专题20 读写综合概要写作之议论文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考概要写作之议论文 知识导图要点精析（一）概要写作的总体要求1. 使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。2. 概括议论性或论说文时,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。3. 如果给的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。4. 如果是说明性或描述性的短文,就必须用概括性的文字说明一个现象。 （二）概要写作的语言微技巧1. 要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。

2、对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2. 要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3.

3、要点衔接。 概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下： 1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, notbut等。2

4、）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, sothat, suchthat, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, nei

5、thernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then, besides, additionally, in addi

6、tion, furthermore, moreover, what is more, whats worse, even worse等。（三）概要写作的注意事项1. 概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。2. 安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。3. 注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。4. 不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。5. 计算

7、词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。（四）议论文概要写作技巧 议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。（五）议论文概要写作模板议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)（六）议论文概要写作样文展示Directions: Read the following passa

8、ge. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Click to download teacher“Books will soon be obsolete (过时的) in schools,” Thomas Edison announced in 1913: they would, he believed, soon be replaced by silent lms. Each new

9、 wave of information technologyradio, television, computershas led to similar predictions. And each time, the old technologies of books, classrooms and teachers have proved startlingly resilient. Like teachers, digital educational technology comes in many forms, from wonderful to appalling (糟糕的). Bu

10、t, used properly, it now deserves more prominence in schoolsespecially in poor countries where human teachers are often ignorant, absent or both.The UNs Millennium Development Goals included the ambition that by 2015 all the worlds children would complete primary school. This has largely been achiev

11、ed: nine out of ten children are now enrolled. Alas, the gure is not as impressive as it sounds. Even though most of the worlds children go to school, an awful lot of them learn pretty much nothing there. According to a recent World Bank study of seven sub-Saharan African countries, half of nine-yea

12、r-olds cannot read a simple word and three-quarters cannot read a simple sentence. The reason is terrible teaching. The same study found that only 7% of teachers had the minimum knowledge needed to teach reading and writing effectively. When classrooms were inspected to see whether a teacher was pre

13、sent, half the time the answer was no. Paying teachers more, in the hope of recruiting better ones, is not the answer. In poor countries, teachers are well paid by local standardsannual salaries are four times GDP per person in India and ve times in Kenya and Nigeria. As for absenteeism (经常无故缺勤), if

14、 expensive teachers do not turn up to class, governments would, surely, sack them? Easier said than done. Poor governments often lack the wherewithal (做某事所需的金钱) to check on teachers in distant villages.Several recent studies suggest ed-tech can help. It seems to bring about bigger improvements in po

15、or countries than in rich ones. Some of the scarce resources being spent on teachers could therefore be better spent on ed-tech. That does not mean dumping computers on schools in the hope that children will understand how to use them. Instead, it means providing schools with software that children

16、can use with minimal help from an adult, that sends teachers prompts about what they are supposed to be teaching and that allows the authorities to check on whether the teacher is in the classroom. Sceptics may wonder whether the poorest places have the necessary infrastructure. But Africa is electr

17、ifying apace (飞速地)in Kenya, electricity coverage has gone up from 27% to 55% of households in three years. Where the grid is not available, solar chargers can work. Schools do not need internet access. Devices can be taken to where there is a connection to upload or download the necessary informatio

18、n. Cost does not have to be a huge problem either. The biggest issue is the governments commitment: where it is enthusiastic, the chances of success are good. Technology is no panacea (万全之策). Good traditional teachers are not obsolete, and are never likely to be. And authorities need to hold teacher

19、s to account. But ed-tech can help greatlyby monitoring pupils and teachers alike, assisting the best teachers and, most important, making up for the failings of the worst.【解析指导】1. Main idea 这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“ed-tech”这个话题展开。文章开头提出观点：随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视，尤其是在一些贫穷国家。接着，文章详细分析了贫穷国家面临的一些教育问题。虽然在联合国的努力下，

20、许多孩子能够走进校门了，但是学不到什么东西。在这些国家，教师素质不合格，还经常缺勤。而ed-tech能够很好地解决这些问题。一方面，它可以把课程送进学校，辅助教学；另一方面，政府还可以利用ed-tech监管教师的出勤。有一些人质疑ed-tech在贫穷国家的广泛应用，因为缺少必须的基础设施。但是作者认为只要政府决心坚定，这些都不是问题。2. Text structure全文可以划分为四个部分：-第一部分：陈述观点：ed-tech在一些贫穷国家应受到更多重视。-第二部分：贫穷国家面临的教育问题：师资不合格，教师经常缺勤。-第三部分：ed-tech的优势，以及针对ed-tech的质疑。第四部分：总结

21、观点：ed-tech不是万全之策，但是能极大地解决问题。3. Mind map4. Writing procedureStep 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文主要是随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视。Step 2：划分要点。 本文分4个要点。Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step 4：概括。5. Summary writingEd-tech is a solution to educational problems facing poor countries, like poor teaching quality and teachers fr

22、equent absences. Some have doubts about its popularity in backward countries which might lack necessary infrastructure, but this concern is unnecessary as long as governments support it. Ed-tech can make a big difference because it facilitates teachers work and helps regulate teaching quality. (59 w

23、ords)课堂典例Summary 1Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being

24、in a hurry. However, its better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, th

25、ey cant make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “ Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.

26、For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will

27、 make us lose chances of enjoying our lives. Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a

28、 hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short, working quickly will brin

29、g about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress cant bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.【写作指导】1. 知体裁。这是一篇典型的议论文体裁，框架为“总分（总）” 即“论点

30、(introduction of the topic)论据(body by reasoning)结论(conclusion by restating ,summarizing or suggesting)”， 通过“转折词”找文章“论点”。 议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句 或尾句。 These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, its better for

31、people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.2. 明论证。根据文章的discourse marker“话语标记词” 如”however,therefore”在文中划出各段“主题句”。 1)However, its better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. 2)The main

32、reason（ that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry ）is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. 3)Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. -On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives. 4)Finally, slower life pace provides bett

33、er health conditions for us. 5)Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.3. 找论据。完全用“自己简洁的语言”准确转述每一个要点（避免重复），可以用“词性变化或同义词/反义词替换”来转述。1.）However, its better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. To live life at a slower

34、pace is better than to live life in a hurry/rush. （Under the stress of fast-paced life,） it is more beneficial to live a slower life . 2)The main reason（ that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry ）is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. The main reason is that doing things hurriedly wi

35、ll raise/increase the possibility of making mistakes. People are more likely to make mistakes when doing things in a hurry. It may be easier for people to make mistakes when in a hurry. Doing work hurriedly may easily lead to mistakes. 3)Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life be

36、tter. -On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives. Slower life pace can make peoples life more enjoyable. Live their life at a slower pace can bring more enjoyment to life. 4)Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. Slowing down the p

37、ace of life can keep people healthier. Live their life at a slower pace helps people keep fit. Slower life pace is beneficial to/is of benefit to/does good to peoples health. 合并： Slowing down the pace of life will not only give people more chances to enjoy life , but (also) offer them better health

38、conditions. Not only does the slower life give people enjoyment but also its beneficial to their health. Living life at a slower pace ensures a healthier and more enjoyable life.5)Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace. Thus, slow down your life pace. Thus, be slow and enjoy y

39、our life. Thus, enjoy a slower life pace. Thus, lets slow down for a healthier and happier life.4. 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑连贯。 【参考范文1】 To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry. Firstly,people are more likely to make mistakes when doing things in a hurry.Secondly,slower l

40、ife pace can bring more enjoyment to life.Lastly, it is beneficial to peoples health.So ,be slow and enjoy life.【参考范文2】To live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.The main reason is that doing things hurriedly will raise the possibility of making mistakes while slowing down

41、the life pace can not only make peoples life more enjoyable but also keep people healthier.Thus, lets slow down for a healthier and happier life.Summary 2Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own wo

42、rds as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it and a child suffers. Wed like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with

43、the child? Isnt it wiser to walk past without comment? After all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference be

44、tween hurtful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when youre so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My fri

45、ends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotional abuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars

46、should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can

47、 have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the childs feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me th

48、at this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child? 【写作指导】通读全文可以得出文章是作者对父母在身体，语言，情感上虐待小孩子进行积极干预的一篇论述。第一段：引入现象。找中心词：we see it everywhere。关键词It指代的是后文描述的父母因压力冲小朋友发脾气的现象。Child suffersbut we hesitate. inte

49、rvenewe embarrass and offend the parent. 概括起来就是：我们很犹豫去帮助受虐待的小朋友碍于怕尴尬和冒犯父母。people may hesitate to help when they see children abused by their parents in public because they are afraid to embarrass and offend the parent.第二段：提出问题 on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critica

50、l. It needs to be neither.在公共场合为进行干预带来伤害和批评。但是现在这两者情况都没必要。关键词：differencehurtful criticismhelpful intervention. 伤害性的批评(指责父母)和有益的干预(有什么可以帮您吗?)是大不同的。至此，作者正式提出了他的观点：对虐待行为采取有益的干预方式。However, intervention can be done in a non-offensive way.第三段：例证作者及朋友亲眼所见的虐待现象同时提出小朋友忍受的原因,关键句：too helpless and inexperienced

51、 to stand up for themselveshave an obligation to step in. 小朋友太无助，缺乏经验不能为自己发声。针对这种状况我们有义务介入。Since children are too young to stand up for themselves, we are obliged to intervene。第四段：作者进一步提出我们为什么要积极干预?one more reason the most significant: the lifelong effect on the child. 对小朋友一生有重大影响。什么影响呢?一位陌生人为他而来关心他

52、理解他，小朋友心怀感激。关键句：this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. 改变了受虐待小朋友的一生给予他们希望。may have a lifelong effect on their future/growth。【参考范文】 People may hesitate to help when they see children abused by their parents in public because they are afraid to embarrass and offend the parent. H

53、owever, intervention can be done in a non-offensive way. Since children are too young to stand up for themselves, we are obliged to intervene, which may have a lifelong effect on their future/growth. (58 words)Summary 3Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the ma

54、in idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Tired of all the pushing in supermarkets? Fed up with waiting in endless lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at t

55、he store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping. Online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to bear in mind when browsing various websites. The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe and secure way to ma

56、ke purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (欺骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of stealing. Use only sites that have a trusted history and an excellent reputation.Another problem is that the appearance of items in re

57、ality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing up powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Also, product descriptions are sometimes simply untrue! Perhaps

58、the wisest plan is to purchase items whose design and color are not essential to customer satisfaction.Some even argue that online shopping indirectly contributes to global warming. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large van pouring out carbon monoxide

59、and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. You are also by now becoming increasingly irritated(使烦恼) by the fact that the delivery is late ! 【写作指导】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了网购的优势及需要注意的几个问题。第一段引入话题，介绍网购可以为顾客避免很多麻烦。第二段指出存在的挑战，即可能被欺骗。第三段指出对商品的描述可能名不副实，最后一段指出快递运输可能会有助于全球变暖。文章结构清晰，易于概括。 【参考答案】(要点一) Online

60、shopping can free you of the trouble you meet when buying things in store. (要点二)However, it has challenges. Firstly, you should bear in mind that you must use sites which deserve trusting. (要点三) Secondly, you shouldnt believe all the descriptions because they may be untrue.(要点四)Lastly,you should kno

61、w although the delivery may be late, it may cause global warming. 实战演练SummaryDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Four-day Workweek In the United States, employees typi

62、cally work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal

63、 pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their

64、work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional pay the company has to prepare for these people, because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and erro

65、r-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload

66、 would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for mor

67、e free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities. 【参考答案】Working for four days a week with less pay would be beneficial at three levels. First, companies could hire more energetic and alert

68、employees without increasing pay-related costs. Second, the country would have lower unemployment rates with more people at work. Finally, employees would live a better quality of life with more free time. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the p

69、assage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences, we all want to get along with others. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely. Getting along with someone, regardless of their pas

70、sions, isnt about being their best friends or sharing all their hobbies. It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Dont indulge (放纵) yourself in instant chat when you have just a

71、rrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something substantial, rather than something meaningless.So it is better to listen to what the conversation is about before speaking. Dont try to change people. It is not your job to change a

72、nyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else. Let other people love how they want to live. You can only change how you interact with people, you can not change them. If you do not like the way someone acts, you can try to interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain

73、 a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile eases tensions, whereas a frown can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facia

74、l expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they see you coming.State out right that you want to get along. Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say, “I really want us to work well together

75、. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up.”【参考答案】Getting along is to treat people respectfully and carefully. First, we should be good listeners to start fit conversations. Second, we should change our attitudes, not others. Third, we ought to keep a smile for it can ease tensions. Fourth, we need state directly to those who dont take hints but you want to get along with.