else. Dr. Pillay points

9、 to a 2016 study demonstrating the impact of stereotypes (固定思维) on ones behavior. The authors, educational psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar, divided their college-student subjects into three groups, instructing the members of one to think of themselves as “eccentric (古怪的) poets” and the me

10、mbers of another to imagine they were “rigid librarians” (the third group was the control). The researchers then presented all the participants with ten ordinary objects, including a fork, a carrot, and a pair of pants, and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one.

11、Those who were asked to imagine themselves as eccentric poets came up with the widest range of ideas, whereas those in the rigid-librarian group had the fewest. Meanwhile, the researchers found only small differences in students creativity levels across academic majors. In fact, the physics majors i

12、nhabiting the personas of eccentric poets came up with more ideas than the art majors did. These results, write Dumas and Dunbar, suggest that creativity is not an individual trait but a “malleable (易适应的) product of context and perspective.” Everyone can be creative, as long as he or she feels like

13、a creative person. Dr. Pillays work takes this a step further: He argues that simply identifying yourself as creative is less powerful than taking the bold, creative step of imagining you are somebody else. This exercise, which he calls psychological Halloweenism, refers to the conscious action of i

14、nhabiting another persona. An actor may employ this technique to get into character, but anyone can use it. Unfortunately, those ideas often get drowned out because most of us spend way too much time worrying, and about two things in particular: how successful/unsuccessful we are and how little were

15、 focusing on the task at hand. These twin worries feed on each otheran unfocused person is an unsuccessful one, we believeand so we dont allow our minds to wander into its quietly fertile fields. 【解析指导】1. Main idea 这是一篇说明文。哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士引用前人的实验结果，提出了训练创造力的方法假装自己是另一个人。该实验证明，创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调

16、节的产物。Pillay博士进而指出，创造力可以通过练习获得。文章详细介绍了该实验的过程、发现和结论。文章最后指出人们之所以不能产生有创意的点子，是因为人们过于在乎成功，过于专注眼前事，而让我们的大脑不能放松。2. Text structure全文可以划分为三个部分：第一部分：普通民众对是否具备创造力的观念。-第二部分：哈佛大学副教授Pillay博士在前人实验结果的基础上提出了训练创造力的方法。第三部分：人们为什么不能产生有创意的点子。3. Mind map4. Writing procedureStep 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文主要是讲述创造力不是一个人的属性，而是在不同情境和角度下可调

17、节的产物。创造力可以通过练习获得，并指出训练创造力的方法。Step 2：划分要点。 本文分3个要点，提出主题给出方法解释原因。Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step 4：概括。5. Summary writingMany people regard themselves either creative or not creative. Yet, experts proved creativity is not a personal quality and could be gained in specified situations. Another expe

18、rt believes people could get creative by pretending to be someone else. But most people fail to do so because they care so much about success, forcing themselves to focus all the time. (59 words)课堂典例SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of th

19、e passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.In fact，great white sharks are not white. The name is thought to have come about because these sharks are white in one circumstance when they are lying dead on the deck of a boat.It would be more proper to call this species t

20、he “black shark”They have a dark upper surface，which means their prey(猎物) are difficult to spot them approaching from the dark depths.Speaking of prey，they have been recorded dining out on a wide range of species，including whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles and occasionally penguins.“If you make a list of eve

21、rything thats been found in a white sharks stomach，youd get a variety of things，” says marine biologist George Burgess of the University of Florida in Gainesville.But whats clear is that their tastes change as they age.“They are almost just fisheaters until they are 7，8，9 feet long，” says Burgess.“A

22、s they get bigger，they will begin to start eating mammal prey if they get the opportunity.”These older sharks prefer seals，sea lions and walruses.When they strike from below，at speed，white sharks can clear the surface by as much as 3 m.To locate their prey，white sharks use almost every trick in the

23、book.“They have a series of senses，” says Burgess.In a 1963 study，researchers hung a speaker over the edge of their boat off Miami to see if they could attract sharks with sound.No great white sharks were spotted in this study，but its reasonable to assume they have good hearing too.As a great white

24、shark gets closer to its prey，its sense of smell begins to kick in.A study of the brains of different species of sharks shows that the great whites olfactory bulb (嗅球) is especially large.Their vision is not bad，either.“They see particularly well，” says Burgess.They also have two less familiar sense

25、s.Their lateral lines，which run along their sides，can detect changes in water pressure that reveal their preys movements.【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.to us，especially its.，from which we know.(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The passage

26、 tells us.，including.(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因结果”：(The author/writer said/talks about).of.，because/but.。本文可以采用第一种模板。【参考范文】The passage introduces something about white sharks，such as the origin of the name and how they get their prey.(要点1)When they are lying dead on the deck of a boat，they are white，but

27、 they have a dark upper surface.(要点2)What they eat are various，including a wide range of species.When they are small they eat fish.As they become bigger，they eat mammal prey.(要点3)Their senses such as hearing，smell and vision are good.(要点4)SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in n

28、o more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps them lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet，also called the Hollywood Diet，dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including sing

29、er Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The research als

30、o suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under controla key part of managing diabetes.The experiments were conducted on micebut researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli，of the University of California，Berkel

31、ey，said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results，based on controlled experiments，warrant further study of the potential healthpromoting properties of grapefruit juice.”The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months，those given grapefruit juice to d

32、rink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin levelsdespite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact，grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely us

33、ed diabetes drug metformin，the journal PLOS ONE reports.However，the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.Spokesman Mariette Abrahams,a dietician, said until then it is too early

34、for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldnt be the focus of the diet, ” she said.【写作指导】本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及

35、的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。【参考范文】Dieters think grapefruit juice helps lose weight and the Grapefruit Diet or the Hollywood Diet was a popular way of losing weight in the 1930s.(要点1)The experiments conducted on mice，which can also apply to humans，shows that grapefruit juice benef

36、its the loss of weight and the control of blood sugar and insulin levels.(要点2)However，the fruit only takes effect when the animals eat fatty food.(要点3)The opposite view doesnt think eating grapefruit can be the focus of the diet.(要点4)实战演练SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no

37、 more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Could fast food make it harder to stop and smell the roses? A new study from the University of Toronto suggests that fast food might make it harder to stop and smell the roses. Researche

38、rs pointed out that Americans have gained more and more leisure time, yet they arent any happier. The problem could be that modern conveniences make us more impatient, and therefore less able to appreciate small moments of joy. To test the theory, the University of Toronto researchers carried out a

39、few different tests focused on fast foods, the typical American “symbols of the culture of impatience,” and happiness. In one of the tests, researchers told 257 people to rate pictures based on whether they were suitable for ads. Participants saw a series of pictures: One group saw fast food in regu

40、lar packaging while the other group saw the same food set out on ceramic tableware (瓷器餐具). Afterward, some of the participants were shown photographs of “scenic natural beauty” and then were asked to rate their happiness. Others rated their happiness without seeing the pictures. The researchers foun

41、d that people who saw the fast food before viewing the nature photos tended to rate their happiness lower. Yet those who simply rated their happiness without seeing the nature shots beforehand were actually a little happier if theyd seen fast food in advance. Researchers said that suggests fast food

42、 doesnt directly cause unhappiness but decreases the ability to enjoy things. Researchers cautioned, however, that much more research was needed to determine exactly how fast food and happiness are correlated and how strong the relationship really is. 【参考范文】 A study from the University of Toronto sh

43、ows fast food will affect peoples ability to enjoy things, thus making them less happy. In one test, among the 257 participants, those who saw pictures of natural beauty after being shown fast food rated their happiness lower than those who didnt. But researchers said more research was needed to con

44、firm the findings. SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.The poaching, or illegal killing, of rhinos(犀牛) in South Africa is growing worse each year. The governmen

45、t recently reported that a record number of rhinos were poached in 2014, a year which had more rhino killings in South Africa than ever before.The World Wildlife Fund，or WWF, says about 20，000 rhinos live in South Africa. That is more than 80 percent of the rhinos in the worldEdna Molewa，South Afric

46、as environmental issues minister，says，“During 2014，we are sad to say this：1, 215 rhinos were killedThis is a rise in the number of poached rhinos from 1004 in 2013 and indeed very worrying”The animals are hunted for their horns.Many people in Asia believe the horn has curing power, which drives poac

47、hers, at all costs, mad for more horns. But there is no scientific evidence for this belief. The horn is made of keratin. That is the same thing as human hair, fingernails and toenails.Ms. Mo1ewa said 386 suspected poachers were arrested last year, an increase from the year before. But rhino protect

48、ion workers say poachers often go unpunished after arrest. South Africas legal system is ineffective. Ms. Molewa said more needs to be done and South Africa is taking strong measures to protect rhinos. The efforts include moving some of the animals to secret places in neighboring countries. “Now app

49、roximately 100 rhinos have been moved to neighboring states in the SADC region during 2014 and 200 more rhinos will be moved this year”Molewa said.Jo Shaw, the rhino program manager at the WWF, said,“were talking about a loss of a hundred rhinos a month. Or more than three a day. We really need to s

50、ee effective action not just at a national level but internationally. ”She says officials should find the criminal groups responsible for the poaching and punish them.【参考范文】 The poaching of rhinos is getting worse in South Africa each year. Many rhinos are killed for their horns which is believed to

51、 have curing power. Although more poachers are arrested, they hardly get punished. So the members of WWF are calling on more measures which should taken to protect rhinos.,including effective legal system,rhinos living place and even international cooperation.SummaryDirections: Read the following pa

52、ssage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Puppy Dog Eyes Are for the Benefits of HumansDogs make puppy dog eyes for the benefit of humans and rarely use the pleasing facial expression when on their own, a n

53、ew study has shown.It has long been assumed that animal facial expressions are involuntary and dependent on emotional state rather than a way to communicate.But scientists at the Universitys Dog Cognition Centre at Portsmouth University have found that dogs mostly use facial expressions when humans

54、are present, as a direct response to attention. Puppy dog eyes, in which the eyebrow is raised to make the eyes appear wider and sadder, was found to be the most commonly used expression in the study. Researchers do not know whether the dogs are aware they look sadder, or have just learned that wide

55、ning their eyes invites sympathy and affection in humans.Dog cognition expert Dr Juliane Kaminski: “We can now be confident that the production of facial expressions made by dogs are dependent on the attention state of their audience and are not just a result of dogs being excited.”“In our study the

56、y produced far more expressions when someone was watching, but seeing food treats did not have the same effect.”“The findings appear to support evidence dogs are sensitive to humans attention and that expressions are 37 active attempts to communicate, not simple emotional displays.” The researchers

57、studied 24 dogs of various breeds, aged one to 12. All were family pets. Each dog was tied by a lead a metre away from a person, and the dogs faces were filmed throughout a range of exchanges, from the person being oriented towards the dog, to being distracted and with her body turned away from the

58、dog.They found that when a human was not watching the animal, they dropped facial expressions. Dr Kaminski said it is possible that dogs expressions have evolved as they were domesticated. “Domestic dogs have a unique history they have lived alongside humans for 30,000 years and during that time sel

59、ection pressures seem to have acted on dogs ability to communicate with us, ”she said.【参考范文】Researchers have found that dogs making puppy dog eyes is response to human attention, not the result of their emotional state. Through the experiment of recording faces of different dogs when the person approached and left, they concluded that the domestication of dogs promotes their ability to communicate with human.